Descriptive Analysis of the Socio-Economic Characteristics
| Frequency | Percent | Cumulative Percent |
Gender | Male | 164 | 56.6 | 56.6 |
Female | 126 | 43.4 | 100.0 |
Marital Status | Single | 65 | 22.4 | 22.4 |
Married | 142 | 49.0 | 71.4 |
Divorced | 49 | 16.9 | 88.3 |
Widow/Widower | 34 | 11.7 | 100.0 |
Age | 21–30 | 80 | 27.6 | 27.6 |
31–40 | 84 | 29.0 | 56.6 |
41–50 | 63 | 21.7 | 78.3 |
Above 50 | 63 | 21.7 | 100.0 |
Level of Education | No Former education | 54 | 18.6 | 18.6 |
Primary education | 72 | 24.8 | 43.4 |
Secondary Education | 116 | 40.0 | 83.4 |
Tertiary Education | 48 | 16.6 | 100.0 |
Average Monthly Income | Less than N100, 000 | 192 | 66.2 | 66.2 |
N100,000 – N 150,000 | 52 | 17.9 | 84.1 |
N151, 000 – N200,000 | 24 | 8.3 | 92.4 |
Above N200,000 | 22 | 7.6 | 100.0 |
Ethnicity | Yoruba | 181 | 62.4 | 62.4 |
Hausa | 37 | 11.0 | 77.2 |
Igbo | 15 | 4.1 | 81.4 |
Others | 57 | 18.6 | 100.0 |
Religion | Christian | 101 | 34.8 | 34.8 |
Muslim | 136 | 46.9 | 81.7 |
Traditional | 53 | 18.3 | 100.0 |
Occupation | Farmer | 98 | 33.8 | 33.8 |
Cattle Raring | 70 | 24.1 | 57.9 |
Farmer and Cattle Raring | 54 | 18.6 | 76.6 |
Others | 68 | 23.4 | 100.0 |
Source: Author computation from Survey, 2021 |
From table above, it reveals the socio economic characteristics of the respondents where about 56.6% of the respondents were male while 43.4% of the respondents were female. From the result above, it shows that male participated more in the research than female. Also from the table, majority of the respondents (49%) were married. On aspect of age of respondents, majority of the respondents’ 29% age distribution is within 31–40 years. In the same vein, on level of education of respondents, majority of the respondents 40% have secondary education. On question relating to average monthly income of the respondents 66.2% of the respondents earn less than N100,000 monthly, 17.9% of the respondents earn within N100, 000 – N150, 000 monthly and 8.3% of the respondents earn within the bracket of N151,000 – N200,000 monthly while 7.6% of the respondents earn above N200,000 monthly. On ethnicity of respondents, the highest number of the respondents 62.4% were Yoruba, 11% of the respondents were Hausa and 4.1% of the respondents were Igbo while 18.6% of the respondents were from other ethnicity. Lastly from the table it was found that 33.8% of the respondents were farmer, 24.1% of the respondents were carrel raring and 18.6% of the respondents’ occupations were farmer and cattle raring while 23.4% of the respondents have other form of occupation.
