Texture analyses of the lateral pterygoid muscle in young patients with temporomandibular disorder based on magnetic resonance imaging: a clinical study

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2242717/v1

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Texture analyses of the lateral pterygoid muscle in young patients with temporomandibular disorder based on magnetic resonance imaging: a clinical study

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2242717/v1

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Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the etiology of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in young patients using clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM).

Materials and methods

The patients were divided into four groups: healthy control, disc without displacement (DWoD), disc displacement with reduction (DDWR), and disc displacement without reduction (DDWoR) groups. Demographic information and clinical symptoms of patients in each group were recorded. LPM textures on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were compared among all groups. LPM fasciculation was examined.

Results

Patient sex or age did not differ significantly among groups, while several clinical symptoms and signs and some LPM texture parameters did. The proportion of type B LPM fascicles was significantly higher in DDWR and DDWoR groups than in healthy control and DWoD groups.

Conclusion

In this study, patients in DDWR and DDWoR groups showed unclear texture, no obvious regularity, and relatively uniform gray distribution on MRI of LPM.

Clinical relevance

This study found that the texture of the LPM in young TMD patients was different from that in normal people, especially in TMD patients with anterior disc displacement. Changes of the LPM may affect the position of the articular disc, thus provides a direction for scholars to study the etiology of TMD.

Temporomandibular disorder

Articular disc

Lateral pterygoid muscle

Magnetic resonance imaging

Texture analysis

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a common disease with unknown mechanisms. It commonly affects young and middle-aged people, and its main clinical manifestations are abnormal mandibular movements and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) murmurs [1–4]. Among TMD types, internal derangement of TMJ and masticatory muscle dysfunction are the most common [5].

In patients with TMD who have severe tenderness of the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) on clinical examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows anterior displacement of the articular disc. However, the relationship between LPM function and internal derangement of TMJ is unknown.

The texture analysis of LPM using MRI software shows more subtle muscle changes and better clinical discrimination compared to visual MRI interpretation by radiologists [6]. Some MRI signs of skeletal muscle dysfunction are fat infiltration, loss of muscle fiber orientation, perimysial pathology, the average size of necrotic and regenerative foci, the proportion of oxidized muscle fibers, endomyocardial fibrosis, and heterogeneity of the collagen content or the muscle fiber size [7–9].

The texture analysis of LPM on axial T2-weighted MRI has been performed. The texture contrast and entropy reflect the altered functional status of LPM in patients with TMD and are considered as an effective imaging biomarker of functional changes [10]. However, in clinical practice, we usually observe the articular disc and LPM of patients with TMD using MRI in the oblique sagittal plane, which reflects the origin, insertion, and direction of the LPM bundle and the positional relationship of LPM with the articular disc and the condyle. The aim of the present study was to investigate MRI findings of the articular disc and LPM in young patients with TMD with a displaced articular disc to provide a scientific basis for the etiology of TMD.

1. Patient selection

The patients were classified into four groups: healthy control (HC), disc without displacement (DWoD), disc displacement with reduction (DDWR), and disc displacement without reduction (DDWoR) groups. Participants in the HC group were undergraduates of the Qingdao University. Inclusion criteria were: 1) age of 18–24 years; 2) no history of TMJ injury; 3) presence of complete dentition (not considering the third molars) without orthodontic abnormalities; 4) no history of rheumatic, bone, or connective tissue diseases; 5) no contraindications for MRI, such as metal implants or claustrophobia; and 6) no clinical symptoms of TMD and a normal disc position on MRI of TMJ [11].

Patients with TMD were recruited from The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January to December 2021. Inclusion criteria were the same as 1) to 5) of the HC group. In addition, clinical symptoms met the diagnostic criteria of TMD [12]. Patients with TMD were divided into DWoD, DDWR, and DDWoR groups. The condylar apex method was used to measure the position of the articular disc in relation to the condyle [11]. The position of the articular disc was considered to be normal when the angle formed by the connecting line between the posterior edge of the articular disc and the condylar apex with the vertical line of the condylar apex was less than 50° (Fig. 1).

To improve the reliability of the study results, three experienced stomatologists, after unified training, conducted MRI observation with random sequencing.

