1. Office for National Statistics. Changes in the Older Resident Care Home Population between 2001 and 2011 [Internet]. 2014, August 1. [cited 2021 Oct 13]. Available from: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/ageing/articles/changesintheolderresidentcarehomepopulationbetween2001and2011/2014-08-01
2. OECD. Health at a glance 2021: {OECD} indicators [Internet]. Paris: {OECD} Publishing; 2021 [cited 2022 Aug 31]. (Health at a glance). Available from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance-2021%5C_ae3016b9-en
3. Gordon AL, Franklin M, Bradshaw L, Logan P, Elliott R, Gladman JRF. Health status of UK care home residents: a cohort study. Age Ageing. 2014;43(1):97–103.
4. Marengoni A, Angleman S, Melis R, Mangialasche F, Karp A, Garmen, A., … Fratiglioni L. Aging with multimorbidity: a systematic review of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2011;10(4):430–439.
5. Salive ME. Multimorbidity in older adults. Epidemiol Rev. 2013;35:75–83.
6. Bao J, Chua KC, Prina M, Prince M. Multimorbidity and care dependence in older adults: a longitudinal analysis of findings from the 10/66 study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):585.
7. Alzheimer’s Society. Facts for the media.
8. Sackley C, Levin S, Cardoso K, Hoppitt T. Observations of activity levels and social interaction in a residential care setting. Int J Ther Rehabil. 2006;13(8):370–3.
9. Rodriguez-Larrad, A. Arrieta H, Rezola-Pardo C, Esain I, Mendia-Oria, P. Irazusta J. Loss of benefits after cessation of exercise interventions in nursing home residents: randomised controlled trial follow-up. Geriatr Nurs (Minneap). 2021;42(3):621–627.
10. Lazarus NR, Harridge SDR. The inherent human aging process and the facilitating role of exercise. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1135.
11. De Nys L, Ofosu EF, Ryde GC, Connelly J, Whittaker AC. Physical Activity Influences Cortisol and Dehydroepiandrosterone (Sulfate) Levels in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Aging Phys Act [Internet]. 2022;1–22. Available from: https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/japa/aop/article-10.1123-japa.2021-0501/article-10.1123-japa.2021-0501.xml
12. Sellami M, Bragazzi NL, Slimani M, Hayes L, Jabbour G, De Giorgio A, et al. The Effect of Exercise on Glucoregulatory Hormones: A Countermeasure to Human Aging: Insights from a Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(10).
13. Chou C-H, Hwang C-L, Wu Y-T. Effect of exercise on physical function, daily living activities, and quality of life in the frail older adults: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(2):237–244.
14. Bherer L, Erickson KI, Liu-Ambrose T. A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. J Aging Res. 2013;2013:657508.
15. Windle G, Hughes D, Linck P, Russell I, Woods B. Is exercise effective in promoting mental well-being in older age? A systematic review. Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(6):652–669.
16. Ofosu E, De Nys L, Connelly J, Ryde G, Whittaker AC. Dimensions of physical activity are important in managing anxiety in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (under review). J Ageing Phys Act. 2022;
17. Strawbridge, W. J., Deleger S, Roberts RE, Kaplan GA. Physical activity reduces the risk of subsequent depression for older adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(4):328–34.
18. de Souto Barreto, P. Morley JE, Chodzko-Zajko, W. Pitkala K, Weening-Djiksterhuis E, Rodriguez-Mañas L. International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics – Global Aging Research Network (IAGG-GARN) and the IAGG European Region Clinical Section Recommendations on Physical Activity and Exercise for Older Adults Living in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Tas. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(5):381–392.
19. Arrieta H, Rezola-Pardo, C. Zarrazquin, I., Echeverria I, Yanguas, J. J., Iturburu, M., … Irazusta J. A multicomponent exercise program improves physical function in long-term nursing home residents: A randomised controlled trial. Exp Gerontol. 2018;103:94–100.
20. Brustio PR, Liubicich ME, Chiabrero M, Rabaglietti E. Dancing in the golden age: a study on physical function, quality of life, and social engagement. Geriatr Nurs (Minneap). 2018;39(6):635–639.
21. Cordes T, Schoene D, Kemmler W, Wollesen B. Chair-Based Exercise Interventions for Nursing Home Residents: A Systematic Review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22(4):733–40.
