The association between preoperative anemia, blood transfusion need, and postoperative complications in adult cardiac surgery, a single center contemporary experience

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2131490/v1

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Research Article

The association between preoperative anemia, blood transfusion need, and postoperative complications in adult cardiac surgery, a single center contemporary experience

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2131490/v1

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Journal Publication

published 07 Jan, 2023

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Background

The impact of preoperative anemia on postcardiac surgery outcomes is an area of great debate. Although several large-scale studies have been conducted, they have demonstrated conflicting results. A limited number of studies have been conducted in the Middle East. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the association between preoperative anemia and the need for blood transfusions, as well as major postoperative complications.

Methods

Adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery at King Faisal Cardiac Center (KFCC) in Jeddah between June 2016 and January 2020 were included in this retrospective cohort study. The study excluded patients with hereditary preoperative anemia. Among the variables studied were variables related to demographics, comorbidities, laboratory data, operation-related data, in-hospital complications, and mortality.

Results

The mean preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) level was 13.2 g/dL (SD ± 1.8). The overall mortality rate was 4.6%. A lower preoperative Hb level (p value = 0.016), postoperative day 1 WBC count (p- value = 0.003), and prolonged cross clamp time (p value < 0.001) were significantly associated with mortality. A lower Hb level during the preoperative period or within the first three days of surgery was associated with a higher blood transfusion requirement. However, there was no significant association between blood transfusion and postoperative complications.

Conclusion

Based on our single center study, patients with preoperative lower Hb levels are at higher risk of mortality. However, blood transfusion does not seem to increase the risk of postoperative complications.

Cardiac Surgery

Anemia

Transfusion

complications

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), anemia is defined as a hemoglobin (Hb) level of less than 13.0 g/dl in adult males or less than 12.0 g/dl in nonpregnant adult females. (1) Preoperative anemia may be associated with the worst postoperative outcomes in cardiac surgery, with an estimated prevalence ranging from 16–54%. (2–5) A multicenter study performed by Sallam et al. demonstrated that patients with preoperative anemia are more susceptible to developing sternal wound infections than nonanemic patients. (3) Another study showed that the one-year mortality rate is significantly higher in patients with preoperative anemia, but there were no significant differences in one-month mortality rates. (6) Nevertheless, other studies suggested that preoperative anemia is not an independent risk factor after multivariate-adjusted analysis but rather a marker of underlying comorbidities, including age, acute coronary syndrome, diabetes, renal insufficiency, and extensive coronary disease, which are associated with poor postoperative outcome. (7, 8)

Furthermore, preoperative anemia is an independent predictor for increased transfusion requirements during cardiac surgery. (9, 10) A study performed by Nguyen et al. showed that the transfusion rate in cardiac surgery among anemic patients was 53% versus 10% in the nonanemic group. (11) Transfusion of blood and blood products is associated with the risk of posttransfusion complications, and therefore, anemic patients are at higher risk of developing postoperative complications. (12, 13) The most common postoperative complications found were mortality, organ dysfunction, serious infections, renal failure, cardiac complications, neurologic complications, overall morbidity, and prolonged ventilator support. (12, 14) Al-harbi et al found a significant increase in the risk of infection after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients who received blood transfusions, and pneumonia was the most commonly reported infection after CABG. (12) In addition, patients who received a blood transfusion had longer preoperative and postoperative hospitalization times than those who did not receive any blood transfusions. (12) A longer hospitalization duration predisposed the patients to a higher risk of developing nosocomial infections. (12) Other studies, however, have found no association between blood transfusion and the incidence of infection, acute kidney injury (AKI), or long-term mortality (30 days to 5 years). (15–17)

Transfusing blood may be necessary during cardiac surgery. As a result, it is crucial to determine whether blood transfusion is significantly related to postoperative complications in cardiac surgery. A higher number of transfused units is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgeries. (18) According to two cohort studies, postoperative complications such as infection are associated with transfusion in a dose-dependent pattern, and the studies concluded that the risk of infection was increased by 20% with each unit of blood given postoperatively. However, the exact threshold of transfusion units was not identified. (12, 14) Another study suggested that the transfusion of blood products may have no harmful effect if the total transfused units were less than 5.5 units in cardiac surgery patients. (19) Although the “Restrictive or Liberal Red-Cell Transfusion for Cardiac Surgery Randomized Controlled trial” has addressed the issue of restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategy (20), we assumed that a preoperative hemoglobin level of 10 mg/dl in patients with ischemic heart disease might still be a trigger for transfusion.

