The green synthesis of environmentally friendly magnetic silver complex stabilized on MnFe2O4@sodium alginate nanoparticles (MCF@S-ALG/Ag) and evaluation of their antibacterial activity

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2121609/v1

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The green synthesis of environmentally friendly magnetic silver complex stabilized on MnFe2O4@sodium alginate nanoparticles (MCF@S-ALG/Ag) and evaluation of their antibacterial activity

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2121609/v1

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published 26 Dec, 2022

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Magnetic nanoparticles with green cover sodium alginate and Ag, MnCoFe₂O₄@Sodium alginate/Ag (MCF@S-ALG/Ag) MNPs, were prepared by a simple and clean method from Sargassum Vulgare brown algae. The structure of these nanoparticles was characterized by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of MCF@S-ALG/Ag MNPs was tested for two bacterial of gram-negative (Escherichia coli (E. coli)) bacteria and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)) bacteria. The MCF@S-ALG/Ag MNPs showed the inhibition zone 16.32 mm for S. aureus and 12.84 mm for E. coli bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of MCF@S-ALG/Ag MNPs for S. aureus bacteria were found 20 µg/mL and 40µg/mL, respectively.

Microbial resistance

Magnetic nanoparticles

Sargassum Vulgare brown algae

Inhabitation zone

Antibacterial activity

Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC).

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics kills about 1.5-5 million people per year. Therefore, antimicrobials resistance (AMR) is one of the most important subject for human health. There are different bacteria gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), which cause infectious diseases in human. With this description, developing of new and appropriate antibiotics against these bacteria is necessary (Gouyau et al., 2021; Lan et al., 2021).

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been attracted considerable attentions due to high surface-to-volume ratio, adjustable optical (Norouzzadeh et al., 2020), electronic (P. Zhang & Sham, 2002) and biological properties (Chikkanna et al., 2019). Also, they can be engineered to obtain the desired shape, chemical composition, size and surface properties (Najahi Mohammadizadeh et al., 2022; Xiao & Wiesner, 2012; Yadwade et al., 2021). Among NPs, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) play an important role in industry and medicine due to their optimal properties such as biocompatibility, high stability and easy separation by an external magnetic field (Rosiak et al., 2021). Magnetic nanoparticles are applied in various fields such as hyperthermia (Hemalatha et al., 2022), drug delivery (Gholami et al., 2020), treatment of tumors or cancer (Li et al., 2021), biomarkers (Rajpal et al., 2021), pharmacology (Schneider-Futschik & Reyes-Ortega, 2021), biology (Saied et al., 2022; Salehipour et al., 2021), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Salehipour et al., 2021), magnetic fluid (Hajalilou et al., 2021), catalysts (Najahi Mohammadizadeh et al., 2022), and sensors (Jiang et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2022). Modifying the structure of MNPs can prevent them from agglomerating and oxidizing. Several types of organic, inorganic and polymers have been used to modify MNPs (Santos et al., 2021) and the antibacterial activity of them have been studied (Alavi & Rai, 2019; Yadwade et al., 2021). For example, Huseen and co-workers studied the cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of two bacteria gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) with modified MNPs by Gelatin (Fe₃O₄@GM) (Hasan Huseen et al., 2021). Also, Eibagi and co-workers prepared the β-CDPUIm-MNPs to remove the gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) in water (Eibagi et al., 2020). Although these methods are of particular importance, the preparation of newly modified green and biocompatible MNPs and low-toxic compounds such as biological polymers (alginate, chitosan and starch) is very important (Jardim et al., 2018).

Algal polysaccharides, including alginate, have been used in medicine and pharmacy for decades. These macromolecules have a wide range of biological activities including antimicrobial, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities (Andersson & Hughes, 2010). According to previous studies, Sargassum Vulgare brown algae (S. Vulgare) is a rich and green source of alginate (Gupta & Abu-Ghannam, 2011; Wells et al., 2017).