2. MRI examination

MRI examination and analysis were performed using the Siemens’ Magnetom Prisma version 3.0T MRI system (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), which uses 60-channel head coils instead of conventional surface coils to yield overall spatial information of TMJ muscle and soft tissue structures. All participants were placed in the supine position, and their heads were scanned with the positioning line aligned to the external ear canal. In axial images, the TMJ oblique sagittal plane (perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the condyle) was captured in the opened and closed mouth positions, and the TMJ oblique sagittal proton density-weighted fast spin echo (OSAG-PDW-FSE) and axis T2-weighted turbo spin echo (AXI-T2WI-TSE) sequences were used.

The OSAG-PDW-FSE sequence used the parallel acquisition technology with the following parameters: excitation time, 3 s; repetition time, 2,070 ms; echo time, 28 ms; field of view (FOV), 120 × 120 mm; matrix, 192 × 144; and plane resolution, 0.6 × 0.6. We acquired 16 images of the left and right TMJs (eight images each). The slice thickness of each image was 2 mm, and the gap was 10%.

The AXI-T2WI-FSE sequence used the parallel acquisition technology with the following parameters: excitation time, 3 s; repetition time, 3,850 ms; echo time, 97 ms; FOV, 150 × 150 mm; matrix, 320 × 320; and plane resolution, 0.75 × 0.75. We acquired 20 images of the left and right TMJs (ten images each). The slice thickness of each image was 2 mm, and the gap was 0%.

3. Texture analysis of LPM

ImageJ 1.51j8 (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij) in gray-level co-occurrence matrix plug-in version 0.4 was used to perform the texture analysis of LPM on MRI with AXI-T2WI-FSE, OSAG-PDW-FSE-CLOSE, and OSAG-PDW-FSE-OPEN sequences. The region of interest was selected with the freehand selection method, including as much portion of LPM as possible and avoiding surrounding structures (Fig. 2). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the reliability of the evaluation index results.

The texture analysis yielded five parameters: angular second moment (ASM), contrast, correlation, inverse differential moment (IDM), and entropy. These parameters represented different local gray levels in the image [8]. The ASM denoted the uniformity of the gray distribution and the image texture, with higher values indicating more uniform gray levels. Contrast denoted local changes in the image, including the sharpness and depth of texture grooves, with higher values indicating a clearer texture. Correlation denoted the similarity in the degree of the gray level in a row or a column of the measurement image, with higher values indicating a stronger correlation of the local gray level. IDM denoted the clarity and regularity of the texture, with higher values indicating a clearer and more regular texture of the image. Entropy denoted the randomness of the information contained in the image, with higher values indicating a more complex gray distribution in the image.

4. Types Of Lpm Fascicles (Closed Mouth Position)

Figure 3 shows the LPM fascicles observed with the OSAG-PDW-FSE-CLOSE sequence in each group. In type A, the upper fibers of LPM were attached to the articular disc and the condyle, while the lower ones were attached to the condyle. In type B, the upper fibers of LPM were attached to the articular disc, while the lower ones were attached to the condyle. In type C, the upper fibers of LPM were attached to the articular disc, while the middle and lower ones were attached to the condylar process.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Data are expressed as the maximum, minimum, mean, and standard deviation values. Groups were compared with the t-test for normally distributed data and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for non-normally distributed data. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

1. Selection and basic information of participants

After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 60 students from the Qingdao University constituted the healthy control group. Figure 4 shows the process of participant selection in the remaining three experimental groups. Participant sex or age did not differ among groups, while some clinical symptoms and signs differed significantly (Table 1). Examination of masticatory muscles revealed that the proportion of tender LPMs in the three patient groups was significantly higher compared to tenderness in other masticatory muscles (masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid). Therefore, the texture analysis of LPM was performed.