The lack of recent local studies and the contradiction between the results of existing studies, with regard to whether preoperative anemia is associated with the need for transfusion of blood and blood products, as well as the postoperative outcomes in cardiac surgery, necessitate further investigation. The primary objectives of this study were 1) to identify the effect of preoperative anemia as a predictor of postoperative outcomes and 2) to assess the relationship between anemia and the necessity of blood resource utilization after cardiac surgery. The secondary objectives were 1) to evaluate transfusion-related complications after cardiac surgery; 2) to identify the effect of the blood and blood product unit age on postoperative outcomes; and 3) to identify the prevalence of preoperative anemia in patients who underwent cardiac surgery.

This is a retrospective cohort study that included 386 adult patients (over the age of 14) who underwent cardiac surgery at the King Faisal Cardiac Center (KFCC) in Jeddah between June 2016 and January 2020. All types of cardiac surgery were included, such as CABG, valve repair, and valve replacement. The study excluded all patients with genetic or hereditary preoperative anemias.

The data were collected from the medical records department using the BESTCARE system and the laboratory and pathology information system after Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. Throughout the research process, all ethical considerations were followed. We defined anemia according to the WHO definition of a hemoglobin level of less than 13 g/dl for men and less than 12 g/dl for nonpregnant women. In addition, complications were collected during surgery and through the next 30 days after surgery during the follow-up period.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using R software, version 4.1.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). We compared the features of adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery and received blood product transfusions to those of the patients who did not. The mean and standard deviation were used for continuous variables that had a normal distribution and were compared using the two-sample t test or Welch two-sample t test if the two groups had unequal variance. Continuous variables that were not normally distributed were reported using the median and interquartile range and were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. To confirm whether a continuous variable came from a normal distribution, we applied the Shapiro‒Wilk test of normality, histograms, and quantile‒quantile plots. Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages and were analyzed by Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. The Kruskal‒Wallis test was used for ordinal attributes. To identify risk factors for the need for packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion after cardiac surgery, multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression. All statistical tests were two-tailed, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant.

General characteristics:

Between January 2016 and January 2020, 386 adult patients underwent open heart surgery. The mean age at operation was 58 years (standard deviation (SD) ± 13), and 71% of the patients were males (see Table 1). The most performed procedure was CABG (67.2%), and the most common cardiac diagnosis was ischemic heart disease (68.4%). The prevalence of anemia in our cohort, in the diagnosis was based on the WHO definition of anemia (1), was 34.3%, with a 32.9% and 37.7% prevalence in males and females, respectively.

