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Research article
Harriet Affran Bonful
Ghana College of Pharmacists
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-3241
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: Misguided prescription of antibiotics is an important contributor towards the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. The absence of effective interventions to control antibiotic use leads to increased consumption beyond the needed requirements. Antibiotic stewardship interventions must be appropriately targeted and assessed to enhance the controlled use of antibiotics. The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with antibiotic prescription to febrile outpatients who seek care in health facilities within the Greater Accra region of Ghana.
Methods: Secondary data obtained from the medical records of 2,519 febrile outpatients, consecutively sampled at the outpatient department of 6 health facilities in 3 municipalities during the baseline survey of a quasi-experiment in 2016 was used. The primary outcome was prescription of any antibiotic. Independent variables included patients’ demographics, symptoms, laboratory investigations (blood film microscopy, malaria rapid diagnostic test, full blood count, urine and stool routine examinations), diagnoses, and prescribers’ demographics. Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with antibiotic prescription.
Results: The prevalence of antibiotic prescription was 70.1% (95% CI: 67.7-72.4). Prescribers with more years of practice (>5years) were more likely to prescribe antibiotics compared to those with less than 3 years of practice (p < 0.001). Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) training was associated with a 2.3 (95% CI: 1.54, 3.53, p < 0.001) fold odds of antibiotic prescribing. Patients aged 5 years or more were 60% less likely to receive antibiotics compared with those under 5 years (AOR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.51; p<0.001). Patients referred for laboratory investigations were 29% less likely to be prescribed antibiotics than those not referred. The presence of cough as a presenting symptom was associated with a 3.5 (95% CI: 2.54, 4.92) fold odds of antibiotic prescription.
Conclusion: Prescription of antibiotics to febrile outpatients was high. Promoting laboratory testing can potentially reduce irrational antibiotic prescription. Prescribing antibiotics for children under five and the prescribing practices of prescribers with longer years of practice should be targeted with interventions to reduce high use of antibiotics.
Keywords
Antibiotic Prescription, febrile, facility-based, Ghana
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Health Services Research.
Version 3
Posted 25 Sep, 2020
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 24 Sep, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 23 Sep, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 18 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 13 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 24 Aug, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 24 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 21 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 21 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 28 Jul, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 27 Jul, 2020
Editor invited
On 27 Jul, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 23 Jun, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 10 Jun, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 24 May, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 08 May, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 07 May, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 28 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 21 Apr, 2020
Editor assigned
On 16 Apr, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 15 Apr, 2020
Editor invited
On 15 Apr, 2020
First submitted
On 09 Apr, 2020
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PDF Downloads: ...
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See the published version of this preprint at BMC Health Services Research.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Harriet Affran Bonful
Ghana College of Pharmacists
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-3241
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Health Services Research.
Version 3
Posted 25 Sep, 2020
No community comments so far
Submission checks complete
On 24 Sep, 2020
Editorial decision: Accept
On 23 Sep, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 18 Sep, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 13 Sep, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 24 Aug, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 24 Aug, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 21 Aug, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 21 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 28 Jul, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 27 Jul, 2020
Editor invited
On 27 Jul, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 23 Jun, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 10 Jun, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 24 May, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 08 May, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 07 May, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 28 Apr, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 21 Apr, 2020
Editor assigned
On 16 Apr, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 15 Apr, 2020
Editor invited
On 15 Apr, 2020
First submitted
On 09 Apr, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Health Services Research.
Background: Misguided prescription of antibiotics is an important contributor towards the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. The absence of effective interventions to control antibiotic use leads to increased consumption beyond the needed requirements. Antibiotic stewardship interventions must be appropriately targeted and assessed to enhance the controlled use of antibiotics. The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with antibiotic prescription to febrile outpatients who seek care in health facilities within the Greater Accra region of Ghana.
Methods: Secondary data obtained from the medical records of 2,519 febrile outpatients, consecutively sampled at the outpatient department of 6 health facilities in 3 municipalities during the baseline survey of a quasi-experiment in 2016 was used. The primary outcome was prescription of any antibiotic. Independent variables included patients’ demographics, symptoms, laboratory investigations (blood film microscopy, malaria rapid diagnostic test, full blood count, urine and stool routine examinations), diagnoses, and prescribers’ demographics. Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with antibiotic prescription.
Results: The prevalence of antibiotic prescription was 70.1% (95% CI: 67.7-72.4). Prescribers with more years of practice (>5years) were more likely to prescribe antibiotics compared to those with less than 3 years of practice (p < 0.001). Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) training was associated with a 2.3 (95% CI: 1.54, 3.53, p < 0.001) fold odds of antibiotic prescribing. Patients aged 5 years or more were 60% less likely to receive antibiotics compared with those under 5 years (AOR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.51; p<0.001). Patients referred for laboratory investigations were 29% less likely to be prescribed antibiotics than those not referred. The presence of cough as a presenting symptom was associated with a 3.5 (95% CI: 2.54, 4.92) fold odds of antibiotic prescription.
Conclusion: Prescription of antibiotics to febrile outpatients was high. Promoting laboratory testing can potentially reduce irrational antibiotic prescription. Prescribing antibiotics for children under five and the prescribing practices of prescribers with longer years of practice should be targeted with interventions to reduce high use of antibiotics.
Figure 1
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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