Free electron Compton scattering produces the illusion of the universe expansion

Because it is consistent with many astronomical phenomena and successfully predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) and cosmic abundance, the theory of universe expansion has been widely recognized by the scientific community. Hubble's law is the foundation of universe expansion theory, but 100 years of observations have shown that Hubble parameters are not constants, and with the improvement of Hubble parameter measurement accuracy, the problem of inconsistent Hubble parameters obtained by different star types and different methods has become more and more difficult to solve. So the cosmological redshift may not only be related to distance but also to other factors, and the universe may not be really expanding. The Compton effect of free electrons and low energy photons has been observed in the laboratory. Photons interact with a large number of free electrons on their way to us from a distant source (free electron Compton scattering FEC). FEC causes photons (plane electromagnetic waves) to redshift, and the photon beam to expand along the propagation direction, these produce the illusion of cosmic expansion, showing the same astronomical phenomena as the expansion of the universe (FEC model).


Introduction
In 1927, the Belgian astronomer and cosmologist Georges Lemaître first proposed the Big Bang hypothesis. In 1929, the American astronomer Hubble proposed Hubble's law based on the redshift of galaxies being proportional to the distance, and deduced the theory of the expansion of the universe that galaxies are far away from each other. In 1946, American physicist Gamow formally proposed the big bang theory. The explosion theory believes that the universe was formed by a big explosion that occurred about 14 billion years ago. At the end of the last century, observations of the Ia supernova showed that the universe was accelerating, and the energy for accelerating expansion came from dark energy. The Big Bang theory successfully predicted the microwave background radiation (CMBR) and cosmic abundance, which became an important support for the theory of cosmic expansion.
There are also many problems with the theory of expanding universe, such as the problem that the Hubble constant is not a constant, the problem that dark energy is nowhere to be found.
For much of this decade, the two most precise gauges of the Universe's rate of expansion have been in glaring disagreement. The measurement of the Hubble parameter makes the theory of cosmic expansion more and more confusing 1,2,3,4 . The results from different samples are also different 3,5,6 . Riess et al. 6 present an improved determination of the Hubble constant from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of 70 long-period Cepheids in the Large Magellanic Cloud and give the latest value of 74 5 . There is the systematic discrepancy in the Hubble parameter of different types of stars and means that the Hubble parameter is not only related to the distance but also to the type of star considered. The expansion rate of the universe indirectly arising from the CMBR is 67.8 1 1 -km s Mpc  . In addition, the universe's expansion rate vary from place to place, many studies have reported deviations from isotropy when using various cosmological probes. We need a reasonable explanation for these discrepancy 3,5,6,7 .
Whether the universe is really expanding is controversial. The first alternate suggestion ("Tired light") was made by Zwicky (1929) where he proposed that: redshifts are explained as arising not due to the expansion of the Universe, but by the action of an intervening medium that causes photon energies to decrease as the photons from distant objects propagate through intergalactic space toward the Earth. "Tired light" is denied because it does not conform to the following astronomical observations 8,9 . 1. "Any scattering process with energy transfer from the photon beam to the scattering medium, as required for a redshift, must broaden (deflect) the beam. This effect would cause images of distant galaxies to be fuzzier than their local counterparts, which they are not".
2. "Time dilation of supernova light curves: That is, we observe the SNe at higher redshift take systematically longer for their luminosity to increase and then decline 10,11 ".
3. "The relationship between the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background and its energy density. There is no photon dilution mechanism in "tired light", and the photon density of CMBR derived is 3 (1 ) z  times larger than the observed value".

"The Tolman Surface Brightness
Test for the Reality of the Expansion：Tolman (1930,1934) derived the remarkable result that in an expanding universe with any arbitrary geometry, the surface brightness of a set of "standard" (identical) objects will decrease by 4 (1 ) z  . One factor of (1 ) z  comes from the decrease in the energy of each photon due to the redshift. The second factor comes from the decrease in the numberflux per unit time. Two additional factors of (1 ) z  come from the apparent increase of area due to aberration" 12 . For more details, see: Edward L. Wright's "Errors in Tired Light" Compton models are in the class of "tiled light" cosmic models. Compton scattering usually refers to the interaction of high-energy photons and bound electrons, which may produce a large scattering angle. Therefore, everyone believes that cosmological redshift cannot be Compton scattering. In this paper, FEC mainly refers to the interaction between free electrons and low-energy (low-frequency) photons (Characteristic spectral line mainly exists in low-frequency band) ， Compton scattering between free electrons and low-energy is very weak and usually neglected. Therefore, the Compton scattering angle of FEC exists and is very small, it is this scattering angle that produces too many magic coincidences.

