Characterization of nitrocellulose (NC)-ammonium dinitramide (ADN) based composite fibers prepared by electrospinning

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2213610/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Characterization of nitrocellulose (NC)-ammonium dinitramide (ADN) based composite fibers prepared by electrospinning

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2213610/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

The fluffy fibers based on nitrocellulose (NC)/ammonium dinitramide (ADN) with high explosives have been fabricated by electrospinning technique. The morphology, thermal stability, combustion behaviors and mechanical sensitivity of NC/ADN-based composite fibers were characterized by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC), gas pressure measurement of thermostatic decomposition, laser ignition and sensitivity test, respectively. The results showed that the prepared fibers with fluffy 3D macrostructure were constructed by the overlap of mirco/nanofibers with the energetic particles imbedded in NC matrix. The addition of ADN can accelerate the thermal decomposition with the peak temperature (T_p) decrease by 10.1 ^oC and the pressure rise time moving forward. Furthermore, ADN can decrease the ignition delay time of NC-based fibers under atmosphere at room temperature from 33 ms to 9 ms, and enhance the burning strength of NC-based fibers under normal pressure. In addition, the impact sensitivities were reduced from 100–56% for NC-based fibers containing CL-20 and from 88–56% for NC-based fibers containing RDX; the friction sensitivities were reduced from 100–64% for NC-based fibers containing CL-20 and from 84–60% for NC-based fibers containing RDX, respectively.

Nitrocellulose

Energetic material

Electrospinning

Ammonium dinitramide

Nitrocellulose (NC), fabricated by nitrification of cellulose, has been widely used in military and commercial fields (Hassan et al. 2001; Mahajan et al. 2001), such as gun propellants (Zhang et al. 2015), rockets solid propellants (Pang et al.2020; Wei et al. 2009), explosives (Aikaterini and Evangelos 2016; Hermann and Arthur 1981), lacquer (Xu et al.2020) and coatings (Eslamiet al. 2013; Fatemeh et al. 2017; Zhang YJ et al. 2019;). The reason for its extensive application in military field is that NC possesses higher formation enthalpy (-2604 J g^− 1 for NC with nitrogen content 12.6%) than that of other polymers, such as GAP (142.8 J g^− 1), BAMO (428.4 J g^− 1) and AMMO (99.6 J g^− 1) (Xu w et al. 2007). Besides possessing high energy, having the controllable reaction rate and acceptable safety are another two requirements for energetic materials used in military ammunition (Sudarsana and Ankur 2019). The preparation of nano-sized energetic materials has made it possible to achieve those targets, owing to bigger surface to volume ratio and higher reactivity the nanoenergetic materials had, compared to common microenergetic materials (A.E.D.M. van der Heijden 2018; Huang et al. 2013; Oleg et al. 2019; Pang et al. 2022). ). In many methods of nano-sized energetic materials’ preparation, electrospinning is a selective preference due to its versatile choice of raw materials, the relatively economic hardware, the superior design flexibility of composition, and the feasibility of mass production (Anita Saraf et al. 2009; Xiong et al. 2021). Many micro/nano-sized NC-based composites were designed and produced by electrospinning in order to improve the combustion performance (Li et al.2017; Xie et al. 2011), reduce the aggregation degree of nanoparticles (Seied et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2019), or decrease the sensitivity of high energetic explosives such as hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro- 1,3,5-triazine (RDX) (Wang et al. 2021; Yang et al. 2020), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7- tetrazocine (HMX) (An et al. 2015; Wang et al. 2016) or 2,4,6,8,10,12- hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12- hexanitrohexaazaiso-wurzitane (CL-20) (Li and Thomas. 2006) in recent years. However, those electrospun composites reported above were composed of nitrocellulose and high explosives which were negative oxygen balance (OB) such as RDX (OB=-21.6%), HMX (OB=-21.6%), and CL-20 (OB=-10.9%) et al. It was reported that compounds with an OB close to zero demonstrate increased energy release (Shanley and Melhem 1995), hence, it’s expected that the energy release rate can be improved by adding oxidizer into those electrospun composites. As far as we know, preparation of the electrospun NC-based composites containing oxidizer and the influence of oxidizer on the performance of electrospun NC-based fibers has not been reported yet.