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are one of the most important nanoparticles, which have unique antibacterial properties and led to their applications in various fields such as biomedicine (Gherasim et al., 2020), pharmaceutical (Mathur et al., 2018) or cosmetic industries (Singh et al., 2022). Silver nanoparticles show excellent antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility compared to other metal particles (Das et al., 2020). In fact, samples of Ag NPs have a strong effect on different types of bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative (L. Zhang et al., 2021). Many reports have been presented for the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles. For example, a new class of nanohybrids of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on graphene oxide (GO) has led to improved antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria (Xiong et al., 2019; Zivyar et al., 2021).

Recently, the synthesis of the binary system of silver nanoparticles with MNPs, such as Fe₃O₄@SiO₂/Ag/TMP (Mehrabi et al., 2021), Fe₃O₄/Ag nanohybrid ferrofluids (Taufiq et al., 2020) and PU-PDA-Fe₃O₄/Ag (Gao et al., 2021), has attracted the attention of chemists. The binary system of Ag NPs and MNPs can improve the antibacterial activity because the combination of Ag NPs with MNPs improves the ability of Ag ions to penetrate into the biofilm to deactivate bacteria and viruses, which can reduce the toxicity of Ag ions (Kamali et al., 2022).

Based on these points, we wish to report the synthesis the binary system of Ag NPs with MnCoFe₂O₄ (MnCoFe₂O₄@SALG/Ag) by modifying MnCoFe₂O₄ with alginate extracted from the alga Sargassum Vulgare (S. Vulgare), loading Ag ion on MNPs and evaluate its antibacterial activity for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Materials

All materials were purchased from sigma-aldrich chemical company. Also, sodium alginate (S-ALG) was prepared from Sargassum Vulgare algae (S. Vulgare) (Rostami et al., 2017).The extraction of S-ALG was carried out by centrifuge Eppendorf R5810 Germany device. For drying of S-ALG freeze dryer ALPHA 1-2LD Germany model was applied.

FT-IR spectra were recorded by Bruker Alpha spectrophotometer in the range of 400–4000 cm^− 1. The crystal structure of MCF and MCF@S-ALG were investigated by Philips Xpert PW 3040/60 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) (Cu-Kα radiation and λ = 0.15406) in the range of Bragg angle 10°-80° using 0.05 as the step length. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data for MCF@ALG were obtained on a Mettler TA4000 system under Ar atmosphere in the range of 50–700°C at a heating speed of 10°C/min. The magnetic properties of the prepared nanostructure (MCF, and MCF@S-ALG/Ag) were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) with model 730 at room temperature. The morphology and the size of nanoparticles were determined by field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) Tescan Mira3 model. The presence of chemical elements in the MCF@ALG nanoparticles structure were studied by Elemental chemical analysis [energy‐dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)] coupled with FE-SEM system.

Synthesis of MnCoFe₂O₄ (MCF) MNPs

MnCoFe₂O₄ MNPs were prepared according to our previous report (Ahadi et al., 2022). A mixture of MnCl₂, 4H₂O (2.5 mmol, 0.49 g), CoCl₂, 6H₂O (2.5 mmol, 0.59 g), Fe (NO₃)₂, 9H₂O (10 mmol, 4.04 g) and deionized water (200 mL) were heated at 95 ˚C for 2 h. Then, ammonium hydroxide (25%) was added to adjust the pH to 12 and the mixture heated for another 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the black precipitate was separated by an external magnetic field, washed by deionized water (200 mL), ethanol (10 mL) and dried in oven at 70 ˚C. IR (KBr) (ν _max, cm^− 1): 3383, 2931, 1623, 615, 476

Extraction of sodium alginate (S-ALG)

Sodium alginate was extracted from S. Vulgare brown algae powder. S. Vulgare was collected from the shores of Qeshm in Iran) 26⁰34344N,55⁰23765E) and kept at -20°C.