22. Da Silva JL, Agbangla NF, Le Page C, Ghernout W, Andrieu B. Effects of chronic physical exercise or multicomponent exercise programs on the mental health and cognition of older adults living in a nursing home: A systematic review of studies from the past 10 years. Front Psychol. 2022;13:888851.
23. Guzmán-García, A., Hughes JC, James IA, Rochester L. Dancing as a psychosocial intervention in care homes: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;28(9):914–24.
24. Hwang PW-N, Braun KL. The effectiveness of dance interventions to improve older adults’ health: A systematic literature review. Altern Ther Health Med. 2015;21(5):64–70.
25. Low LF, Carroll S, Merom D, Baker JR, Kochan N, Moran F, et al. We think you can dance! A pilot randomised controlled trial of dance for nursing home residents with moderate to severe dementia. Complement Ther Med. 2016;29:42–4.
26. Diener J, Rayling S, Bezold J, Krell-Roesch J, Woll A, Wunsch K. Effectiveness and Acceptability of e- and m-Health Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Prevent Falls in Nursing Homes-A Systematic Review. Front Physiol. 2022;13:894397.
27. Valenzuela T, Okubo Y, Woodbury A, Lord SR, Delbaere K. Adherence to Technology-Based Exercise Programs in Older Adults: A Systematic Review (2001), 41(1), 49–61. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2018;41(1):49–61.
28. Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, Bond L, Bonell C, Hardeman, W., … Baird J. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. ,. BMJ. 2015;350(h1258).
29. Pawson R, Manzano-Santaella A. A realist diagnostic workshop. Evaluation. 2012;18(2):176–191.
30. Westhorp G. Realist impact evaluation: an introduction [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 May 17]. Available from: https://odi.org/en/publications/realist-impact-evaluation-an-introduction/
31. Eldridge SM, Chan CL, Campbell MJ, Bond CM, Hopewell S, Thabane, L. …, et al. CONSORT 2010 statement: extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. BMJ. 2016;355:i5239.
32. Wong G, Westhorp G, Manzano A, Greenhalgh J, Jagosh J, Greenhalgh T. RAMESES II reporting standards for realist evaluations. BMC Med. 2016;14(1):96.
33. Kempen GIJM, Yardley L, Van Haastregt JCM, Zijlstra GAR, Beyer N, Hauer K, et al. The Short FES-I: A shortened version of the falls efficacy scale-international to assess fear of falling. Age Ageing. 2008;37(1):45–50.
34. Nelson E, Wasson J, Kirk J, Keller A, Clark D, Dietrich A, et al. Assessment of function in routine clinical practice: description of the COOP Chart method and preliminary findings. J Chronic Dis [Internet]. 1987;40(1):55S–69S. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9681(87)80033-4
35. EuroQol Group. EuroQol--a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy [Internet]. 1990;16(3):199–208. Available from: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9
36. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361–70.
37. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav [Internet]. 1983;24:386–96. Available from: http://www.mindgarden.com/products/pss.htm
38. Neto F. Psychometric analysis of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) in older adults. Eur J Ageing. 2014;11(4):313–9.
39. Djukanovic I, Carlsson J, Årestedt K. Is the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) a valid measure in a general population 65-80 years old? A psychometric evaluation study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):1–10.
40. Ohayon MM, Paskow M, Roach A, Filer C, Sunshine Hillygus D, Chen MC, et al. The National Sleep Foundation’s Sleep Satisfaction Tool. J Natl Sleep Found [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2022 Feb 13];5(2019):5–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2018.10.003
41. Wilson M-MG, Thomas DR, Rubenstein LZ, Chibnall JT, Anderson S, Baxi A, et al. Appetite assessment: simple appetite questionnaire predicts weightloss in community-dwelling adults and nursing home residents. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2005;82(5):1074–1081. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/82/5/1074/4607521
42. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype. J Gerontol Med Sci [Internet]. 2001;56(3):146–56. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/56/3/M146/545770
43. Treacy D, Hassett L. The Short Physical Performance Battery. J Physiother. 2018;64(1):61.
44. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(2):142–8.
45. Manzano A. The craft of interviewing in realist evaluation. Evaluation. 2016;22(3):342–360.
46. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum; 1988.