FEC cosmic model
FEC causes photons to redshift (FEC redshift is proportional to the optical path and the corresponding electron density. This is the wavelength-independent redshift similar to the redshift of the expansion of the universe.), and the photon beam to expand along the propagation direction, these produce the illusion of cosmic expansion (FEC model. See FIG. 1). The Compton effect of low-energy photons and free electrons is very weak and neglected. Free electrons make the photons move forward in slight jitter, photons jitter causes the photon beam to expand, the expansion of the photon beam is proportional to redshift z, showing the same astronomical phenomena as the expansion of the universe. 3 FEC scattering angle θ is very small, when photo interacts with a large number of electrons, the random scattering angles cancel each other, and the photons move along the propagation direction in the jitter which is not easy to observe. The scattering angle to the observer is   , the probability distribution of   is a Gaussian distribution, the axis ( 0    ) is the line connecting the light source and the telescope, therefore, FEC does not blur the image of distant galaxies. Since the scattering angle θ occur randomly in a certain range, the size and direction are different, this leads to the inconsistent trajectories of photons and the photon beam to expand. The photon energy decreases ( times and the temperature is reduced by ( times.The temperature of interstellar medium is about 10～100K. The interstellar medium in the universe is almost uniform and isothermal, and local is almost transparent, when the distance is greater than , the interstellar medium gradually formed a fog and gradually made the universe opaque, forming a blackbody with a temperature of () CMB TZ . in this way, CMBR comes from the distant universe 8 ). Most of the energy of starlight is absorbed by the intergalactic and the interstellar medium, and a small part of it becomes the microwave background radiation. The intergalactic medium and the interstellar medium absorb the radiation energy and emission radiation. CMBR is formed indirectly by starlight, which is diluted and redshifted by FEC effect.
The number of faint radio sources of FEC model will increase, and of cosmic expansion mode will decrease and dilute. The number of faint radiation sources can distinguish FEC model and the universe mode. For more details, see: Edward L. Wright's "Errors in the Steady State and Quasi-SS Models".

FEC
When the interaction is between relatively cold CMB photons and hot free electrons, it is known as the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (Inverse Compton effect), the cold CMB photons are blueshifted 16,17,18 . Nonlinear Compton scattering is encountered when several photons from a strong laser beam are scattered by a free electron to produce a photon of different energy, this process has been calculated theoretically and successfully measured 19,20,21,22,23 . These show that low-energy photons have not only wave properties but also particle properties, and mean that Compton scattering may occur regardless of the interaction of high-energy or low-energy photons with free electrons. can be ignored, the electron recoil and the photon recoil are ignored because they are too small, the process is called Thomson scattering .Otherwise, it is called Compton scattering.
When the free electron is in the high-intensity low-frequency laser field, the frequency of the radiation field is high enough to make the electron velocity relativistic, cannot be ignored, the electron recoil is obvious 19,20,21,22 . So when the free electron is in the low-intensity low-frequency field，although , where λ is the initial wavelength, '  is the wavelength after scattering,   and are independent of the wavelength of the photon,   is only related to . The initial velocity of the electron is ignored, the electron is completely free. Compton shift is inversely proportional to the mass of charged particles, Compton shift is mainly caused by the electrons. When a photon collides with a large number of electrons repeatedly, FEC redshift: Ze  . That is to say, cosmological redshift and Hubble parameters are not only related to distance, but also related to corresponding electron density. Where is a coefficient, unit m 2 , K is may be related to the electron density and the electronic temperature. Intergalactic plasma, and stellar atmospheric plasma are ideal plasmas and the value of K value is insensitive to electron temperature so that K can be considered a constant.
Since is independent of the wavelength of the photon, so K and FEC Z are independent of the wavelength of the photon as well, similarly as for the Doppler effect, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them.