Table 1

General characteristics
	level	Overall
Number of patients		386
Age in Years (mean (SD))		57.56 (13.19)
Gender (%)	Female	111 (28.8)
	Male	275 (71.2)
Height in cm (mean (SD))		163.64 (8.60)
BSA (mean (SD))		2.00 (1.78)
Weight in kg (mean (SD))		77.57 (14.95)
BMI (mean (SD))		28.87 (5.69)
IHD (%)	No	85 (22.0)
	Yes	301 (78.0)
DM (%)	No	131 (33.9)
	Yes	255 (66.1)
HTN (%)	No	96 (24.9)
	Yes	290 (75.1)
DLP (%)	No	135 (35.0)
	Yes	250 (64.8)
	NA	1 (0.3)
CKD (%)	No	330 (85.5)
	Yes	56 (14.5)
PreOp Dialysis (%)	No	372 (96.4)
	Yes	14 (3.6)
Smoking (%)	Ex-smoker	56 (14.5)
	No	248 (64.2)
	Not mentioned	1 (0.3)
	Yes	80 (20.7)
	Yes + tobacco user	1 (0.3)
COPD (%)	No	375 (97.2)
	Yes	11 (2.8)
PreOp Stroke (%)	No	355 (92.0)
	Yes	31 (8.0)
Length of Stay in Hospital in Days (mean (SD))		16.89 (11.81)
CPB in minutes (mean (SD))		123.34 (68.85)
Cross Clamp in minutes (mean (SD))		83.34 (52.87)
BMI: Body Mass Index, BSA: Body Surface Area, CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease, COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, CPB: Cardio-Pulmonary Bypass, DLP: Dyslipidemia, DM: Diabetes Mellites, IHD: Ischemic Heart Disease. PreOp: Preoperative,

Mortality in relation to pre- and postoperative labs:

The overall mortality was 4.6%. The preoperative blood work revealed that the mean Hb level was 13.2 g/dl (SD ± 1.8), and almost 93% of the patients had a Hb level above 10 g/dl. The mean postoperative Hb levels were 10.3, 9.4, and 10.5 at day 1 after surgery, day 3 after surgery and at discharge, respectively (p value = < 0.05).

The factors that were significantly associated with mortality were as follows: 1- lower preoperative Hb level (p value = 0.016), 2- higher white blood cell (WBC) count at day 1 after surgery (p value = 0.003) and at discharge day (p value < 0.001), and 3- prolonged cross clamp time (p value < 0.001) (see Table 2).

Table 2

Mortality and blood work
		Mortality
	Overall	No	Yes	p value
	386	363	18
Hemoglobin
PreOp (mean (SD))	13.18 (1.82)	13.21 (1.81)	12.12 (1.77)	0.016
PostOp D1 (mean (SD))	10.30 (1.27)	10.31 (1.23)	9.52 (2.09)	0.064
PostOp D3 (mean (SD))	9.43 (1.07)	9.42 (1.05)	9.47 (1.17)	0.876
PostOp Discharge (mean (SD))	10.49 (1.15)	10.52 (1.12)	9.19 (1.27)	< 0.001
Platelets
PreOp (mean (SD))	252.52 (78.01)	253.83 (77.80)	229.35 (86.82)	0.208
PostOp D1 (mean (SD))	204.93 (64.54)	206.30 (64.32)	174.54 (69.26)	0.082
PostOp D3 (mean (SD))	186.06 (68.48)	188.43 (67.89)	115.36 (62.45)	< 0.001
PostOp.Discharge (mean (SD))	398.31 (150.33)	403.37 (147.54)	267.50 (191.57)	0.005
WBC
PreOp (mean (SD))	8.33 (11.33)	8.37 (11.66)	8.34 (2.33)	0.992
PostOp D1 (mean (SD))	14.00 (4.19)	13.90 (4.06)	17.38 (6.53)	0.003
PostOp D3 (mean (SD))	13.35 (14.41)	13.36 (14.70)	14.23 (5.01)	0.845
PostOp Discharge (mean (SD))	10.25 (3.42)	10.11 (2.94)	16.08 (9.87)	< 0.001
Creatinine
PreOp (mean (SD))	107.62 (119.99)	108.25 (123.42)	102.53 (36.32)	0.849
PostOp D1 (mean (SD))	108.28 (109.90)	107.33 (111.00)	147.92 (92.55)	0.212
PostOp D3 (mean (SD))	106.23 (119.71)	105.76 (121.63)	134.18 (70.36)	0.442
PostOp Discharge (mean (SD))	100.73 (98.42)	99.28 (99.00)	161.30 (85.06)	0.051
D1: Day 1, D3: Day 3, Preop: Preoperative, PostOp: Postoperative, WBC: White Blood Cells count

Blood product transfusion:

