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Background : Motivational negative symptoms hinder quality of life and daily functioning of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A recently developed intervention, Switch, has shown promising effects on negative symptoms and functional outcomes. Switch targets multiple cognitive, emotional and behavioural processes associated with motivation and goal directed behaviours. We aimed to investigate its effects on motivation and associated processes in a naturalistic setting, and to explore the dynamics between the processes.
Methods : We used a single case approach ( n = 3), with a pre-post and follow-up assessment design, which also included ambulatory assessments (experience sampling method, ESM; and step count). We computed autoregressive lag 1 models to evaluate the effects of the intervention on daily motivation levels and related processes, descriptive pie-charts, and vector autoregressive modelling to reveal the dynamics of the processes over time.
Results : The intervention was beneficial for each participant according to traditional evaluations of motivational negative symptoms, apathy, daily functioning and quality of life. The effects on the ESM variables revealed distinct outcomes for each individual. The dynamics between the various processes differed between participants, and fluctuated within participants (when comparing baseline, intervention phase, and follow-up).
Conclusions : This study used an innovative approach to look at the effectiveness of an intervention. The intervention seems to lead to meaningful improvements in motivational negative symptoms and functional outcomes. The mechanisms of change need to be further investigated.
Keywords
apathy, intervention, ecological momentary assessment, timeseries analyses, dynamics, single case
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CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Psychiatry.
Version 3
Posted 18 Aug, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 17 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 13 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Aug, 2020
No comments provided
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 29 Jul, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 29 Jul, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 29 Jul, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 24 Jul, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 24 Jul, 2020
Editor assigned
On 23 Jul, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 22 Jul, 2020
Editor invited
On 22 Jul, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 23 Jun, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 20 Jun, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 20 Jun, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 15 Jun, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 31 May, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 30 May, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 21 May, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 11 May, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 04 May, 2020
Editor assigned
On 28 Apr, 2020
Editor invited
On 27 Apr, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
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See the published version of this preprint at BMC Psychiatry.
This is a preprint, a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Published
View the published article at BMC Psychiatry.
Version 3
Posted 18 Aug, 2020
No community comments so far
Editorial decision: Accept
On 17 Aug, 2020
Editor assigned
On 13 Aug, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 12 Aug, 2020
Editor invited
On 12 Aug, 2020
No comments provided
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 29 Jul, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 29 Jul, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 29 Jul, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 24 Jul, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 24 Jul, 2020
Editor assigned
On 23 Jul, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 22 Jul, 2020
Editor invited
On 22 Jul, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 23 Jun, 2020
Review #3 received
Received 20 Jun, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 20 Jun, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 15 Jun, 2020
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 31 May, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 30 May, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 21 May, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 11 May, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 04 May, 2020
Editor assigned
On 28 Apr, 2020
Editor invited
On 27 Apr, 2020
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
View the published article at BMC Psychiatry.
Background : Motivational negative symptoms hinder quality of life and daily functioning of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A recently developed intervention, Switch, has shown promising effects on negative symptoms and functional outcomes. Switch targets multiple cognitive, emotional and behavioural processes associated with motivation and goal directed behaviours. We aimed to investigate its effects on motivation and associated processes in a naturalistic setting, and to explore the dynamics between the processes.
Methods : We used a single case approach ( n = 3), with a pre-post and follow-up assessment design, which also included ambulatory assessments (experience sampling method, ESM; and step count). We computed autoregressive lag 1 models to evaluate the effects of the intervention on daily motivation levels and related processes, descriptive pie-charts, and vector autoregressive modelling to reveal the dynamics of the processes over time.
Results : The intervention was beneficial for each participant according to traditional evaluations of motivational negative symptoms, apathy, daily functioning and quality of life. The effects on the ESM variables revealed distinct outcomes for each individual. The dynamics between the various processes differed between participants, and fluctuated within participants (when comparing baseline, intervention phase, and follow-up).
Conclusions : This study used an innovative approach to look at the effectiveness of an intervention. The intervention seems to lead to meaningful improvements in motivational negative symptoms and functional outcomes. The mechanisms of change need to be further investigated.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
This is a list of supplementary files associated with this preprint. Click to download.
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