Table 1

Basic information and clinical examination of each group of volunteers
	HC	DWoD	DDWR	DDWoR	P-value
	n = 60	n = 46	n = 62	n = 48	P-value
Age (yr, mean ± SD)	20.86 ± 1.69	20.92 ± 2.40	21.07 ± 2.27	21.51 ± 2.37	0.433
Gender
Female	38(63.3%)	31(67.4%)	48(77.4%)	32(66.7%)
Male	22(36.7%)	15(32.6%)	14(22.6%)	16(33.3%)
Trajectory of opening mouth					DWoD vs DDWR	DWoD vs DDWoR	DDWR vs DDWoR
↓	48(80.0%)	20(43.5%)	32(51.6%)	22(45.8%)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
↙	8(13.3%)	12(26.1%)	13(21.0%)	7(14.6%)
↘	4(6.7%)	10(21.7%)	10(16.1%)	9(18.8%)
⚡	0	4(8.7%)	7(11.3%)	10(20.8%)
Interincisor Distance (mm, mean ± SD)	37.13 ± 1.92	35.16 ± 3.68	36.28 ± 3.17	37.54 ± 2.36	0.093	<0.001	0.024
Clicking	0	32(69.6%)	48(77.4%)	18(37.5%)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Spontneous pain
TMJ	0	34(73.9%)	46(74.2%)	32(66.7%)	0.430	<0.001	<0.001
Headache	5(8.3%)	16(34.8%)	28(45.2%)	14(29.2%)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Tenderness (left and right)	n = 120	n = 92	n = 124	n = 96
TMJ	0	28(30.4%)	50(40.3%)	64(66.7%)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Masseter muscle (MM)	0	24(26.1%)	44(35.5%)	52(54.2%)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Temporalis muscle (TM)	0	20(21.7%)	34(27.4%)	36(37.5%)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Medial pterygoid muscle (MPM)	0	30(32.6%)	28(22.6%)	32(33.3%)	<0.001	0.332	<0.001
Lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM)	12(10.0%)	56(60.9%)	84(67.7%)	92(95.8%)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
TMJ, Temporomandibular joint. MM, Masseter muscle. TM, Temporalis muscle. MPM, Medial pterygoid muscle. LPM, Lateral pterygoid muscle. DWoD, Disc without displacement group. DDWR, Disc displacement with reduction group. DDWoR, Disc displacement without reduction group.

2. Texture analysis of LPM

Tables 2–4 show the LPM texture analysis results in each group. Table 2 shows the LPM texture analysis results with the AXI-T2WI-FSE sequence. Table 3 shows the LPM texture analysis results with the OSAG-PDW-FSE sequence in the closed mouth position. Table 4 shows the LPM texture analysis results with the OSAG-PDW-FSE sequence in the open mouth position.

Table 2

The texture analysis results of the LPM of volunteers with AXI-T2WI-FSE sequence
	AXI-T2WI-FSE
	ASM (×10^− 3)^#	Contrast^#	Correlation (×10^− 3)^#	IDM⁺	Entropy⁺
HC (n = 60×2)	2.483 ± 0.809	113.728 ± 42.824	3.550 ± 1.308	0.241 ± 0.028	7.531 ± 0.699
DWoD (n = 46×2)	2.554 ± 0.843	103.286 ± 45.603	3.793 ± 1.297	0.239 ± 0.029	7.291 ± 0.637
DDWR (n = 62×2)	2.677 ± 0.822	96.912 ± 45.294	3.847 ± 1.197	0.234 ± 0.030	7.184 ± 0.626
DDWoR (n = 48×2)	2.719 ± 0.791	95.959 ± 45.944	3.865 ± 1.111	0.231 ± 0.030	6.578 ± 0.807
HC vs DWoD	0.577	0.085	0.150	0.766	0.011^*
HC vs DDWR	0.070	0.010^**	0.043^*	0.068	<0.001^**
HC vs DDWoR	0.039^*	0.004^**	0.033^*	0.025^*	<0.001^**
DWoD vs DDWR	0.279	0.310	0.739	0.155	0.218
DWoD vs DDWoR	0.174	0.213	0.629	0.065	<0.001^**
DDWR vs DDWoR	0.733	0.881	0.852	0.579	<0.001^**
⁺Represents statistical analysis of data by T-test, ^# represents statistical analysis of data by Wilcoxon rank sum test, ^represents P < 0.05, ^*represents P < 0.01.
LPM, Lateral pterygoid muscle. HC, healthy control. DWoD, Disc without displacement group. DDWR, Disc displacement with reduction group. DDWoR, Disc displacement without reduction group. ASM, Angular Second Moment. IDM, Inverse Differential Moment.