An evidence of the existence of FEC In flare AR 12205
The surface temperature of the sun is 5700K in the quiet sun and almost all solar atmospheric spectral lines do not show any redshift 24,25 .The gravitational redshift of the sun is known to be less than 1 km S −1 26 . When solar flares occur, their spectral profile has a redshift asymmetry 27,28,29 that is difficult to explain with the Doppler effect, and the redshift asymmetry rules out the Stark effect because Stark-induced shift occurs in dense plasma (plasma with electron concentration about and above 16 -3 10 cm 30 ). The electron density of solar flares is generally in the range of 12 14 -3 10 10 cm : 31,32 . Since the FEC and Doppler effects are independent of the wavelength, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them. When solar flares occur, the temperature of the solar atmosphere increases and the ionization increases, the redshift asymmetry is difficult to explain by the Doppler effect. A typical characteristic is that the spectral profile of the solar flare is significantly broadened and simultaneously redshifted. In flare AR 12205 27 , there is a clear evidence of the relationship between the spectral broadening, the redshift, and FEC. It excludes the Doppler effect.
In flare AR 12205 27  The flare energy comes from the interior of the photosphere: ⑴ The flare erupts in the lower part of the chromosphere; ⑵ The fermi 29-31,50-102 keV erupts earlier than 17 GHz (fast radio burst) for about 10 s at the highest point 27 , which indicates that the energy comes from fermi 29-31,50-102 keV. If the energy comes from the external high-energy electron beam, the electron beam will inevitably collide with the chromosphere particles during transportation to produce bremsstrahlung and heat the surrounding material, the 17 GHz and 1-8 Å signals are earlier than for fermi 29-31, 50-102 keV and the trajectory of the electron beam should be observed before the flare eruption, but the electron trajectory has not been obtained 27 .
The radiation at 1-8 Å is caused by the free thermal electrons 27 . When the first burst of feimi 29-6 31 keV (T = 150-200 s) occurred, there were no significant corresponding bursts at 1-8 Å, due to the lack of free electrons in the chromosphere at the beginning of the flare. The radiation at 1-8 Å gradually increases when the thermal expansion, the number of free electrons, and the temperature of the electrons increase. When the second burst of fermi 29-31 keV (T = 240-360 s) occurred, 1-8 Å followed fermi 29-31keV, the spectrum lines Si IV 1403 Å，C II 1335 Å，Mg II h 2803 Å，Hα 6563 Å began to broaden and redshift at the same time (See (Tei , A., et al. 2017) ：Temporal evolution of the peak intensityError! Reference source not found.). The onset and the duration of the apparent broadening and redshift of these lines are consistent with the 1-8 Å radiation. This indicates that:⑴ the apparent broadening and the redshift of these lines fully correlates with the increase number of free electrons and ⑵ the apparent broadening and redshift of these spectral lines is not caused by the Doppler effect from particle motion, but by FEC because the change in particle velocity caused by the thermal expansion takes time and the radiant ionization makes the free electrons increase immediately. A possible explanation for the solar red asymmetry is proposed. After the flare occurs, the thermal expansion (the Balmer and Ca II H lines showed blue asymmetry Doppler effect 27 ), and the number of free electrons gradually increase. The FEC effect also gradually increases and the spectral line width gradually broadens 27,28 . When the FEC effect is larger than the Doppler effect, the blue asymmetry changes to a red asymmetry. The redshift occurs at the position where the intensity is highest and tracks the outer edge of the ribbon, which visually illustrates this phenomenon 28 . Similar phenomena include the high redshift of gamma-ray bursts 33,34 .
The FEC and the Doppler effects were used to simulate the spectral line velocity in flare AR 12205. The value of K was roughly estimated around -28 2 2 10 m  and the electron density of the flare was in the range of 12 14 -3 10 10 cm : 31,32 . Since there is no accurate value for electron density, its scale, and the particle velocity, K can only be roughly estimated.

Discussion
The FEC depend on the free electron fraction, is it constant in the universe? On a large scale, CMB has a perfect blackbody radiation and an almost perfect isotropy 17,35,36,37 , indicating that the intergalactic medium has an almost uniform temperature and that the density of intergalactic electrons is almost uniform and isotropy as well. Dispersion measurements (DM) of fast radio bursts (FRB) also indicate that the density of intergalactic electrons is almost uniform on a large scale, and may be related to the redshift 38,39,40 . If the Hubble parameter not only depend on the distance fraction but free electron fraction then FEC can perfectly explain why the Hubble parameter is isotropy but not perfect isotropy. Stars, red giants, Cepheid variable stars, supernovas, and quasars have a different atmospheric electron density, which leads to deviations in the Hubble parameter for different samples. A higher star mass results in a higher temperature and a larger the redshift. This is why the Hubble parameter measured based on CMB and the red giants and Cepheid variable stars are different. This is also why quasars are abnormally redshifted 41,42 and why the Hubble parameter measured over a century is not "constant".
The average electron density obtained by this theory that produces 0 (67.8 The reason for radiation broadening of DM is that the scattering is caused by a thin slab of fluctuating electron density 38,43 , therefore the value of 7 -3 10 cm  is not the true intergalactic electron density. Nevertheless, there is a correlation between the distance and the electron density that indicates that the intergalactic electron density is uniform and larger than 7 -3 10 cm  . The interstellar electron density is within

7
FEC cosmic model solves the problem that Hubble parameters are not constant and dark energy cannot be found. And it is consistent with the "expansion" of the universe, no new physical mechanism, no hypothesis, I think it is reliable. Looking forward to further verification, discussion and improvement.