A mixture of S. Vulgare brown algae powder (50 g) and ethanol (85%, 200 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 8h to remove pigments and other impurities. The obtained result was then extracted by distilled water (400 mL) for three times at 65°C for 3h using an incubator shaker. The extract was filtered by the centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 10 min at 10°C and the obtained product dried at room temperature. The obtained product was dissolved in sodium carbonate solution (1000 mL, %3, pH = 11) and placed in an incubator shaker at 65°C for 3h. The obtained solution was then extracted using ethanol (70%), filtered by centrifugation and dried by freeze dryer (Rostami et al., 2017). IR (KBr) (ν _max, cm^− 1): 422, 2929, 1618, 1480, 141, 1124, 1091, 1031

Preparation of the MnCoFe₂O₄@ sodium alginate (MCF@S-ALG) MNPs

A mixture of MnCoFe₂O₄ MNPs (1 g) and deionized water (100 mL) were sonicated under ultra sound waves for 30 min. Then, a solution of sodium alginate (0.1 g) in deionized water (70 mL) at 50 ˚C was prepared and added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The precipitate was isolated by a magnet, washed by deionized water and dried in oven at 50 ˚C (El-Shamy et al., 2019). IR (KBr) (ν _max, cm^− 1): 3380, 1623, 1383, 1157, 1045, 832, 609, 475

Preparation of the MnCoFe₂O₄@ sodium alginate/Ag (MCF@S-ALG/Ag) MNPs

MCF@S-ALG MNPs (0.5 g) was sonicated in ethanol 99% (50 mL) under ultra sound waves for 10 min. AgNO₃ (2 mmol, 0.34 g) was added and the mixture stirred for 24 h at room temperature. The black precipitate was then separated by an external magnetic field, washed two times by ethanol (20 mL) and dried in oven at 70°C (Rostami-Vartooni et al., 2019). IR (KBr) (ν _max, cm^− 1): 3409, 2921, 2851, 1616, 1384, 565.

Antibacterial evaluation

The disk diffusion method (Inhabitation zone)

The antibacterial activity tests of MCF (1), S-ALG (2), MCF@S-ALG (3) and MCF@S-ALG/Ag (4) nanocomposite were studied by the disk-diffusion method in pH = 7 for S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coil ATCC 25922 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively (the results were repeated for 3 times). Bacterial strains were prepared in the microbiology laboratory of Isfahan University of technology, Iran. Initially, 15 mL of sterile molten Mueller Hinton agar (MH agar) was poured into a petro dishes at room temperature and bacteria was cultured on the agar plates (0.5 Mcfarland, 10⁸ CFC m.L^− 1). The concentration of bacteria was investigated by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer (the density of bacteria with a concentration of 1.5 ×10⁸ CFU/mL showed the adsorption about 0.8-1). Then, 0.04 g of samples MCF (1), S-ALG (2), and MCF@S-ALG (3) were impregnated onto a 4-mm paper disk on agar plate and the plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 ˚C. Finally, the obtained inhibition zone (mm) was measured for samples. Also, Sterile distilled water was used as a negative control and tetracycline antibiotic was used as a positive control (Hasan Huseen et al., 2021).

The microplate dilution method

The microplate dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) for S. aureus bacteria. The McFarland standard turbidity of 0.5 was prepared by inoculation of microorganisms in the culture liquid environment for 18–24 h. The nanoparticle dilutions were prepared in the range of 100, 80, 40, 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.312, and 0.156 µg/mL. Then 11 microliters of bacterial suspension (equivalent to half of McFarland) was added to the tubes. Also, tubes containing culture medium and suspension bacteria, culture medium and without bacteria were prepared as positive control and negative control, respectively. Then the tubes were kept in an oven for 24 h at 37°C, and the turbidity and no turbidity in the tubes were visually evaluated, and compared with positive and negative control to indicate the growth of bacteria. The lowest concentration in which no bacterial growth was observed (no turbidity) was determined as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the lowest nanoparticle concentration in which 99.9% of bacteria did not grow was considered MBC (Andrews, 2001).

Characterization of MnCoFe₂O₄@Sodium alginate (MCF@S-ALG)

The synthetic steps of MCF@ALG/Ag are illustrated in Scheme. 1. Firstly, MCF MNPs were prepared by a simple method from Fe^+ 3: Co^+ 2: Mn^+ 2 (4:1:1) salts and ammonia. Then, the obtained alginate from Sargassum Vulgare brown algae was coated on MCF MNPs. Finally, AgNO₃ was loaded on MCF@S-ALG MNPs to prepare MCF@S-ALG/Ag MNPs.