Descriptive Analysis Of Research Objective One Of The Study:
Causes of Farmer-Herders Conflict in Oke-Ogun area
Questions | SA | A | SD | D | U |
Land Dispute | 32 (11.0) | 88 (30.3) | 75 (25.9) | 76 (26.2) | 19 (6.6) |
Destruction of crops | 99 (34.1) | 47 (16.2) | 57 (19.7) | 47 (16.2) | 40 (13.8) |
Contamination of streams by cattle | 125 (43.1) | 55 (19.0) | 48 (16.6) | 30 (10.3) | 32 (11.0) |
Zero grazing land | 99 (34.1) | 98 (33.8) | 38 (13.1) | 25 (8.6) | 30 (10.3) |
Disregard for local; traditional authorities | 102 (35.2) | 58 (20.0) | 49 (16.9) | 34 (11.7) | 47 (16.2) |
Harassment of nomads by Oke-Ogun communities youth | 67 (23.1) | 41 (14.1) | 58 (20.0) | 42 (14.5) | 82 (28.3) |
Indiscriminate bush burning | 77 (26.6) | 74 (25.5) | 35 (12.1) | 56 (19.3) | 48 (16.6) |
Cattle theft and straying of cattle | 23 (7.9) | 51 (17.6) | 73 (25.2) | 87 (30.0) | 56 (19.3) |
Source: Author computation from Survey, 2021 |
The table above shows the response of the respondents when asked about causes of farmers-herders conflict in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo state whereabouts majority of the respondents 30.3% agreed that land dispute is the causes of farmers-herders conflict. Also from the result, the highest number of the respondents 34.1% strongly agreed that destruction of crops caused the conflict between farmers and herders in Oke-Ogun. Also from the result, the highest number of the respondents 43.1% strongly agreed that contamination of streams by cattle is the causes of farmers-herders conflict in Oke-Ogun area. Also from the result it was found that highest number of the respondents 38% strongly disagreed that zero grazing land is the causes of farmer-herders conflict in Oke-Ogun. In the same vein, it was found that the highest number of the respondents 28.3% of were uncertain if harassment of nomads by Oke-Ogun communities youth is the causes of Farmer-Herders conflict in Oke-Ogun area. 26.6% which is the highest number of the respondents strongly agreed that indiscriminate bush burning is the causes of farmer-herders conflict in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo –State. Lastly from the result above, the highest number of the respondents which is 30% disagreed that cattle theft and straying of cattle is the causes of farmers-herders conflict.
Descriptive Analysis Of Research Objective Two Of The Study:
Damages Experienced when Farmers-Herdsmen Conflict Occurs in Oke-Ogun area
Category | SA | A | SD | D | U |
Reduction in crop yield | 30 (10.3) | 90 (31.0) | 54 (18.6) | 72 (24.8) | 44 (15.2) |
Reduction in income and output of farmers and herders | 55 (19.0) | 71 (24.5) | 66 (22.8) | 72 (24.8) | 26 (9.0) |
Loss of product in the storage | 102 (34.2) | 96 (33.1) | 20 (6.9) | 19 (6.6) | 53 (18.3) |
Loss of lives | 71 (24.5) | 82 (28.3) | 49 (16.9) | 39 (13.4) | 49 (16.) |
Arms running | 64 (22.1) | 58 (20.0) | 46 (15.9) | 48 (16.6) | 74 (25.5) |
Loss of house and properties | 116 (40.0) | 81 (27.9) | 43 (14.8) | 19 (6.6) | 31 (10.7) |
Source: Author computation from Survey, 2021 |
From result above it revealed the respondents response on the damages experienced when Farmers-Herders conflict occur in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State whereabouts majority of the respondents 31% agreed that reduction in crop yield is one of the damages experienced when farmers-herders conflict occur in Oke Ogun area of Oyo-State. Also from the result above, majority of the respondents 24.8% disagree that reduction in income and output of farmers and herders is one of the damages experienced when farmers-herders conflict occur in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State while. In the same vein, the highest number of the respondents 34.2% strongly agreed that loss of product in the storage is one of the damages experienced when farmers-herders conflict occur in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State. Meanwhile, the highest number of the respondents 28.3% of the agreed that loss of lives is one of the damages experienced when farmers-herders conflict occur in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State. More so, majority of the respondents 25.5% of the respondents were not certain if arms running is one the damages experienced when farmers-herders conflict occur in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State. Lastly from the result above, it was found that highest number of the respondents 40% strongly agreed that loss of house and properties is one the damages experienced when farmers-herders conflict occur in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State, 27.9% of the respondents agreed that loss of house and properties is one the damages experienced when farmers-herders conflict occur in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State, 14.8% of the respondents strongly disagreed that loss of house and properties is one the damages experienced when farmers-herders conflict occur in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State and 6.6% of the respondents disagreed that loss of house and properties is one the damages experienced when farmers-herders conflict occur in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State while 10.7% of the respondents were uncertain.