Table 3

The texture analysis results of the LPM of volunteers with OSAG-PDW-FSE-CLOSE sequence
	OSAG-PDW-FSE-CLOSE
	ASM(×10 − 3)#	Contrast#	Correlation (×10 − 3) #	IDM+	Entropy+
HC (n = 60×2)	0.675 ± 0.935	43.206 ± 4.798	1.256 ± 0.614	0.376 ± 0.044	6.507 ± 0.335
DWoD (n = 46×2)	1.077 ± 0.401	33.951 ± 8.914	1.587 ± 0.232	0.259 ± 0.022	7.705 ± 0.268
DDWR (n = 62×2)	1.015 ± 0.527	33.536 ± 0.157	1.637 ± 0.161	0.253 ± 0.033	7.778 ± 0.224
DDWoR (n = 48×2)	0.956 ± 0.299	33.545 ± 6.766	1.564 ± 0.109	0.259 ± 0.029	7.823 ± 0.175
HC vs DWoD	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**
HC vs DDWR	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**
HC vs DDWoR	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**
DWoD vs DDWR	<0.001**	0.774	0.009**	0.089	0.032
DWoD vs DDWoR	<0.001**	0.784	0.223	0.812	<0.001**
DDWR vs DDWoR	0.471	0.158	0.006**	0.168	0.109
⁺Represents statistical analysis of data by T-test, ^# represents statistical analysis of data by Wilcoxon rank sum test, ^represents P < 0.05, ^*represents P < 0.01.
LPM, Lateral pterygoid muscle. HC, healthy control. DWoD, Disc without displacement group. DDWR, Disc displacement with reduction group. DDWoR, Disc displacement without reduction group. ASM, Angular Second Moment. IDM, Inverse Differential Moment.

Table 4

The texture analysis results of the LPM of volunteers with OSAG-PDW-FSE-OPEN sequence
	OSAG-PDW-FSE-OPEN
	ASM (×10 − 3)#	Contrast#	Correlation (×10 − 3)#	IDM+	Entropy+
HC (n = 60×2)	0.675 ± 0.727	32.123 ± 3.384	0.422 ± 0.774	0.388 ± 0.050	6.824 ± 0.379
DWoD (n = 46×2)	0.903 ± 0.175	27.599 ± 6.150	0.848 ± 0.502	0.261 ± 0.031	7.600 ± 0.290
DDWR (n = 62×2)	0.955 ± 0.360	27.958 ± 5.356	0.681 ± 0.189	0.261 ± 0.021	7.698 ± 0.141
DDWoR (n = 48×2)	0.887 ± 0.177	29.011 ± 10.616	0.725 ± 0.195	0.268 ± 0.041	7.676 ± 0.284
HC vs DWoD	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**
HC vs DDWR	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**
HC vs DDWoR	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**	<0.001**
DWoD vs DDWR	<0.001**	0.507	0.373	0.794	0.002
DWoD vs DDWoR	0.404	0.772	0.829	0.206	0.075
DDWR vs DDWoR	0.004**	0.458	0.110	0.071	0.442
⁺Represents statistical analysis of data by T-test, ^#represents statistical analysis of data by Wilcoxon rank sum test, ^represents P < 0.05, ^*represents P < 0.01.
LPM, Lateral pterygoid muscle. HC, healthy control. DWoD, Disc without displacement group. DDWR, Disc displacement with reduction group. DDWoR, Disc displacement without reduction group. ASM, Angular Second Moment. IDM, Inverse Differential Moment.

ASM parameters of the HC group in the LPM texture analysis performed with the three aforementioned sequences were selected for ICC calculation. Table 5 shows the ICC calculation results. The reliability of LPM texture parameters was higher when obtained with the OSAG-PDW-FSE sequence than when obtained with the AXI-T2WI-FSE sequence.

Table 5

The ASM parameters of the HC group in the LPM texture analysis of the three sequences were selected for ICC calculation
Variable	AXI-T2WI-FSE	OSAG-PDW-FSE-CLOSE	OSAG-PDW-FSE-OPEN
Sp²	2.978	4.392	4.543
Sj²	0.857	0.785	0.792
Ss²	4.079	5.776	5.436
So²	1.853	1.267	1.655
Se²	2.768	2.465	2.788
ICC	0.703	0.874	0.829
ICC: Intra-class Correlation Coefficient.
ASM, Angular Second Moment. LPM, Lateral pterygoid muscle. HC, healthy control.

3. Types of LPM fascicles

LPM fasciculation was more frequent in the type A bundle in the HC and DWoD groups and in the type B bundle in the DDWR and DDWoR groups (Fig. 5).

Most experts in the field of TMD have paid attention to the position of the TMJ disc, and TMD has been classified based on changes in the disc position during TMJ movements [13]. Clinical examination of patients with TMD showed significant LPM tenderness with anterior disc displacement. Combined with the anatomical relationship between LPM and the articular disc [14], we inferred that disc displacement was closely related to LPM function.