In this work, ammonium dinitramide (ADN) (Stefan et al. 2022; Volker et al. 2019), one kind of green oxidizer with high energy, was choose as the oxidizer. On the basis, NC/ADN-based composite fibers containing RDX and CL-20 were prepared by electrospinning. The morphology of the as-prepared fibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Furthermore, the thermal stabilities were carried out respectively by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gas pressure measurement of thermostatic decomposition. In addition, the combustion performances and the mechanical sensitivities were also investigated.

Raw materials

NC (N%=11.96%), ADN, RDX, and CL-20 were provided by Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute. Acetone (AR grade) was from Si Chuan Xilong scientific Co., Ltd, and ethanol (AR grade) was from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.

Preparation of the spinning solution

NC solution with concentration 10 wt% was prepared by dissolving certain dry NC fibers into acetone and oscillating for 40 h until it forms transparent and homogenous solution. Saturated solutions of RDX and CL-20 in acetone were prepared by dissolving excessive solutes in acetone, respectively. The precursor solutions for electrospinning were prepared as follows: 30 mg ADN were loaded in 1.5 ml bottle, and 0.5 g NC solution (10 wt%) was added, then the additives in the form of saturated solutions were added in the as-prepared NC-ADN solution. All precursor solutions were oscillated 24 h before use. The components of each sample were listed in Table 1.

Table 1

The components of each sample
Sample	NC 10 wt% solution (mg)	Ethanol (mg)	ADN (mg)	Additive-weight (mg)
1	500	100	30	RDX saturated solution-100
2	500	100	30	CL-20 saturated solution-100
3	500	100	30	0
4	500	100	0	0

Electrospinning process

The precursor solution was loaded into a plastic syringe with a needle inner diameter of 0.51 mm, and the syringe was fixed horizontally on a syringe pump. During the process of electrospinning, high positive voltage 6 kV (for sample 1–3) and 12 kV (for sample 4) were imposed on the needle respectively. The aluminum foil acted as the collector was placed about 5 cm for sample 1–3 and 10 cm for sample 4 away under the needle and collected to the ground. The needle and the syringe were collected by Teflon tube with the outer diameter 2.0 mm, and the flow rate was set at 2.5 mL/h.

Morphology analysis

Filed emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the model JSE-5800 and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with the model FEI Talos F200X were used to observe the morphology of the electrospun NC-based fibers.

DSC tests

The thermal decomposition of the samples were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, Q200 in TA company) with the heating rate 10 ^oC min^− 1 and sample mass 0.5 mg under high-purity nitrogen atmosphere with the flow rate of 25 mL min^− 1. All tests were done in curling alumina crucibles. In this section, the prepared samples and energetic materials such as NC, ADN, RDX, CL-20 and NC + ADN mixture (mass ratio 1/1) were done.

Gas pressure measurements of thermostatic decomposition

Gas pressure of thermal decomposition for each sample under thermostatic condition was measured by self-developed instrument with the diagrammatic sketch shown in Fig. 1. The constant temperature of furnace was kept to 100 ± 0.2 ^oC, the precision of gas pressure measurement is about ± 1%. About 16 mg sample was put into glass reactor which connected to the transducer through the adapter. Then, the as prepared reactor was put into the heating hole in thermostat. Simultaneously, the pressure was recorded by the data acquisition instrument as pressure vs. time curve. The initial pressure equaled to atmosphere. For comparison, NC + ADN mixture (10 mg/6 mg, the same mass ratio as sample 3), prepared by simply mixing, was tested.

Combustion tests

Combustion behaviors of samples were characterized by self-developed instrument with the schematic diagram shown in Fig. 2, which were composed of solid CO₂ laser (SLC110), photo detector, high-speed camera and digital oscilloscope (TEK DPO4034). The ignition delay time was calculated by the difference between the moment the laser emitted and the moment that the light of igniting sample reached the photo detector. Simultaneously, the combustion processes were recorded by the high-speed camera with 2000 fps. The sample with the dimension roughly 5 mm × 5 mm was pasted on the combustion cell, and each sample was tested three times with the average as the ignition delay time.

Mechanical sensitivity

The impact sensitivity was measured on the WL-1 instrument with the hammer weight 10kg and the sample mass 50mg. Totally 25 times were done for each sample, and the explosion probability was calculated as the last result in the form of explosion percentage.

The friction sensitivity was measured on the WM-1 instrument with the pressure 3.92 MPa, swing angle 90° and the sample mass 30mg. Similarly, 25 times were done for each sample, and the explosion probability was calculated as the last result in the form of explosion percentage.

