Antibacterial Effects of Oak Fruit, Jaft, and Jaftex Herbal Mouthwash: A Review

Recently, natural products have been evaluated as a source of antimicrobial agent with efficacies against a variety of microorganisms. The antibacterial activities of the oak fruit,inner husk of oak fruit (Jaft), and Jaftex mouthwash have been studiedin several studies. Thisstudy aimedto review the studies ofthe effects of antibacterial properties of the oak fruit, oak fruit hull (Jaft), and Jaftex mouthwash. In this review study, relevant articles related to the antimicrobial activity of the oak fruit, inner husk of oak fruit (Jaft), and 'Jaftex mouthwash' were searched from the current digital literature using electronic databases namely, SID, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Magiran, Web of Science employing the same keywords from 1990 to 2019. Results Oakfruit, inner husk of oak fruit (Jaft), and Jaftex mouthwash have antimicrobial properties against many microorganisms. Discussion and Conclusion of

compounds to produce human drugs or veterinary medicines (3).Infectious diseases caused by different microorganisms are very common worldwide (4).Recently,antibiotic drug resistance by pathogenic microorganisms, which has been an increasing problem in the past few decades, has led to the continuous exploration of natural plant products for new antibiotic agents (5). Recently, natural products have been evaluated as a source of the antimicrobial agent with efficacies of a variety of microorganisms (6).The extracts and essential oils of many plants have exerted biological activity, justifying research on traditional medicine focused on the characterization of antimicrobial activity of these plants. Iran, India, Pakistan, and Turkey are examples of countries that have diverse flora and a rich tradition in the use of medicinal plants for antimicrobial applications (7)(8)(9).According to the World Health Organization ( WHO), 80% of the world's population uses traditional herbal medicines for the initial treatment of their diseases (10).In the western regions of Iran, people use the extract of different plants such as the extract of the inner layer of oak (Jaft in Persian) and fruit of the oak tree for the treatment of microbial infections (11,12).Iranian oak has covered central, southern and southeast regions in the Zagros Mountains (13).Iranian oak is a large tree of 20 meters inheight, with a large coral crown and belongs to the Fabaceaefamily. Itsleaves are usually monotonous and eggshaped with a jagged margin. There are massive star-shaped downs on the leaves, and soft and yellow fur downs also coveritsback. Its fruit is pulled like an oval in velvet and coneshaped white bowl (1).An oak tree fruit called Acron is located in a bowl named Gland. The fruits have different amounts of oily materials, different sugars, amidon, a small amount of quercetin, pentosan and tannin (14).Oak fruithas external and internal layers and its internal layer is known as Jaft (15).The color of Jaft turns from yellow to brown after exposure to light due to oxidation (15,16). According to Iranian indigenous information, this plant is traditionally used for problems,such as gastropathy, (17) acute diarrhea inflammation, burns/cuts, (18) and cancers. Like the fruit, Jaftalso has health benefits (19)The antibacterial activities of different parts of oak have been studied in several studies (20)(21)(22).Medicinal herbs are particularly valuable in providing community health in both disease treatment and prevention (23).The use of natural products in dentistry has been justified by their popular use, low cost and appropriate antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities (24).The mouth is a perfect environment for colonization and growth of a wide range of microorganisms, especially bacteria (25). Dental plaque is a complex of microbial community found on the surface of teeth, embedded in a matrix of bacteria and salivary origin (26).The bacteria are responsible for 70-80 percent of the plaques (27).Mouthwashes are oral solutions or liquids used to rinse the mouth in order to remove bacteria (28).Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a golden chemical antiplaque, however, it may cause side effects due to the long usage (29).Herbal mouthwashes are more proper than CHX because they contain organic compounds, which aremore fitted with body physiology, and they have lower toxicity; therefore, they are recommended for people who cannot use chemical  coliwere studied by the disc diffusion method. According to the results of this study, Ghilane Gharb extract was the most inhibition zone against S . aureus among the extracts of plants.
They concluded that the extract of oak is effective for control of bacteria strains,especially S. aureus, and so it could be used as a natural antimicrobial agent (36).In an experimental study, Ebrahimiet al., studied antibacterial andwound-healing effects of methanolic extract of Quercus persicafruits.The extract effect in three concentrations (25,50, 75 mg/ml)on S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coliwas tested using the agar diffusion method and results showed that all of the concentrations were effective in inhibition of bacteria. Also, the extract effect was similar to,or higher than,the tested antibiotics (37). These results suggest that Quercus persica possesses antibacterial compounds.In a study to investigate the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the extract of the oak tree fruit and investigating their antimicrobial activities against agents of nosocomialinfection, Chahardooli et al., reported that the extract of the oak tree fruit has antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa,and bacillus subtilis (38). In a laboratory study, Panahi et al., investigated the inhibitory effect of the alcoholic extract of the Jaft on Candida albicans. According to them, the highest inhibitory area was seen in 80 gr/disk and 80 mg/ml using the disc diffusion method and agar well diffusion, respectively. to gentamicin, lower than that of kanamycin and more than that of tobramycin. Also, the concentration of extract has the same effect as Kanamycin, more than gentamicin and lower than tobramycin on S.epidermis. This effect on E. coli was lower than gentamicin and Kanamycinbut more than tobramycin (35). Paying attention to the above-mentioned can showed that the Jaftexmouthwash significantly reduced the number of microorganisms in the mouth, but it had a less antimicrobial effect compared to CHX (30) (Table). In a study, Jahangirnejad et al., investigated the effect of the Jaftex mouthwash on periodontal index compared with chlorhexidine.They noted that Jaftex reduces the amount of plaque and gingival index (41). For the new mouthwash of the Jaftex, two laboratory articles and two clinical trials are available.The comparison of the above studies shows that Jaftex antibacterial effect on oral microorganisms is lower than that of CHX, but is higher than Persica and Matrica herbal mouthwashes (27).The results of clinical trial studies also show that Jaftex reduces the number of salivary microorganisms (30).Jaftex reduced the amount of plaque index and gingival index. Furthermore, Jaftex increased the staining and the intensity of stained area indicators yet the amount and intensity of the staining in the use of CHXmouthwash were more, and the difference was not statistically significant (41).