FT-IR spectra of MnCoFe₂O₄ (MCF) (a), sodium alginate (S-ALG) (b), MCF@S-ALG (c) and MCF@S-ALG/Ag (d) are presented in Fig. 1. As can be seen, the OH stretching and OH twisting vibrations are observed in the range of 3000–3500 cm^− 1 and 1623 cm^− 1, respectively (Fig. 1a-c). Moreover, the Fe-O absorption band of MCF (a), MCF@S-ALG (c) and MCF@S-ALG/Ag (d) MNPs is appeared at 615 cm^− 1, 609 cm^− 1 and 565 cm^− 1, respectively. FT-IR spectra of the extracted alginate (b) indicate absorption bands at 2931 cm^− 1 (CH aliphatic), 1618 cm^− 1 (asymmetric stretching COO⁻) and 1410 cm^− 1 (symmetric stretching COO⁻) (Rostami et al., 2017). These absorption bands of Fe-O, CH aliphatic and asymmetric stretching of COO⁻ show a frequency decreasing (615, 2929 and 1618 cm^− 1) in Fig. 1c and (609, 2921 and 1616 cm^− 1) in Fig. 1. d, which is probably due to hydrogen bonding formation. The appearance of absorption bands at CH aliphatic, C-O confirm that MCF@S-ALG MNPs are well prepared (Fig. 1c).

XRD patterns of MCF (a) and MCF@S-ALG/Ag (b) are presented in Fig. 2. XRD patterns indicate peaks at 2θ = 29.7˚, 35.5˚, 39.6˚, 44.1˚, 52.8˚, 58.5˚, 62.4˚, 68.7˚, and 74.3˚, which assigned to (220), (311), (222), (400), (422), (311), (440), (622), and (533) sheets. The patterns are according to MnCoFe₂O₄ (JCPDS No. 22–1086) in literature (Datt & Abhyankar, 2017). The presence of Ag in the structure is confirmed by two peaks at 2θ = 39.6° and 45.6° (Bharathi et al., 2018). The appearance of peaks at 2θ = 21.2°, 39.6° and 45.6°, as well as the change in shape and decrease in intensity of peaks in MCF@S-ALG/Ag (b) confirm that MCF has a good interaction with alginate polymer and MCF@S. -ALG/Ag is successfully synthesized (Sundarrajan et al., 2012). The crystalline size for MCF@S-ALG/Ag (b) was calculated to be 36.6 nm according to Scherer^'s equation.

The FE-SEM technique was used to investigate morphology and average size of MCF@S-ALG/Ag (Fig. 3a). Images are scattered in the form of spherical shape-like, irregular and rough particles with an average size of 26.29 nm. In addition, the finding from histogram treatment (Fig. 3b) describes distribution of particle size in the range 25–30 nm. The results of histogram are based on FE-SEM and XRD techniques. Also, EDX analysis confirms the presence of carbon (C), oxygen (O), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), silver (Ag), and sodium (Na) elements in the structure of MCF@S-ALG/Ag MNPs (Fig. 4). The presence of Ag, C and O elements confirms that alginate and silver ion have successfully coated on MCF@ALG/Ag.

The magnetic properties of MCF (a) and MCF@S-ALG/Ag (b) were investigated by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM analysis) at room temperature and the field of ± 8000 (Fig. 5). The hysterics loops indicate the magnetization saturation value (Ms) for MCF (a) and MCF@S-ALG/Ag (b) at about 17 and 4 Oe, respectively. In addition, Remanent magnetization (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) for MCF (a) and MCF@S-ALG/Ag (b) obtained (0.9 emu/g, 52 Oe) and (0.8 emu/g and 41 Oe), respectively. The decreasing of magnetic properties confirms that MCF@S-ALG/Ag has been successfully synthesized.

The stability of the MCF@S-ALG/Ag MNP was investigated by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (Fig. 6). This curve indicates two stage of weight loss for MCF@S-ALG/Ag. The first stage shows 2.4% of weight loss at 50°C < T < 100°C, which is related to the removal of physically absorbed water. The second stage illustrates 11.84% of weight loss at 100°C < T < 480°C, which may be related to removal alginate and silver ion loaded on MCF MNP. The weight loss in the second step confirms that the MCF@S-ALG/Ag MNPs are well prepared.