Morphology characteristics

The morphology of electronspun NC-based composite fibers characterized by SEM and TEM were shown in Fig. 3. The optical photographs of electronspun NC-based composite fibers were shown in Fig. 4.

It can be seen from Fig. 3 that all NC-based composites were composed of cross overlapped fibers with the order of hundreds of nanometers microscopically. Many fiber bundles can be found in SEM images of samples 1–3 containing ADN, However, single fibers with smooth surface can be seen for sample 4 without ADN. As shown from TEM images in Fig. 3, solid particles were found to be imbedded in NC matrix. Macroscopically, as shown in Fig. 4 (a-c), NC-based composites with fluffy 3D macrostructure were fabricated by addition of ADN, and had cotton-like shapes. However, the electropspun NC without ADN is just a 2D web (Fig. 4d). The vertical growth of fibers can be seen and many tiny fibers were formed on the outside of needle outlet (Fig. 4e).

Traditionally, the electrical field force overcame the surface tension and dragged the drops forward flying to the collector. In this process, as the solvents evaporated quickly, the gradually dried fibers reached to the collector and overlapped layer by layer forming a non-woven fabric. Although the mechanism of promoting the formation of 3D macrostructure by addition of ADN is still under exploration, the following points can be ascertained (Akos et al.2020). Firstly, the surface tension would be reduced much compared to the spun solution without ADN addition. Furthermore, the surface charge would be increased much compared to the spun solution without ADN addition. Last but not the least, the solution conductivity would be improved a lot. Those factors synergistically improve the repulsion force on the liquid surface, which caused the difficult formation of the Tyler cone and the stable jet flow like in traditional electrospinning. Phenomenally, as shown in Fig. 4 (e), the jet containing ADN preferred to disperse into MANY tiny jets at the needle outlet, which accelerated the vaporization of solvent. The electrostatic repulsion on the jet surface and the gradually dried fibers made the jets and the fibers scatter haphazardly, which resulted in the solvent vaporization completely ahead of time a lot before the fiber reached to the collector, finally contributed to the formation of fluffy 3D macrostructure.

Thermal behaviors under linear heating conditions

The thermal behaviors of samples 1–4 under linear heating rate of 10 ^oC/min were tested, the DSC curves were shown in Fig. 5, and the peak temperature data of the main decomposition processes were listed in Table 2.

Table 2

Characteristic data for the thermal decomposition of NC-based samples
sample	The first exothermal peak temperature pertaining ADN (℃)	The second exothermal peak temperature pertaining to NC (℃)	The third exothermal peak temperature pertaining to additives (℃)
1	178.9	201.5	227.3
2	184.5	204.3	235.4
3	185.7	202.1	—
4	—	209.0	—

It can be seen from Fig. 5 that the melting point of ADN and RDX disappeared for NC-based electrospun samples, compared to the DSC curves of ADN and RDX, which can be attributed to ADN and RDX particles were imbedded in the fluffy NC nanometric fibers (Fig. 4). Compared to pure NC, the thermal decomposition peak temperature (T_p) of NC in sample 4 moved forward by 1.1 ^oC, much less than decrement of electrospun NC fiber reported (Yang et al. 2020), indicating that the thermal stability of NC fibers obtained by traditional electrospinning can be retained. For samples 1-3 containing ADN, the T_p of ADN decreased from 189.0 ^oC to 178.9 ^oC, 184.5 ^oC or 185.7 ^oC, respectively, compared to pure ADN. The T_p of NC decreased from 210.1 ^oC to 201.5 ^oC, 204.3 ^oC or 202.1 ^oC, respectively, compared to pure NC. The T_p decrease indicated that reactions happened between ADN and NC in heating. It can be seen that the T_p of NC+ADN decreased by 24.2 ^oC compared to pure NC, and 3.1^oC compared to pure ADN, which showed that the intensive interactions exited between ADN and NC. Compared the DSC curves of sample 3 to that of NC+ADN mixture, it can be seen that an unique T_p 185.9^oC appeared in the DSC curves of NC+ADN mixture, however, two T_p corresponding to ADN (185.7^oC ) and NC (202.1 ^oC) appeared in that of sample 3. The difference between these two samples with the same components may be caused by the different NC/ADN mass ratio in samples. The same phenomenon can be observed for sample 1 and 2. The addition of ADN, exactly the intensive interactions between ADN and NC was recognized as the main reason for the T_p decrease of ADN and NC in sample 1, 2 and 3. The T_p of RDX in NC-based fibers (sample 1) decreased by 14.2^oC compared to pure RDX, which is totally differently from the result that a little T_p increase of RDX in NC-based fibers reported by Yang (2020). This large T_p decrease of RDX in sample 1 can be ascribed to the following two aspects. The first one is that RDX was prone to decompose when the particle size was reduced from micrometer to nanometer scale (Liu et al. 2018). The second one is the acceleration influence of ADN on the thermal decomposition of RDX. Similarly, the T_p decrease of CL-20 in NC-based fibers containing CL-20 (sample 2) from 251.3 ^oC to 235.4 ^oC which is about 4.2 ^oC lower than that reported by Guo et al. (2015) can be explained. Taking the T_p of NC as an indicator, the thermal stability order was [sample1] < [sample 3] < [sample 2] < [sample4].

