Spatial and seasonal variations of organic and inorganic pollution parameters and relationship between Malacostraca fauna in the Eastern Black Sea rivers Short Title: The relationship of some Malacostracans with pollutants

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2246435/v1

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Spatial and seasonal variations of organic and inorganic pollution parameters and relationship between Malacostraca fauna in the Eastern Black Sea rivers Short Title: The relationship of some Malacostracans with pollutants

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2246435/v1

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published 10 Apr, 2023

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The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between Malacostraca species distributed in the eastern Black Sea basin streams and some organic and inorganic pollution parameters. For this purpose, water samples and Malacostraca samples were taken seasonally from 9 stations selected from the basin between 2019–2020. A hand net (D-frame net) was used for biological samples. For the determination temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH parameters were seasonally measured in the field. Measurements for Nitrate, Ammonia, Phosphate were made with spectrophotometer. Metal analyzes in water were performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. 4 species of Malacostraca have been identified. Environmental parameters and species were evaluated together and it was determined that Asellus aquaticus species was distributed in both clean and partially polluted stations. It has been observed that Potamon ibericum species is sensitive to pollution and prefers clean waters.Gammarus komareki and Gammarus pulex pulex species have been found to tolerate light contamination. In this study, different parameters were examined in the rivers of the eastern Black Sea basin and it was observed that the pollution was low and there were seasonal differences.

Malacostraca

rivers

spectrometry

water pollution

In this study, some organic and inorganic pollution parameters of the eastern Black Sea basin rivers were discussed.
The evaluation of the stations in terms of pollution was made seasonally, and it was determined that they had clean water characteristics in general.
Mn, Fe and Cd concentrations were found to be quite high from time to time.
The species were listed as A.aquaticus> G.pulex pulex> G.komareki >P.ibericum according to their pollution tolerance.

The Black Sea, which is on the borders of 6 countries and the end point of the pollution load of approximately 23 countries, is located between the 40°55' and 46°32' latitudes north and the 27°27' and 41°42 ' longitudes east (Bat, et. al., 2018). The Eastern Black Sea region covers the region limited by the Georgian border in the east and the Melet River in the west. The rivers of the area are mainly fed by precipitation and have a regular regime. The flow rate is normal during the summer months, while the flow rate increases with the melting of the snow. Some of the rivers flow directly into the Black Sea after a short flow, and some of them originate in central Anatolia and reach the sea by crossing the Black Sea Mountains (Selim 2011). In addition to being one of the richest basins in Turkey in terms of fresh water potential, the Eastern Black Sea basin also draws attention with its biodiversity. Water pollution is the changing of physical, chemical and biological properties with water contaminants. Organic matters, inorganic matters, suspended solids, detergents, pesticides, heavy metals, radioactive materials and oil-petroleum products cause pollution in water (Kocataş 2008). Lakes and rivers are ecosystems that are most affected by domestic and industrial waste. The mixing of domestic and industrial wastes with water resources directly or indirectly affects the water basins negatively (Kiracı 2014). Organic pollution and nutrient pollution are considered to be important pollution types as they reduce oxygen in surface waters and cause algae blooms. Disintegration of rocks by natural process, materials from agricultural lands, erosion, use of fertilizers and domestic wastewater are the factors that trigger pollution (Güneş 2019). Heavy metals that enter the aquatic environment in various ways can be found in water, sometimes in trace amounts and in high concentrations (Taylan and Böke Özkoç 2007). Fresh water resources are important resources that feed the seas as well as activities such as providing drinking water, irrigation and fishing. It is stated that these habitats, which are rich sources of biodiversity, are destroyed due to environmental pollution, unconscious housing, overfishing, global warming, and fauna richness decreases (Selim 2011).Until now, chemical analysis of water has been carried out in order to detect contamination in water resources. However, these data do not show the effects of pollutants in aquatic organisms. In recent years, organisms have been used to determine aquatic pollution (Rainbow and Philips 1993; Webb and Gagnon 2002). Benthic Malacostraca species are frequently used as indicator organisms, especially in determining the pollution caused by chemicals and metals, due to their direct contact with water and sediment and their long exposure to environmental conditions (Bawa 2015; Džeroski et al. 2000; Gazea et al. 1999; Rindergehan et al. 2000)

Malacostraca species are important organisms that reflect water pollution due to their easy and sufficient number of collections, being an important step in ecological and trophic terms, and being key organisms of some indexes (Trend Biotic Index) (De-La-Ossa-Carretero et al 2011). Although there are studies in which the relationship of species belonging to Malacostraca (Güven vd., 1999; Baytaşoğlu ve Gözler, 2016; Weeks and Rainbow, 1992; Naylor vd, 1990; Martin and Holdrich, 1986; Amiard vd.1987; Rainbow and White, 1989; Rainbow and White, 1990) known as indicator organisms, with environmental parameters are determined, most of them are experimental studies.