Descriptive Analysis Of Research Question Three Of The Study:
The Effects of Farmers-Herdsmen Conflict on Socio-Economic Development in Oke-Ogun area
Questions | SA | A | SD | D | U |
Loss of human lives | 117 (40.3) | 68 (23.4) | 30 (10.3) | 19 (6.6) | 56 (19.3) |
Displacement of person | 57 (19.7) | 85 (29.3) | 35 (12.1) | 66 (22.8) | 47 (16.2) |
Destruction of house | 71 (24.5) | 65 (22.4) | 40 (13.8) | 24 (8.3) | 90 (31.0) |
Destruction of farmland and crops | 155 (53.4) | 18 (6.2) | 39 (13.4) | 10 (3.4) | 68 (23.4) |
Threat to national security | 28 (9.7) | 138 (47.6) | 62 (21.4) | 16 (5.5) | 46 (15.9) |
Unemployment | 46 (15.9) | 105 (36.2) | 20 (6.9) | 24 (8.3) | 95 (32.8) |
Threat to food Security | 63 (21.7) | 64 (22.1) | 36 (12.4) | 38 (13.1) | 89 (30.7) |
Source: Author computation from Survey, 2021 |
From the descriptive result above, it shows the response of the respondents when asked about the effect of Farmers-Herders conflict on socio-economic development of Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State where about the highest number of the respondents 40.3% strongly agreed that loss of human lives is one of the effect of farmers-herders conflict on socio-economic development of Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State. Also from the result above, majority of the respondents 29.3% agreed that displacement of person is one of the effects of farmers-herders conflict on socio-economic development of Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State. In the same vein, highest number of the respondents 24.5% strongly agreed that destruction of house is one of the effects of farmers-herders conflict on socio-economic development of Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State. More so, highest number of respondents 53.4% strongly agreed that destruction of farmland and crops is one of the effects of farmers-herders conflict on socio-economic development of Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State. In the same vein highest number of the respondents 47.6% strongly agreed that threat to national security is one of the effects of farmers-herders conflict on socio-economic development of Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State while least number of the respondents 5.5% agreed that threat to national security is one of the effects of farmers-herders conflict on socio-economic development of Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State. Also, highest number of the respondents 36.2% agreed that unemployment is one of the effects of farmers-herders conflict on socio-economic development of Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State while least number of the respondents 6.9% strongly disagreed that unemployment is one of the effects of farmers-herders conflict on socio-economic development of Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State. Lastly from the table highest number of the respondents 30.7% were not certain that threat to food security is one of the effects of farmers-herders conflict on socio-economic development of Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State while the least number of the respondents 12.4% strongly disagreed that threat to food security is one of the effects of farmers-herders conflict on socio-economic development of Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State.
Descriptive Analysis Of Research Question Five Of The Study:
Effect of farmers-herdsmen conflict on production in Oke-Ogun area
Questions | SA | A | SD | D | U |
The struggle over land between farmers and herdsmen has not affected any production in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State | 65(22.4) | 67(23.1) | 41(14.1) | 39(13.4) | 78(26.9) |
Conflict between farmers and herdsmen has not affected cattle rearing so much in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State | 85(29.3) | 82(28.3) | 41(14.1) | 26(9.0) | 56(19.3) |
The destruction of land and water resources during farmers and herders clashes are not such that enough food cannot be produced in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State | 44(15.2) | 93(32.1) | 7(2.4) | 22(7.6) | 124(42.8) |
Source: Author computation from Survey, 2021 |
Table above explains the effect of farmers-herders conflict on production in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo state where about 26.9% which is the highest number of the respondents were uncertain that the struggle over land between farmers and herdsmen has not affected any production in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State. Also from the table majority of the respondents 29.3% strongly agreed that conflict between farmers and herdsmen has not affected cattle rearing so much in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State. Lastly from the table above, highest number of the respondents 48.2% of the respondents were uncertain that the destruction of land and water resources during farmers and herders clashes are not such that enough food cannot be produced in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State
Analysis Of Research Objectives Using Focus Group Discusion (Fgds)
Ascertain the Causes of Farmers-Herdsmen Conflict in Oke-Ogun Area.
Base on research objective one, It was also found that there were diversifies response from the participants on how often farmers-herdsmen conflict occur in the area of study
Few interview conducted on FGD respondents who revealed that;
One of the group said:
They take their cow our farmland and eat all our crops, when we complain they will bring out their sword in other to kill us. We don’t have company or industries all we do is to farm and still they will eat up our crops and you believe we will fold arms and look at them.