Thermal behaviors under thermostatic conditions

The thermal behaviors of samples 1–4 at 100 ^oC were tested by the gas pressure measurement in the process of thermal decomposition, and the pressure curves were shown in Fig. 6.

It can be seen from Fig. 6 that the pressure of sample 4 contained only NC did not change much in the whole heating process, which was much lower than that of sample 1, 2 and 3. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition can be accelerated after being heated 1.5 h, 2.0 h and 1.1 h for sample 1, 2 and 3, respectively, which were much shorter than the initial pressure rise time of sample 4 containing NC alone. The first pressure rise process for sample 1, 2 and 3 can be ascribed to the thermal decomposition of ADN, because ADN decomposed ahead of NC as shown in DSC curves in Fig. 5. Obviously, as ADN was introduced, the thermal decomposition of fibers was accelerated. This was due to the intense interactions between ADN and NC, as analyzed in the previous section. Compared the pressure curve of sample 3 with sample 4 shown in Fig. 6, the intensive interactions between ADN and NC also can be ascertained. As high-energy compound, CL-20 or RDX, was extra added, the pressure rise time delayed a little. Except that, a comparative study on the decomposition behavior of NC + ADN mixture with that of sample 3 was conducted. From the Fig. 6, it can be seen that the pressure of NC + ADN mixture began to rise after heating for 30 h, about 28.9 h later than that of sample 3, which indicated that the more intensive interactions between ADN and NC can be prompted by electrospinning. This acceleration effect brought by electrospinning can be ascribed to better dispersion uniformity than simple mixing, and resulting large contact area between ADN and NC.

Combustion performance

The ignition delay time of sample 1, 2, 3, and 4 were measured with the laser power 40 W and 67 W, respectively, and the results were shown in Fig. 7.

It can be seen from Fig. 7 that as the laser power increased, the ignition delay time of all samples decreased, and the difference among those four samples decreased. Under laser irradiation of 40 W, the order of the ignition delay time was [sample 8 (33 ms)]\(\gg\) [sample 1 (14.5 ms)] > [sample 2 (9 ms)] = [sample7 (9 ms)]. However, as the power increased to 67 W, the order of the ignition delay time was [sample 8 (14.5 ms)]\(\gg\) [sample 1 (7.5 ms)] ≈ [sample 2 (7 ms)] ≈[sample7 (6 ms)]. The pure NC electrospun fibers had the longest ignition delay time under these two power laser irradiations. As ADN were added separately, the ignition delay time decreased the most. When CL-20 and ADN were added together to NC-based matrix, the ignition delay time changed a little compared to that of NC-based fibers containing ADN-added alone, but decreased a lot compared to that of pure NC electrospun fibers. The phenomenon was a little different when RDX and ADN were added together to NC-based matrix. The ignition delay time changed a little under laser power 67 W and increased a lot under laser power 40 W compared to that of NC-based fibers with ADN alone. Compared to the results reported by Wang et al. (2021) that the ignition delay time of the electrospun NC fibers containing RDX was higher than that of NC fibers, it’s easy to conclude that the addition of ADN can substantially reduce the ignition delay time of NC fibers containing RDX. This can be explained from the following two aspects. Firstly, due to the laser ignition started with the thermal decomposition of material, the one with lower thermal decomposition temperature more inclined to ignite (Lee et al. 2008). As shown in Fig. 5, the first decomposition peak temperature of samples containing ADN (178.9 ^oC, 184.5 ^oC and 185.7 ^oC for sample 1, 2 and 3, respectively) were much lower than that of sample 4 (209.0 ^oC), hence the ignition delay time of sample 1–3 was shorter than that of sample 4. However, this is not true for the three samples 1–3 containing ADN, namely, the sample 1 with the lowest first decomposition temperature (178.9 ^oC) has the longest ignition delay time. The reason was that RDX has a retarding effect on the laser ignition process of the NC composite fibers (Wang et al. 2021), which was consistent with the reported results (Hao et al. 2011). Secondly, the intensive interactions between ADN and NC made ADN addition played the critical role in igniting tests.