There are studies on pollution parameters at different time intervals in different rivers in the Eastern Black Sea region (Bakan ve Büyükgüngör, 2000; Boran ve Sivri, 2001; Altın vd., 2009; Bayram ve Önsoy, 2011; Gültekin vd., 2012; Satılmış ve Bayram, 2014; Nacar ve Satılmış, 2017; Bayram, 2017; Mutlu and Verep, 2018). However, there is no studies evaluating the relationship between Malacostraca and environmental parameters together.

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between some organic and inorganic parameters of Malacostraca species detected in the rivers of the Eastern Black Sea basin of Turkey.

2.1. Collection and Identification of Malacostraca Species

Malacostraca (Crustacea) individuals were seasonally sampled from 9 selected stations in the Eastern Black Sea region between 2019 and 2020. A hand net (D-frame net) with a size of 30x30 cm and a mesh size of 250 microns were used as the sampling tools for freshwater. Samples were fixed with 70% alcohol. Samples were purified from sludge using 63 micron-4 mm mesh size and water. Species were diagnosed under Leica brand stereomicroscope. For identification Karaman ve Pinkster (1977; 1987); Özbek (2003); Kırkım (1998) and Brandis et al (2000) sources were used.

2.2. Water Analyses

For the determination of physico-chemical parameters, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH parameters were seasonally measured in the field with the HQ 40 D brand water measuring device. Water samples were taken into 2-liter polypropylene water sample bottles for Nitrate (NO₃-N), Ammonia (NH₃-N), Phosphate (PO₄-P) analyses. Measurements were made with Hach brand water measurement kits (Nitriver-3, Phosper-3, nessler reagent).

For heavy metal analysis, EPA Methods taken into account during measurements: EPA 200.2 (Sample preparation procedure for spectrochemical determination of total recoverable elements) and EPA 6020 (Multi-elemental determination of analytes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, ICP-MS in environmental samples). Filtered 15 ml water samples acidified by adding 0.15ml suprapur HNO₃. Standard solutions supplied by Agilent were used for calibration curves. The analytical precision was within ± 10% error. For this process, services were purchased from the RTE University Central Research Laboratory and Sinop University Central Research Laboratory (SUBITAM).

2.3. Statistical Analyses

On the basis of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the macrobenthic fauna the mean number of species per 0.9 m² was calculated. Contribution of the main taxonomic groups to the structure of the community and prevalence of the dominant species was determined. Pearson Correlation Index (PCI) were used to determine the way and amount of relation between parameters. PRIMER 6 package program was used for this process. Canonical Correlation Analyses (CCA) was conducted to determine the correlation between water parameters and species, and the Conaco 5 package program was used. Sigma Plot 11 program was used to prepare the as a max-min table of environmental parameters. Geographical information system (QGIS) was used to map the stations.