(FGD/48yrs/married/Farmer/November, 2021)
Furthermore, another group retorted:
We don’t have any other job here in our town aside farming and it is what our fathers use in sending us to school and sending us to work. If this herdsmen meet us in the farm they will order their cows to eat from the crop while sending the farmer out of their farms, if the farmer should complain of such act they will bring out their sword in order to fight or kill. If the matter get to law enforcement agencies they will support the herdsmen because of the money and cows they get in return from them
(FGD/61yrs/Married/Traditional Elder/October, 2021)
In the same vein, another respondent replied:
Firstly the farmers are doing their job by farming while the herdsmen are also doing their job by rearing of their cattles and no one should affect each other. Imagine after a hard labour in order to plant crops and cattle come to the farm to eat up all the crops while in the farm or while away from the farm. If we take a step by reporting to the law enforcement authority they will do nothing about it
(FGD/45yrs/Married/Farmer/October, 2021)
In the same vein, another respondent replied:
There is no other causes of farmers-herders conflict then the herdsmen sending their cattle to our farmland to eat up our crops and their men rape our wives on their way to farm. No government authorities have power over them including our traditional rulers.
(FGD/45yrs/Married/Councilor/October, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
Farmers are protesting on the damages caused by herdsmen, a lot of farm produce getting waste everyday as the herdsmen cattle eat them up with no compensation
(FGD/42yrs/Married/Farmer/October, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
There is misunderstanding between the farmers and herdsmen because some farmers are into rearing of cattles and they employ or partnership with herdsmen in order to rear their own cattle. This gives the herdsmen courage to brag that the farmer hire them to feed their cattle on other people’s farm
(FGD/28yrs/Married/Student/November, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
There is overgrazing, the herdsmen took their cattles to the farmers farmland to feed on them and if the farmer should retaliate it is either it lead to them killing themselves or bloody.
(FGD/24/Single/Student/October, 2021)
Damages Experienced When Farmers-herdsmen Conflict Occur In Oke-ogun Area
Base on research objective two, It was also found that there were diversifies response from the participants on damages experience when farmers-herders conflict occur in the area of study
Few interview conducted on FGD respondents who revealed that;
One of the group retorted:
Wasting of all resources, lot of lives were lost in process. If the farmer end up being compensated for the damaged crop the herdsmen will still go back to collect the money and kill the farmer.
(FGD/61yrs/Married/Traditional Elder/October, 2021)
Meanwhile, another group replied:
No damages has been caused since farmers-herders conflict has been happening here in Oke-Ogun not until when Sunday Igboho intervene it gives us the courage to attack the herdsmen and they attack us back in return and it leads to loss of so many things including trucks use in transporting farm products, burning of farmlands, burning of houses and shops etc.
(FGD/45yrs/Married/Farmer/October, 2021)
In the same vein, another group replied:
There has been a lot of damages as a result of the conflict between farmers-herdsmen. For example when we plant our crops me might be expecting a return of N200,000 from our cassava and the herdsmen cattle end up eating it all and all we could realise is maybe N10,000 after their cattles eat up the cassava. A lot of damages that I can’t mention, not only the farmers but the herdsmen too because we poison a lot of their cattle when they did not stop eating our crops
(FGD/49yrs/Married/Farmer/October, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
A lot of damages happened, a lot of loss their lives, cars were burnt, house were burnt and collapsed and some people were amputated, shops were burnt down, some were raped and some farms were burnt down while some cattles were poisoned.
(FGD/52yrs/Married/Farmer/October, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
There are a lot of damages that happened as a result of the conflict between farmers and herdsmen. Damage number is that farmers were unable to produce sufficient crops, damage number two is that farmers go into bankruptcy because a lot of investment on their farmland profit were not make but instead they make loss as a result of damages caused by the herdsmen cattle on farmers’ crops. Damage number three is famine. There is a lot famine going on in Oke-Ogun at the moment and no other reason than the conflict between Farmers-Herdsmen
(FGD/28yrs/Single/Student/November, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
The herders-farmers conflicts have resulted in the displacement of many persons from their ancestral homes thus turning them into “exiles” and “refugees’ in their own country.
(FGD/28yrs/Married/Student/November, 2021)’
In addition another respondent argued:
There is scarcity of meat as a result of the conflict between the two party and the price of fish is on the increase. Purchase of cow is not available because the herdsmen were chased out of the time. There is low farm return on crops planted because of the damages caused by the cattle to the crop on farmland.