Antibacterial activity study

The antibacterial activity of MCF (1), MCF@S-ALG (2), and MCF@S-ALG/Ag (3) were studied by the simple disk diffusion method. The result of inhibition zones for prepared samples reported in mm (Table. 1 and Fig. 7). As can be seen, MCF shows no inhibition zones. After loading of S-ALG on MCF MNPs, MCF@S-ALG MNPs showed the inhibition zones obtained 12.16 mm for S. aureus bacteria. Also, the inhabitation zones didn’t observe for E. coli bacteria (Entry 2). There are differences in the cell wall of both types gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria because the results describe the differential sensitivity for both types bacteria (Zhao et al., 2014). The interaction between opposite charge on surface of MCF@S-ALG and the charge around the surface of bacteria and also penetrate nanoparticles into microbial pores let to disrupt cellular construction of bacteria (Kamali et al., 2022).

The presence of Ag NPs improved the antibacterial activity MCF@SALG/Ag in comparison with MCF@ALG (16.32 mm for S. aureus bacteria and 12.84 mm for E. coli bacteria, (Entry 3) due to generation of oxygen species (ROS), free radicals and positively charged on the surface of MNPs. The surface of MNPs may has positive charges by the releasing of M^+ 2 (Mn^+ 2, and Co^+ 2), Fe^+ 3 and Ag⁺ ions to inactivate the bacteria. The electrostatic and electromagnetic attraction perform between microbial cell walls and the generating positively charged on the surface MNPs. In addition, the ROS production increases cellular oxidative stress in bacteria and causes cell membrane damage and alternation of DNA and proteins in the intracellular environment. Also, metal ions and NPs can penetrate microbial pores and cause dissolving the outer cover of the microbial cell walls. In continue, MIC and MBC tests were investigated for MCF@S-ALG/Ag and MCF@S-ALG MNPs against S. aureus bacteria to confirm the Disk Diffusion method. The MIC concentrations of MCF@S-ALG/Ag and MCF@S-ALG MNPs against S.aureus bacteria were measured about 20 µg/mL and 40 mg/mL, respectively (Table 2). Also, MBC concentrations were found for MCF@S-ALG/Ag and MCF@S-ALG MNPs 40 µg/mL and 80 µg/mL, respectively. As results show, the Ag NPs has an essential role in antibacterial activity for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The comparsion of antibacterial activity of MCF@S-ALG/Ag with that of other works has reported in Table 3. As data show, MCF@S-ALG/Ag has suitable antibacterial prepertices for both S.aureus and E.coli bacteria.

Table 1

Inhibition zone values of samples (the results discribe as mean ± standard error (SE))
Entry	Samples	Inhibition zones (mm) ± SE
Entry	Samples	S.aureus	E.coli
1	MCF (1)	-	-
2	MCF@S-ALG (2)	12.16 ± 1.06	-
3	MCF@S-ALG/Ag (3)	16.32 ± 0.55	12.84 ± 0.63
4	Tetracycline antibiotic (4)	30.86 ± 1.05	22.29 ± 0.94
5	Sterile distilled water (5)	-	-

Table 2

MIC and MBC concentrations of MCF@S-ALG/Ag and MCF@S-ALG against *S.aureus* bacteria
Entry	Sample	Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (µg/mL)	Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ( µg/mL)
1	MCF@S-ALG (2)	40	80
2	MCF@S-ALG/Ag (3)	20	40

Table 3

Comparsion of antibacterial activity of MCF@S-ALG/Ag with reported works
Enrty	Adsorbent	Inhibition zones (mm)		Reference
Enrty	Adsorbent	S.aureus	E.coli	Reference
1	MS-PDA-Fe₃O₄/Ag	16	13	(Chen et al., 2021)
2	MNPs@Starch-Ag/PU	14.1	14.2	(Kamali et al., 2022)
3	alginate/Ag/Fe₃O₄ hydrogel beads	17	15	(Rashidzadeh et al., 2020)
4	Alginate-casein-Fe NP	30.7	17.2	(Patwa et al., 2020)
5	MCF@S-ALG/Ag	16.3	12.8	This work