The combustion processes were captured with a high-speed camera during the laser ignition tests, and some corresponding snapshots were shown in Fig. 8.

The combustion flames were weak in whole process for sample 4 composed of pure NC, and the combustion flame became brighter as ADN, RDX or CL-20 was added, as shown in Fig. 8. It indicated that the burning became more violently as the composition became more energetic when high explosives were added into NC matrix. This phenomenon was consistent with the ignition delay time results. The reason for improvement in burning intensity by adding ADN is that the energetic salt possesses positive oxygen balance (Emeline et al. 2021). From the ignition delay time and combustion flame in the burning process, it can be seen that the combustion performance of NC-based composite fibers can be improved significantly by addition of ADN.

Mechanical sensitivity

The impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity of samples 1, 2, 3 and 4 were tested, and compared with that of pure ADN, RDX and CL-20. The results were listed in Table 3.

Table 3

The test results of mechanical sensitivity
Sample	Impact sensitivity (%)	Friction sensitivity (%)
1	56	60
2	56	64
3	52	60
4	64	72
ADN	48	40
RDX	88	84
CL-20	100	100

It can be seen that the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity for sample 1 and 2 were reduced much compared to those of pure RDX and CL-20, which may be due to the synergistic effects of decreasing particle size from micrometer to nanometer (Wang et al. 2016) and NC coating over the sensitive particle (Chen et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2019). Compared to sample 3 and 4, the addition of ADN can reduce the mechanical sensitivity, apart from the reasons mentioned above, another probable reason is that ADN can lubricate the NC matrix and adsorb heat in melting process under impact or friction.

(1) The NC/ADN-based composite fibers with fluffy 3D macrostructures have been fabricated by electrospinning technique, and the salt ADN played a critical role in the formation of 3D macrostructure fibers.

(2) ADN can accelerate the thermal decomposition of NC-based composite fibers. The good uniformity of particle dispersion in NC matrix and the intensive interactions between ADN and NC contributed to the thermal decomposition acceleration effect.

(3) The positive oxygen balance of ADN and intensive interactions between ADN and NC can reduce the ignition delay time and promote the burning reaction intensity of NC-based composite fibers.

(4) The mechanical sensitivities of NC/ADN-based composite fibers containing CL-20 or RDX were reduced much compared to pure CL-20 and RDX, respectively

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The authors promised that this paper or part of this hasn’t been published or submitted to other journals concurrently before the final decision of journal “Cellulose”. The data in this paper were guaranteed to be true and from our original experiments. All original sources cited in this paper were listed in reference part. All coauthors have confirmed the author group and the order of authors are all correct. Djalal Trache (Energetic materials laboratory, Teaching and research unit of energetic processes, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, [email protected]) and Filippo Maggi (Politecnico di Milano, Italy, [email protected] ) were recommended as peer reviewers.

Consent for publication

All coauthors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose and haven’t done any experiments on human or animals which need specific approval or consent. No figures or tables which need relative agreement were used in this paper

Availability of data and materials

The data from our original experiments in this paper were guaranteed to be true and all original sources cited in this paper were listed in reference part.

Competing interests

All coauthors certified that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

Funding

All coauthors declared that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Authors’ contributions

All coauthors contributed to the study conception and design, especially Chang Hai contributed to conception, experiment design and methodology a lot. Material preparation were performed by Wang Qiong and Zhu Yi-ju, performance test, data collection and analysis were done by Wang Qiong and Yao Er-gang and Deng Chong-qing. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Wang Qiong and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Pang Wei-qiang reviewed and edited the manuscript word by word seriously. All coauthors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

Authors’ information

Wang Qiong: [email protected], Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China;.