3.1. Evaluation of Water Parameters

The location information of the stations sampled throughout the study is given in Table 1. The map of the stations made using the geographic information system is given in Figure 1.The basic statistics of the water quality are summarized in Figure 2, which show the range, standart deviation of each of the 14 parameters. In seasonal changes of water parameters, the maximum and minimum values of the temperature were measured 24.3 ° C (summer) - 4.7° C (winter). The temperature parameter, which affects the distribution of living things and various reactions in aquatic habitats, has changed in accordance with the seasonal temperatures in the rivers of the Eastern Black Sea basin. It reached the maximum concentration of dissolved oxygen with 12.8 mg/L in the winter season and the minimum value with 8.1 mg / L in the autumn season (Figure 2). Dissolved oxygen is the most important factor limiting or regulating living life. It is known that the amount of oxygen in water changes with water temperature, salt density, photosynthesis, flow rate, wind, etc. (Tanyolaç 2000; Kocataş 2006; Cirik and Cirik 2008) . In this study, the dissolved oxygen values were measured relatively high. It is thought that the high flow velocity due to the land structure of the basin led to this situation. The highest pH was measured 7.75 in the autumn season and the lowest pH was measured 5.14 in the autumn season (Figure 2). It has been noted that pH, is the balance factor for biological and chemical systems, can change with photosynthesis, respiration, soil structure and geology in rivers and should be between 6.5 and 8.5 in uncontaminated waters (Hem 1985; HDC 2003).The pH values measured in this study are relatively low. It is thought that this situation is caused by the mixing of wastewater with water, especially the precipitation and topographic features in the region. PO₄-P reached its maximum value in seasonal measurements with 0.88 mg / L in summer and its minimum value in autumn with 0.01 mg / L. PO₄-P is one of the parameters used by plants in aquatic environments, causing eutrophication, increasing according to domestic wastes, detergents and cleaning materials, agricultural resources, rocks and soil structure (Tanyolaç 2000; Cirik and Cirik 2008; Baltacı 2000). NH₃-N reached the lowest value with 0.01 mg / L in different stations in winter, spring and summer seasons, and reached the highest value with 0.95 mg / L in summer. NH₃-N is one of the most important parameters after dissolved oxygen. It is naturally present in all wastewater. NO₃-N was measured as a maximum of 4.1 mg / L in the spring season and a minimum of 0.07 mg / L in the winter season. NO₃-N, which is present in very small amounts in clean waters, increases with nitrogenous fertilizers, some minerals and especially organic pollution (Tanyolaç 2000; Baltacı 2000). In this study, NO₃-N was detected in low concentration when evaluated according to seasonal data (Figure 2).

In different studies (Kaçar 1991; Boran and Sivri 2001) in which the Eastern Black Sea basin rivers were evaluated in terms of water quality parameters. It was reported that nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers were used extensively, and the fertilizer residues from tea cultivation fields increased the nutrient concentration in the streams during rainy periods and especially in the spring season. In the studies conducted in the Eastern Black Sea streams, it was determined that the pollution level was low and the nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds increased as they approached the sea (Özdemir 1998; Boran and Sivri 2001). In this study, it was observed that NO₃-N values were higher in the spring season compared to other seasons in the sampling made from the stations where tea cultivation is intense. Mutlu and Verep (2018) made samples from the stations they chose between Artvin and Ordu in their study and determined that these points were mostly 1st class water according to the water quality criteria. In this study, it was determined that the pollution load was not very high in the measurements made from similar stations, and there were seasonal changes at certain points.

The seasons maximun and minimum values, standart deviation and the results of all parameteres according to the classification system (SWQMR) is shown in (Figure 2).When the stations were evaluated according to water quality classes, it was determined that the stations showed 1st class water characteristics in terms of temperature, dissolved oxygen, NO₃N parameters, but 2nd, 3rd and 4th class water characteristics in terms of PO₄-P and 2nd class water in terms of NH₃-N.