Discussion
The profession of dentistry has a lot of charm. However, this profession in the clinical setting also presents risks to dentists and patients (42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48). 3)binding the carbonic acid group of the extracts to the cellular proteins and preventing the role of amino acid and decarboxylase, which is more due to the presence of cinnamaldehyde in the extracts (4).Previous studies have shown that increasing the concentration of plant extracts increases their antibacterial effect, which can be attributed to the amount of active ingredient in the extracts, which is higher in fruits than in other parts (32). At high concentrations, the antibacterial effect of the extract was similar with, or even better than, some antibiotics. It is noteworthy that selecting the appropriate method and solvent for extraction is important for obtaining parts with high antibacterial activity and significantly affects the extract's product and its biological activity (32).At high concentrations, the antibacterial effect of the extract was similar with, or even better than, some antibiotics. It is noteworthy that selecting the appropriate method and solvent for extraction is important for obtaining parts with high antibacterial activity and significantly affects the extract's product and its biological activity (32).There are many reports on the antibacterial effect of oak fruit and Jaft due to the presence of phenols, tannins, and proteins in this plant (49)(50)(51)(52)(53).
Oak is one of the richest fruits in terms of tannin content (54).Polyphenols and tannins are the main substances in the oak tree and are abundant in all parts of Quercus biantii (28).Tannin is one of the most important components of oak trees (14). Plants containing tannins are called astringent (55).Lelerc argued that tannin should be considered one of the most prominent substances in the world of plants (14).Scalbert examinedthe antimicrobial properties of tannins. According to these studies, tannins can be toxic to bacteria, fungi and even viruses (56).According to Lelerc,tannin should be considered as one of the most prominent substances in the world of herbs (14). Scalbert examined the antimicrobial properties of tannins. According to these studies, tannins can be toxic for bacteria, fungi and even viruses (56).The difference in the antimicrobial property of different parts of the plant is due to the presence of the different amounts of tannins in them.Tannin is a common name for a group of molecular polymeric materials with high molecular weight, which is one of the important classes of secondary metabolites in plants (57)(58).Antimicrobial activity of tannins is carriedout with different mechanisms, with deposition, microbial proteinsinhibit their growth, as a result, food proteins are not available to them, or play a role through the mechanism of trapping iron, hydrogen bonding, and specific dispersions with vital proteins like enzymes (55)(56)(57)(58)(59).Jaftex mouthwash is a hybrid herbal solution of the Jaft as the base of

Conclusion
The oak tree fruit, Jaft, and also Jaftex mouthwash have antibacterial properties and are effective against a range of oral bacteria. The use of Jaftex is recommended as an antibacterial and anti-plaque mouthwash.