47. Yardley L, Donovan-Hall M, Francis K, Todd C. Attitudes and beliefs that predict older people’s intention to undertake strength and balance training. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007;62(2):P119–25.
48. Yardley L, Bishop FL, Beyer N, Hauer K, Kempen GIJM, Piot-Ziegler, C. …, et al. Older people’s views of falls-prevention interventions in six European countries. Gerontologist. 2006;46(5):650–60.
49. Nyman SR, Victor CR. Older people’s recruitment, sustained participation, and adherence to falls prevention interventions in institutional settings: a supplement to the Cochrane systematic review. Age Ageing. 2011;40(4):430–6.
50. Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752–762.
51. Heaney JLJ, Carroll D, Phillips AC. Physical Activity , Life Events Stress , Cortisol , and DHEA : Preliminary Findings That Physical Activity May Buffer Against the Negative Effects of Stress. J Ageing Phys Act. 2014;22:465–73.
52. Chehab O, Ouertani M, Chaieb K, Haouala F, Mahdouani K. Hormonal status of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in an elderly Tunisian population. C R Biol. 2007 Oct 1;330(10):755–63.
53. Lindsay-Smith G, Eime R, O’Sullivan G, Harvey J, van Uffelen JG. A mixed-methods case study exploring the impact of participation in community activity groups for older adults on physical activity, health and wellbeing. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):1–15.
54. Maula A, LaFond N, Orton E, Iliffe S, Audsley S, Vedhara K, et al. Use it or lose it: a qualitative study of the maintenance of physical activity in older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):1–12.
55. Swales B, Ryde GC, Whittaker AC. A Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial Evaluating a Resistance Training Intervention With Frail Older Adults in Residential Care: The Keeping Active in Residential Elderly Trial. J Aging Phys Act. 2022;30(3):364–88.
56. Foà C, Guarnieri MC, Bastoni G, Benini B, Giunti OM, Mazzotti, M. ..., et al. Job satisfaction, work engagement and stress/burnout of elderly care staff: A qualitative research. Acta Bio Medica Atenei Parm. 2020;91(Suppl 1.
57. Hirakawa Y, Chiang C, Uemura MY, Aoyama A. Job satisfaction among Japanese home-visit care workers. Home Health Care Manag Pract. 2019;31(1):3–8.
58. Moyle W, Skinner J, Rowe G, Gork C. Views of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in Australian long-term care. J Clin Nurs. 2003;12(2):168–76.
59. Jenkins C, Smythe A, Galant-Miecznikowska M, Bentham P, Oyebode J. Overcoming challenges of conducting research in nursing homes. Nurs Older People. 2016;28(5):16–23.
60. Ulbrecht G, Wagner D, Gräßel E. Exergames and their acceptance among nursing home residents. Act Adapt Aging. 2012;36(2):93–106.
61. Henskens M, Nauta IM, Drost KT, Scherder EJ. The effects of movement stimulation on activities of daily living performance and quality of life in nursing home residents with dementia: a randomised controlled trial. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:805–17.
62. Spittaels H, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Vandelanotte C. Evaluation of a website-delivered computer-tailored intervention for increasing physical activity in the general population. Prev Med (Baltim). 2007;44(3):209–17.
63. Hill NL, Kolanowski A, Kürüm E. Agreeableness and activity engagement in nursing home residents with dementia. J Gerontol Nurs [Internet]. 2010 Sep [cited 2022 Aug 2];36(9):45–52. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20100330-10
64. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189–98.
65. Thurm F, Scharpf A, Liebermann N, Kolassa S, Elbert T, Lüchtenberg, D., … Kolassa I-T. Improvement of Cognitive Function after Physical Movement Training in Institutionalized Very Frail Older Adults with Dementia. GeroPsych (Bern). 2011;24(4):197–208.
66. Byng R, Norman I, Redfern S. Using Realistic Evaluation to Evaluate a Practice-level Intervention to Improve Primary Healthcare for Patients with Long-term Mental Illness. Evaluation. 2005;11(1):69–93.
67. Salter KL, Kothari A. Using realist evaluation to open the black box of knowledge translation: a state-of-the-art review. Implement Sci. 2014;9:115.