Chang Hai: [email protected], Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China;

Yao Er-gang: [email protected], Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China;

Deng Chong-qing: [email protected], Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China;

Zhu Yi-ju:[email protected], Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China;

Pang Wei-qiang:[email protected] (Corresponding author), Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China;

A.E.D.M. van der Heijden (2018) Developments and challenges in the manufacturing, characterization and scale-up of energetic nanomaterials-a review. Chem Eng J 350: 939-948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.06.051
Aikaterini SC, Evangelos BB (2016)A rapid method for the identification of nitrocellulose in high explosives and smokeless powders using GC–EI–MS. TALANTA 151:192-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.038
Akos GJ, Kristof M, Abdenacer I, et al (2020) Salt induced fluffy structured electrospun fibrous matrix. J MOL LIQ 312:113478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113478
An CW, Li HQ, Yu BS, et al (2015) Preparation and characterization of nano NC/HMX composite particles. Sci Eng Compos Mater 24:123-128. https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2014-0287
Anita Saraf BA, Genevieve L, Andrea Haesslein MS, et al (2009) Fabrication of Nonwoven Coaxial Fiber Meshes by Electrospinning. Tissue Eng Part C-Me 15:333-343. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0422
Chen L, LI Q, Wang XJ, et al (2022) Electrostatic spraying synthesis of energetic nanocomposites. Chem Eng J 431:133718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.133718
Emeline L, Jean-Edouard B, Jakob H, et al (2021) Tuning the oxygen balance of energetic composites: crystallization of ADN/secondary explosives mixtures by spray flash evaporation. Propell Explos Pyrot 46:398-412. https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202000090
Eslami A, Hosseini SG, Bazrgary M (2013) Improvement of thermal decomposition properties of ammonium perchlorate particles using some polymer coating agents. J Therm Anal Calorim 113:721-730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2784-6
Fatemeh F, Manouchehr K, Morteza E (2017) Improving the mechanical properties of waterborne nitrocellulose coating using nano-silica particles. Prog Org Coat 109:110-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.04.016
Guo XD, Ouyang G, Liu J, et al (2015) Massive preparation of reduced-sensitivity nano CL-20 and its characterization. J Energ Mater, 2015, 33 (1):24-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2013.877102
Hao HX, Nan BJ, An t, et al (2011) Laser ignition characteristics of CL-20 composite modified double-based propellants. Chin J Lasers 38:0502009 (in Chinese)
Hao HX, PEI Q, Nan BJ, et al (2011) Laser ignition characteristics of RDX-CMDB propellants. Chin J Energ Mater 19: 276-281 (in Chinese)
Hassan MA (2001) Effect of malonyl malonanilide dimers on the thermal stability of nitrocellulose. J Hazard Mater 88:33-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00297-7
Hermann NV, Arthur F (1981) Low-temperature pyrolysis studies by chemiluminescence techniques real-time nitrocellulose and PBX 9404 decomposition. Combust Flame 41:313-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(81)90065-1
Huang B, Cao MH, Nie FD, et al (2013). Construction and properties of structure- and size-controlled micro/nano-energetic materials. Def Technol 9:59-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2013.10.003
Lee KC, Kim KH, Yoh JJ (2008) Modeling of high energy laser ignition of energetic materials. J Appl Phys 103:083536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2909271
Li J, Thomas B. B (2006) Nanostructured energetic composites of CL-20 and binders synthesized by sol-gel methods. Propell Explos Pyrot 31:61-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.200600010
Li YC, Yang HT, Hong Y, et al (2017) Electrospun nanofiber-based nanoboron/nitrocellulose composite and their reactive properties. J Therm Anal Calorim 130:1063–1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6607-7
Liu J, Bao Xz, Rong YB, et al (2018) Preparation of nano-RDX based PBX and its thermal decomposition properties. J Therm Anal Calorim 131: 2693-2698.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6731-4
Mahajan RR, Makashir PS, Agrawal JP (2001) Combustion behaviour of Nitrocellulose and its Complexes with Copper Oxide. Hot stage microscopic studies. J Therm Anal Calorim 65:935-942. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011905021880
Oleg SD, Mikhail NZ, IIyaV K, et al (2019) Supercritical antisolvent processing of nitrocellulose: downscaling to nanosize, reducing friction sensitivity and introducing burning rate catalyst. Nanomaterials 9:1386. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101386