The rate of blood product transfusion was high in our cohort, with PRBCs being the main product that was transfused (85.5%), followed by platelets (24.1%), and finally fresh frozen plasma (18.9%). Based on the “Restrictive or Liberal Red-Cell Transfusion for Cardiac Surgery Randomized Controlled Trial” (20), we assumed that having a preoperative Hb level below 10 g/dl was a predictor of the need for transfusion. However, this was not the case in our cohort (p value = 0.0899), and most patients in our cohort had a preoperative Hb level above 10 g/dl (95.1%). Most patients in our cohort received 2 or fewer units of PRBCs (61.5%) (see Fig. 1). When we examined the association of Hb level with the requirements for PRBC transfusion, we discovered that the lower the Hb level at either the preoperative period or within the first 3 days of surgery, the more likely that patients will require blood transfusion (see Fig. 2). Although blood and blood product transfusions are usually associated with postoperative complications (especially infectious complications), this was not evident in our cohort (see Table 3).

Table 3

PRBC transfusion and complications
			PRBCs transfusion
	level	Overall	No	Yes	p value
Number of patients		387	51	331
PostOp Infection Pneumonia (%)	No	307 (79.3)	43 (84.3)	264 (79.8)	0.739
	Yes	58 (15.0)	6 (11.8)	52 (15.7)
	NA	22 (5.7)	2 (3.9)	15 (4.5)
PostOp Infection UTI (%)	No	323 (83.5)	47 (92.2)	276 (83.4)	0.21
	Yes	42 (10.9)	2 (3.9)	40 (12.1)
	NA	22 (5.7)	2 (3.9)	15 (4.5)
PostOp Infection Wound Infection (%)	No	273 (70.5)	40 (78.4)	233 (70.4)	0.491
	Yes	87 (22.5)	9 (17.6)	78 (23.6)
	NA	27 (7.0)	2 (3.9)	20 (6.0)
Mortality (%)	No	352 (91.0)	49 (96.1)	303 (91.5)	0.225
	Yes	18 (4.7)	0 (0.0)	18 (5.4)
	NA	17 (4.4)	2 (3.9)	10 (3.0)
PostOp: Postoperative, PRBCs: Packed Red Blood Cells, UTI: Urinary Tract Infection

Preoperative anemia is common among cardiac surgery patients, with a prevalence ranging from 16–54%. (2) Preoperative anemia is still not a definitive parameter to consider when predicting postoperative outcomes. This study aimed to identify the effect of preoperative anemia as a predictor for postoperative outcomes. Additionally, this study investigated whether preoperative anemia was associated with an increased need for blood transfusion and whether the transfusion of blood and blood products was associated with worse postoperative outcomes.

The results of the analysis indicate that a lower preoperative Hb level was significantly associated with increased mortality rates, suggesting that preoperative anemia is an independent risk factor for mortality. Preoperative anemia-associated complications may be attributed to reduced perfusion and oxygen delivery to tissues resulting in organ dysfunction. These findings were consistent with those of Miceli et al, who found a threefold increase in mortality in a study of 7738 patients. (21) Similar results were found by Pala et al. using hematocrit as a parameter for anemia instead of hemoglobin levels. (22) Therefore, the assessment and correction of anemia before surgery may reduce mortality.

Additionally, higher levels of WBCs at postoperative day 1 and longer cross clamp time were also associated with higher mortality rates. Ascione et al observed that WBC levels peaked 36 to 60 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass. (23) An exaggerated inflammatory response by WBCs could lead to adverse outcomes. In addition, a similar result was depicted by Al-sarraf et al, who found a significant association of prolonged cross clamp time with morbidity and mortality in a study of 3799 patients who underwent cardiac surgery. (24)

Furthermore, although we found that having a preoperative Hb level below 10 g/dl was not associated with the need for blood product transfusion, lower Hb levels during the preoperative period and the first three days after surgery were associated with an increased need for PRBC transfusion. The reduced oxygen delivery caused by anemia may increase the requirement of transfusion as the body attempts to correct for the deficient end organ tissue perfusion. These results were consistent with what Koch et al observed in a study of 11963 patients, which found that older age, lower body mass index (BMI), measures of renal dysfunction, and lower preoperative hematocrit levels, which are other parameters for measuring anemia, are predictors for blood transfusion requirements. (25)