In summary, magnetic nanoparticles of MnCoFe₂O₄ were synthesized with sodium alginate as a biopolymer in the role of the capping agent (MCF@S-ALG). Then, Ag NO₃ was loaded on MCF@S-ALG. the structure and morphology of nanoparticles prepared by different techniques such as VSM, FE-SEM, EDX, TGA, FT-IR and XRD were determined, and its antibacterial activity was investigated against two types of gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. Based on the results, it was found that the antibacterial activity of the prepared magnetic nanoparticles was increased by modify MCF by sodium alginate and AgNO₃ against these two types of bacteria. The obtained results of inhibitaion zone showed that MCF@S-ALG/Ag MNPs have suitable antibacterial activity.

In fact, the synthesized nanoparticles penetrate into the bacterial cell, and killing the bacteria by breaking down the cell membrane. Accordingly, a simple mechanism was proposed for this process. As a result, the synthesized nanoparticles in this research could be used as a potential candidate in future applications for biological applications.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank the Research Council of Arak University for providing a place for the synthesis of nanoparticles and Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources for providing a place for the alginate extraction.

Author^,s Contributions: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Najmieh Ahadi and Mitra Ahadifar. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Zahra Najahi Mohammadizadeh, Mitra Ahadifar, and Najmieh Ahadi and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. The final manuscript was edited and reviewed by Mahta Mobinikhaledi and All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding: The authors declare that financial assistance were not received for doing analyses of characterization of the MNPs and also for studying of the antibacterial activity of MNPs during the preparation of this manuscript.

Ethical Approval: There are no research studies conducted with animals or humans in this paper.

Consent to Participate: not applicable

Consent to Publish: not applicable

Competing Interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose

Availability of data and materials: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article [and its supplementary information files].

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Scheme 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.

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Scheme1.tif
Scheme. 1: The synthetic pathway of MCF@S-ALG/Ag
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The green synthesis of environmentally friendly magnetic silver complex stabilized on MnFe2O4@sodium alginate nanoparticles (MCF@S-ALG/Ag) and evaluation of their antibacterial activity

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Experimental

Materials

Synthesis of MnCoFe₂O₄ (MCF) MNPs

Extraction of sodium alginate (S-ALG)

Preparation of the MnCoFe₂O₄@ sodium alginate (MCF@S-ALG) MNPs

Preparation of the MnCoFe₂O₄@ sodium alginate/Ag (MCF@S-ALG/Ag) MNPs

Antibacterial evaluation

The disk diffusion method (Inhabitation zone)

The microplate dilution method

Results And Discussion

Characterization of MnCoFe₂O₄@Sodium alginate (MCF@S-ALG)

Antibacterial activity study

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Scheme 1

Supplementary Files

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

The green synthesis of environmentally friendly magnetic silver complex stabilized on MnFe2O4@sodium alginate nanoparticles (MCF@S-ALG/Ag) and evaluation of their antibacterial activity

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Experimental

Materials

Synthesis of MnCoFe2O4 (MCF) MNPs

Extraction of sodium alginate (S-ALG)

Preparation of the MnCoFe2O4@ sodium alginate (MCF@S-ALG) MNPs

Preparation of the MnCoFe2O4@ sodium alginate/Ag (MCF@S-ALG/Ag) MNPs

Antibacterial evaluation

The disk diffusion method (Inhabitation zone)

The microplate dilution method

Results And Discussion

Characterization of MnCoFe2O4@Sodium alginate (MCF@S-ALG)

Antibacterial activity study

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Scheme 1

Supplementary Files

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Synthesis of MnCoFe₂O₄ (MCF) MNPs

Preparation of the MnCoFe₂O₄@ sodium alginate (MCF@S-ALG) MNPs

Preparation of the MnCoFe₂O₄@ sodium alginate/Ag (MCF@S-ALG/Ag) MNPs

Characterization of MnCoFe₂O₄@Sodium alginate (MCF@S-ALG)