Detailed clinical symptoms and signs were recorded for each group. The trajectory of mouth opening was mostly vertically downward in the HC group and oblique and lightning-shaped in the other three groups. Examination of the four groups of masticatory muscles shows that LPM plays a major role in opening movements and that the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles play a major role in closing movements [15]. In this study, the three patient groups differed significantly from the HC group in the presence/absence of TMJ clicking. TMJ clicking is usually caused by the abnormal movement trajectory of the articular disc. When the articular disc moves relative to the condyle and is displaced forward, the condyle continues to squeeze it forward after the movement limit is reached. As a result, the articular disc bounces backwards and hits the posterior wall of the articular fossa [16, 17]. This produces the sound known as TMJ clicking. Furthermore, in this study, spontaneous headache and pain in the TMJ region were more prevalent in the DWoD, DDWR, and DDWoR groups than in the HC group. The incidence of spontaneous headache in patients with TMD has increased significantly [18, 19] and this increase is related to depression, anxiety, and other psychological factors [20, 21]. Exploring psychological factors and spontaneous headache was beyond the scope of this study and would be investigated in the future. In clinical examination, we recorded the contact pressure of the TMJ area and the masticatory muscles in detail, and the results showed that LPM had the highest proportion of contact tenderness, indicating that its functions were abnormal to varying degrees.

The trajectory of TMJ opening or tenderness of masticatory muscles could not provide accurate information about LPM dysfunction. In recent years, with rapid advancements in MRI studies on soft tissue, the MRI texture analysis has been increasingly accepted [22–24]. In this study, we performed the texture analysis of LPM using MRI software to avoid visual errors made by researchers, quantify the MRI texture of LPM, and explore functional information of LPM. Analyzing the LPM texture with the three sequences revealed significant differences in some parameters of the texture analysis among the patient groups. Five parameters of the texture analysis represent different local gray levels in the image [8]. In this study, when the articular disc moved forward in patients with TMD, the contrast, correlation, and entropy parameters in the texture analysis of LPM changed significantly in the horizontal plane, indicating that the MRI scan of LPM was fuzzy. Further, the local gray scale was highly correlated, and the gray scale distribution was less complex. In the oblique sagittal plane, LPM MRI of patients with TMD showed an unclear texture and no obvious regularity, and the gray scale distribution was relatively uniform and correlated. We hypothesized that the specific texture of LPM in patients with TMD may be related to muscle edema and inflammatory cell infiltration. A study to test this hypothesis is underway.

ICC was used to compare the reliability of the LPM texture analyses with the three MRI sequences. The texture analysis results of LPM on MRI in the oblique sagittal plane were more reliable than those in the horizontal plane.

LPM can be divided into three types according to fasciculation, the direction of the fascicles, and the positional relationship with the articular disc and the condyle [25, 26]. In type A, the upper fascicular fibers are attached to the articular disc and the condyle, while the lower fascicular fibers are attached to the condyle. In type B, the upper fascicular fibers are attached to the articular disc, while the lower fascicular fibers are attached to the condyle. In type C, the upper fascicular fibers are attached to the articular disc, while the middle and lower fascicles are attached to the condylar process. The proportion of type B LPM fascicles was significantly higher in the DDWR and DDWoR groups than in the HC and DWoD groups, which may be because of the unique connection between LPM and the articular disc and condyle in type B, making the articular disc more prone to forward displacement, leading to relevant clinical symptoms in patients with TMD.

In the future, we aim to conduct a quantitative study to determine the relationship of the spatial position of LPM with articular disc displacement and texture on MRI. In the diagnosis of TMD, the function of LPM should be accounted for.

In young patients with TMD disc displacement, MRI of LPM showed an unclear texture, no obvious regularity, and relatively uniform gray distribution.

Ethics approval The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (approval no.: QYFYWZLL26847). All participants provided informed consent.

Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.

Authors' contributions Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work: Jianjun Yang and Dan Luo. The acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work: Dan Luo. Cheng Qiu and Wenjing Yan. Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content: Dan Luo. Ruizhi Zhou and Tao Shan. Final approval of the version to be published: Jianjun Yang. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Funding This work was supported by the “Clinical Medicine + X” Scientific Research Project of the Medical Department of Qingdao University (No. 2017M41).

Availability of data and materials Not applicable.

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Texture analyses of the lateral pterygoid muscle in young patients with temporomandibular disorder based on magnetic resonance imaging: a clinical study

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Abstract

Objectives

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusion

Clinical relevance

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Introduction

Materials And Methods

1. Patient selection

2. MRI examination

3. Texture analysis of LPM

4. Types Of Lpm Fascicles (Closed Mouth Position)

Statistical analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

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