Although it does not have a specific biological task, the use of aluminum is limited only to acidic environments due to its toxicity (Poschenrieder e al 2008). In heavy metal measurements made from water samples, the highest and lowest Al concentrations were measured as 0.541 ppb in winter and 0.0023 ppb in summer (Figure 2). As a result of seasonal sampling at stations selected from the region, it has been determined that the Al concentration is quite low and it has 1st Class water quality characteristics according to SWQMR standards. Mn is one of the heavy metals required for living beings to survive in low concentrations (Kır et al 2017). Fırat Ersoy et al (2012) stated in their study that the Mn value was at a level that would cause pollution and they estimated that choosing the station from the lower elevation of the treatment plant revealed this situation. The highest Mn concentration was 63.62 ppb in autumn and the lowest Mn concentration was 0.3 ppb in spring (Figure 2). In this study, it was determined that the Mn concentration was low at all stations. Fe is a very important parameter because it acts as a catalyst for many chemical reactions in water and is present in the respiratory pigments of animals. It was reported that if the amount of iron oxide in water exceeds 5 ppm, it acts as a poison, but in the presence of calcium salts and organic compounds, it will act as a buffer and prevent the toxic effect (Tanyolaç 2004). According to Fırat Ersoy et al. (2012) examined some pollution parameters including heavy metals in water samples in the rivers of Trabzon province and measured the Fe concentration at a high value in Beşirli and Değirmendere locations. In the analyzes made from the rivers of the Eastern Black Sea basin, the highest and lowest Fe values were measured at 616.01 ppb in winter and 6.13 ppb in spring, respectively (Figure 2). When the stations were evaluated according to the water pollution regulation, it was observed that the Fe concentration periodically increased in 4 stations (S-1, S-2, S-4 and S-7). It is estimated that the presence of Fe mines and facilities in places along the basin affects the high concentration when evaluated The highest and lowest values of Cu concentrations were measured in 10.4 ppb spring and 1.1 ppb summer seasons, respectively (Figure 2). The most important sources of heavy metal pollution are the discharge of waste water from mining enterprises, municipal wastes and industrial activities to receiving environments (Parry and Pipe 2004). Although Cu plays a role in some metabolic activities in aquatic organisms. It creates toxic effects for living beings when it exceeds a certain limit (Fei and Tianxiang 2011).Yılmaz Bayrak 2016, determined the Cu concentration in the samples obtained from the Eastern Black Sea coasts. Fırat Ersoy et al.,(2012) emphasized that the Cu concentration of the streams in the city of Trabzon is close to each other in the stations, but they have a high value. Zn, one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust, mixes into the aquatic environment with the automotive industry and discharges are made during the galvanization of some metals such as steel (Kırmizigul 2013). Zn reached its highest and lowest concentrations as 64.54 ppb in winter and 2.3 ppb in spring (Figure 2). Cu and Zn concentrations were found to be low in this study conducted in the Eastern Black Sea basin rivers. When evaluated according to water quality classes, all stations showed 1st Class water feature in terms of Cu and Zn. Cd, which is one of the metals that spreads most in the environment, reached the highest and lowest values as 42.1 ppb in winter and 0.8 ppb in winter (Figure 2). Cr, which is generally used in fields such as metallurgy, electroplating, paint, paper raw materials, enters the waters through sewage wastes and fertilizers used in agriculture. The highest and lowest concentrations of chromium measured in this study were measured in the autumn period as 2.58 ppb and 0.16 ppb, respectively. When evaluated according to water quality classes, it has a very low concentration. Commonly found in stainless steel, coins, and electronic materials, nickel is transmitted to humans through air, water, and food. Ni concentrations reached the highest values with 6.4 ppb and the lowest values with 0.4 ppb in spring and autumn, respectively. The highest and lowest Pb concentrations were measured in autumn with 2.77 ppb and in summer with 0.4 ppb (Figure 2). In this study, it was determined that the selected sampling points showed 1st class water characteristics in terms of Cr, Ni and Pb.

Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) obtained reflect both spatial and temporal changes (Figure 3). Pearson’s correlation coefficient (p<0,05) for pairs of variables at all sampling sites. Considering the relationship between temperature and other parameters, which is one of the most important parameters of aquatic ecosystems; showed negative correlation with dissolved oxygen and PO₄-P. It has been observed that heavy metals have a strong relationship with each other in all seasons. Al showed a positive and significant relationship with Fe, Cd, Zn, Cu in all seasons (Figure 3).

3.2. Evaluation of Malacostraca Fauna

As a result of sampling and species identification, 4 Malacostraca species were obtained from fresh waters. During the study, sampling was carried out in rivers with drainage from different provinces to the Black Sea in order to reach different species and data that characterize the basin. In the benthic samples taken from Eastern Black Sea basin during the research, one species belonging to order Decapoda (Potamon ibericum), one to order Isopoda (Asellus aquaticus), and two species belonging to order Amphipoda (Gammarus komareki, Gammarus pulex pulex) were identified. As a result of seasonal sampling, a total of 356 individuals (0,9 m²) were obtained at the stations. During the study, G. pulex pulex species were detected in 6 stations, G. komareki species in 3 stations, A. aquaticus species in 3 stations and P. ibericum species in 3 stations. When the seasonal variations of the species in terms of individual numbers were compared, it was seen that G. pulex pulex species reached more individuals than other species during four seasons. The highest number of individuals was reached in the summer season, and the lowest number of individuals was reached in the winter season. According to dominancy index, G. pulex pulex is continuous (58%), G. komareki is common (36%) and G. balcanicus, A. aquaticus and P. ibericum are rare species (6%) for basin. Dominancy index values are given in Figure 4.