Pang WQ, Wang K, Xu HX, et al (2020) Combustion features of nitrate ester plasticized polyether solid propellants with adn and fox-12 particles. Int J Energ Mater Ch 19:11–23. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJEnergeticMaterialsChemProp.2019027702
Pang WQ, Deng CQ, Li H, et al (2022) Effect of nano-sized energetic materials (nEMs) on the performance of solid propellants: a review. Nanomaterials 12:133. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12010133
Seied MP, Iraj K, Hamed Z, et al (2019) Electrospinning and thermal characterization of nitrocellulose nanofibers containing a composite of diaminofurazan, aluminum nano-powder and iron oxide nanoparticles. Cellulose 26:4405–4415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02388-y
Shanley ES, Melhem GA (1995) The oxygen balance criterion for thermal hazards assessment. Process Safety Progress 14:29-31. https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.680140105
Stefan S, Sebastian F, Claudio T (2022) ADN solid propellants with high burning rates as booster material for hypersonic applications. Propell Explos Pyrot 47(7): e202200028.https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.202200028
Sudarsana J, Ankur G (2019) Nano-energetic materials for defense application. In: Nano-energetic materials 81-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3269-2
Volker G, Volker W, Claudio T, et al (2019) Enviroment-friendly composite propellants based on ammonium dinitramide. Int J Energ Mater Ch 18:31-49. https://10.1615/IntJEnergeticMaterialsChemProp.2019027826
Wang Y, Song XL, Song D, et al (2016) Synthesis, thermolysis, and sensitivities of HMX/NC energetic nanocomposites. J Hazard Mater 312: 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.043
Wang Y, Song XL, Song D, et al (2016) Mechanism investigation for remarkable decreases in sensitivities from micron to nano nitroamine. Nanomater Nanotechno 6:1847980416663678. https://doi.org/10.1177/1847980416663678
Wang Y, Luo TT, Song XL,et al (2019) Electrospinning Preparation of NC/GAP/Submicron-HNS Energetic Composite Fiber and its Properties. ACS Omega 4:14261-14271. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01909
Wang WM, Li H, Yang YJ, et al (2021) Enhanced thermal decomposition, laser ignition and combustion properties of NC/Al/RDX composite fibers fabricated by electrospinning. Cellulose 28:6089–6105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03957-w
Wei WX, Jiang XH, Lu LD, et al (2009) Study on the catalytic effect of NiO nanoparticles on the thermal decomposition of TEGDN/NC propellant. J Hazard Mater 168:838-842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.102
Xie L, Shao ZQ, Wang WJ et al (2011) Preparation of AlNPs/NC Composite Nanofibers by Electrospinning. Interg Ferroelectr 127: 184-192.https://doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2011. 576125
Xiong J, Liu Y, Li AL, et al (2021) Mass production of high-quality nanofibers via constructing pre-Taylor cones with high curvature on needleless electrospinning. Mater Design 197:109247.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109247
Xu w, Wang XJ, Liu XX, et al (2007) Research progress in energetic binders. Journal of Rocket Propulsion 33:44-47 (in Chinese)
Xu WB, Liang L, Luo QB, et al (2020) Comparison of six ester components in nitrocellulose lacquer thinner from the aspects of dissolution rates, explosion characteristics and environmental influence. Prog Org Coat 139:105426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019. 105426
Yang HT, Xie WX, Wang HY, et al (2020) Preparation and characteristic of NC/RDX nanofibers by electrospinning. Sci Technol Energ Mater 81:142-146. https://doi.org/10.34571/stem.81.5-142
Zhang YB, Xuan CL, Liu B, et al (2015) Low-temperature impact strength of nitrocellulose based high energy-low vulnerability gun propellant. Chin J Explos Propell 38:78-81 (in Chinese)
Zhang YJ, Bai Y, Li JZ, et al (2019) Energetic nitrocellulose coating: effective way to decrease sensitivity and modify surface property of HMX particles, J Energ Mater 37:212-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2019.1567624

No competing interests reported.

Download PDF

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Characterization of nitrocellulose (NC)-ammonium dinitramide (ADN) based composite fibers prepared by electrospinning

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Experimental

Raw materials

Preparation of the spinning solution

Electrospinning process

Morphology analysis

DSC tests

Gas pressure measurements of thermostatic decomposition

Combustion tests

Mechanical sensitivity

Results And Discussions

Morphology characteristics

Thermal behaviors under linear heating conditions

Thermal behaviors under thermostatic conditions

Combustion performance

Mechanical sensitivity

Conclusions

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1