(FGD/24/Single/Student/October, 2021)
Effects Of Farmers-herdsmen Conflict On Socio-economic Development In Oke-ogun Area
Base on research objective three, It was also found that there were diversifies response from the participants on effects of farmers-herdsmen conflict on socio-economic development in Oke-Ogun area. Few interview conducted on FGD respondents revealed that;
One of the group said:
It really affect the socio-economic affairs of the town because a lot of farmers cannot longer go to the market like before with the fear that they might get killed. Those who are into business and have shops and complex have lost it all therefore, it really affect the socio-economic of the people in the town a lot. A lot of people have flew the town as a result of the conflict. The conflict really ruined the economic affairs of the town
(FGD/48yrs/married/Farmer/November, 2021)
Furthermore, another group retorted:
Before the conflict between farmers and herds men, the economy of the town was in a very good shape because both parties patronize each other well enough, the herdsmen will come to the town/village to purchase what they will use in their Bush. It does not really affect the socio-economic of the people because it is what we plant we harvest and not the other way round. It only affect in terms of sales and not in terms of production and the sales of a thing we transport our farm produce out to nearby town to sale.
(FGD/61yrs/Married/Traditional Elder/October, 2021)
Meanwhile, another group replied:
From my perspective there is no effect on our socio-economic activities because the only thing the herdsmen produce is meat and there are other things we can feed on aside their meat. If there is any effect on socio-economic characteristics it should on the herdsmen side but they are not free to come inside the town to purchase farm produce like before and they can’t be feeding on their meat production every day. The conflict between farmers and herders did not affect the farmers in any form but instead it affect the herdsmen
(FGD/45yrs/Married/Farmer/October, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
A lot of damages happened, a lot of loss their lives, cars were burnt, house were burnt and collapsed and some people were amputated, shops were burnt down, some were raped and some farms were burnt down while some cattles were poisoned.
(FGD/52yrs/Married/Farmer/October, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
‘There are a lot of damages that happened as a result of the conflict between farmers and herdsmen. Damage number is that farmers were unable to produce sufficient crops, damage number two is that farmers go into bankruptcy because a lot of investment on their farmland profit were not make but instead they make loss as a result of damages caused by the herdsmen cattle on farmers’ crops. Damage number three is famine. There is a lot famine going on in Oke-Ogun at the moment and no other reason than the conflict between Farmers-Herdsmen
(FGD/28yrs/Married/Student/November, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
There is scarcity of meat as a result of the conflict between the two party and the price of fish is on the increase. Purchase of cow is not available because the herdsmen were chased out of the time. There is low farm return on crops planted because of the damages caused by the cattle to the crop on farmland.
(FGD/24/Single/Student/October, 2021)
Measures Put In Place To Curb The Farmers-herdsmen Conflict In Oke-ogun Area
Base on research objective four, It was also found that there were diversifies response from the participants on measures put in place to curb the farmers-herdsmen conflict in Oke-Ogun area
Few interview conducted on FGD respondents revealed that;
One of the group said:
They has been measure taken by the traditional rulers and government by mobilizing security personnel monitoring the affairs of the people in the town including the movement of the farmers and herds men. Despite the moblisation of security personnel, it only subdue the conflict but it did not eradicate it.
(FGD/48yrs/married/Farmer/November, 2021)
Furthermore, another group retorted:
Our governor engineer Seyi Makinde came and he promised we will see his hand in the town but we are yet to get any response from the government as we speak. The only measures taken is the implementation of amotekun as means of security to guard the town and its environs against future clash which is not really enough to curb the conflict between farmers and herders
(FGD/61yrs/Married/Traditional Elder/October, 2021)
In the same vein, another group replied:
The best measure to be put in place is peace discussion. If the conflict should continue it will affect both parties.
(FGD/49yrs/Married/Farmer/October, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
A lot of measures has been put in place to curb the conflict between farmers and herdsmen some of which include increase in security system of the town and peace talking between both parties.
(FGD/52yrs/Married/Farmer/October, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
There has been a lot of measure set in to counter farmers-herders conflict in the town by the traditional rulers by creating vigilante in order to monitor the movement of the herdsmen since the time they operate most is night.
(FGD/28yrs/Married/Student/November, 2021)
In addition another respondent argued:
The governor of Oyo state has really tried on the conflict between the two parties compared to other southwest state. The amotekun involvement has really helped the situation of things in the community. The traditional rulers peace meeting has also pave way for peace to reign in the community.
(FGD/24/Single/Student/October, 2021)