The analysis of the data showed that transfusion of blood and blood products had no significant association with transfusion-related complications, including pneumonia, urinary tract infection (UTI), wound infection, and mortality, after cardiac surgery. These results contrasted with the results of a 459-patient study conducted in Riyadh by Al-Harbi et al, which found that there was a significantly increased risk of postoperative infection and transfusion, and the study demonstrated a dose-related association. (12) Additionally, Koch et al also found a dose-dependent relationship between the number of PRBC transfusions and worse postoperative outcomes, such as in-hospital mortality, serious infection, neurological complications, renal failure, overall morbidity, and prolonged ventilatory support. This relationship continued to be strong even after adjusting for the risk factors associated with worse postoperative outcomes after CABG. (24) A study performed by Leal-Noval et al. found that receiving 4 or more units of blood components was associated with serious postoperative outcomes and mortality. (26) Most of the patients in our study received 2 units or less (see Fig. 1). This may explain why slightly higher rates of postoperative infections were observed among transfused patients, although this was statistically nonsignificant.

The association between preoperative anemia and other postoperative outcomes, including infections, arrhythmias, neurological complications, renal complications, surgical complications, permanent pacemaker requirement, coronary cardiac intervention requirement, and length of hospitalization, needs to be addressed in future studies to clarify the role of anemia in cardiac surgery complications.

There are some limitations to this study that should be acknowledged. First, retrospective studies are prone to data extraction errors from medical records. Second, patients with paper files were excluded because their data were missing, illegible, or unclear. Third, because the center employs multiple cardiac surgeons, standardization of the results can be challenging. Fourth, this study was conducted at a tertiary hospital, which may indicate that its patients are in a more critical situation. Fifth, we were not able to establish the relationship between the blood product age (duration of storage of the blood and blood products) and postoperative outcomes, as the data were not available.

The primary aim of our single center study was to identify if there is an association between Hb level and complications, of which we only found an association with mortality. Further studies analyzing the association between preoperative anemia and each of the other major postoperative complications are needed. Future work investigating the isolated impact of postoperative WBC count on complications is warranted. Lower preoperative Hb levels appear to increase the requirements for transfusion, predisposing patients to possible complications. Nevertheless, in our study, blood and blood product transfusion seemed to have no significant impact on postoperative complications. The classification of blood products based on the storage duration and method of storage are also suggested in future studies for better elimination of a possible confounder.

Ethical Approval

Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval number: IRBC/0737/03 for study number: SP21J/113/03 was obtained from King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC).

Consent to participate

Consent to participate was waived by the KAIMRC IRB as the study was retrospective.

Consent to publish

Consent to publish was not required as there is no direct identifiable patient data or images that is going to be shared.

Competing interests

The authors declare that there are no conflicts or competing interest.

Authors' contributions

HM, FA, MB, MKA, YA, AA, MA participated in the proposal design. HM, AA, MA participated in guidance throughout the research steps. HM participated in the statistical analysis. FA, MB, MKA, YA, ABA, SJ participated in the data collection. HM, FA, MB, MKA, YA, AA, MA participated in the manuscript preparation and writing.

Funding

The study did not require or receive any financial support.

Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, HM, upon reasonable request. However, due to data governance and legal restriction, data cannot be shared without formal approval from appropriate authorities.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to extend their sincere gratitude and appreciation to the College of Medicine Research Unit for their continuous guidance and support.

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No competing interests reported.

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The association between preoperative anemia, blood transfusion need, and postoperative complications in adult cardiac surgery, a single center contemporary experience

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Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

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Introduction

Methods

Statistical analysis

Results

General characteristics:

Mortality in relation to pre- and postoperative labs:

Blood product transfusion:

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

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