In the CCA dendogram used to determine the relationship between species and environmental parameters, 4 Malacostraca species and a total of 14 parameters were evaluated together. In these graphics made according to the seasons, G.komareki and G. pulex pulex showed a positive correlation with pollution parameters. In the light of these data, it is thought that these two species can tolerate more partial concentration increase in water parameters. A. aquaticus settled far from all parameters in summer and autumn periods. This suggests that the species prefers environments with less pollution. but in winter and spring periods A. aquaticus showed positive correlation with parameters such as Cr, Zn, PO₄-P, NO₃-N, NH₃-N, Ni. These different ecological demands between seasons have shown that A. aquaticus has a wide tolerance range. P.ibericum was not found in autumn and summer seasons. Therefore, it could not be evaluated together with the water parameters measured in these seasons. In winter and spring periods, P.ibericum showed a negative correlation with water parameters (Figure 5). In a previous study by Baytaşoğlu and Gözler (2016), P.ibericum species showed a negative correlation with pollution parameters. The findings in this study are similar to the literature.

In this study, 4 Malacostraca species were identified from the Eastern Black Sea Basin rivers. In addition to, the water quality data obtained from 9 different sampling points for seasonally in this region were analyzed by using multivariate statistical methods. In order to determine the ecological desires of these species and their relationships with pollution parameters, some analyses were made from water. Species were associated with nutrient and metal analyses from water samples. The results evaluated according to SWQMR. Although some parameters in the basin increase periodically, it has been determined that it generally shows clean water characteristics. When the stations selected in the basin are evaluated, it is seen that they are mostly outside the limits determined for clean water in the legislation in terms of pH, PO₄-P and NH₃-N parameters. It was observed that heavy metal concentrations were low in the stations, but Mn, Fe and Cd concentrations were very high periodically. As a result of evaluating the species and environmental parameters together, it has been determined that A. aquaticus can live in areas with both clean and polluted water characteristics, and P. ibericum is sensitive to pollution. It has been determined that G. komareki and G. pulex pulex species can tolerate light pollution.

Acknowledgement

Malacostraca individuals used in this study were collected within the scope of TUBITAK project (Project no: 119 Y 006). Thank you TUBITAK for the funding it provided. I would like to thank Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Academic Translation Office, Salih Kumru and Diana for helping to the article according to the English language rules.

The author has declared no conflict of interest.

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Table 1. Some information about the stations and the detected species

Station code	Stations Name	Province/Town	Coordinates
S-1	Stream Orci	Artvin/Arhavi	41.2730 N 41.3932 E
S-2	Stream Fırtına	Rize/Ardeşen	41.0944 N 41.0442 E
S-3	Stream Derepazarı	Rize/Derepazarı	41.0083 N 40.4419 E
S-4	Stream Altıntas	Trabzon/Maçka	40.7635 N 39.5998 E
S-5	Stream Cataklı-Bolumlu	Trabzon/Of	40.8292 N 40.2800 E
S-6	Stream Fol	Trabzon/Vakfıkebir	40.9708 N 39.2887 E
S-7	Stream Abdal	Giresun/Piraziz	40.9493 N 38.1084 E
S-8	Stream Aksu	Giresun/Bulancak	40.8886 N 38.1675 E
S-9	A tributary of Melet Stream	Ordu/Kabadüz	40.8739 N 37.8790 E

The table allows us to see the stations selected from the Eastern Black Sea basin, their codes, the province they are located in, the coordinates and the species list.

No competing interests reported.

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published 10 Apr, 2023

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Spatial and seasonal variations of organic and inorganic pollution parameters and relationship between Malacostraca fauna in the Eastern Black Sea rivers Short Title: The relationship of some Malacostracans with pollutants

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Abstract

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Highlights

1. Introduction

2. Materıal And Methods

2.1. Collection and Identification of Malacostraca Species

2.2. Water Analyses

2.3. Statistical Analyses

3. Result And Discussion

4. Conclusions

Declarations

Acknowledgement

References

Tables

Additional Declarations

Status:

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