Dietary Supplementation of Chromium and Yeast in Deccani Sheep: Effect on Nutrient Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and Plane of Nutrition

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2251355/v1

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Dietary Supplementation of Chromium and Yeast in Deccani Sheep: Effect on Nutrient Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and Plane of Nutrition

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2251355/v1

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The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of chromium (Cr) and yeast individually and in-combination on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and plane of nutrition in Deccani sheep. Thirty-six adult Deccani rams of 2-3 yrs of age with an average body weight of 27.68±1.08 kg were randomly divided into 6 groups consisting of 6 animals each in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets were as follows: 1. Control: Basal diet (BD) without any supplement, 2. 0.5 Cr: BD + 0.5 ppm Cr supplementation, 3. 1 Cr: BD + 1.0 ppm Cr supplementation, 4. Y: BD + Yeast supplementation (5×10⁹CFU/kg feed), 5. 0.5Cr+Y: BD+ 0.5 ppm Cr + Yeast supplementation (5×10⁹CFU/kg feed), and 6. 1Cr + Y: BD + 1.0 ppm Cr + Yeast supplementation (5×10⁹CFU/kg feed). A metabolism trial was carried out for 5 days after adapting the rams in cages for two days. During metabolic trial period, daily feed offered, feed residue left, fecal and urine output for 24 h were recorded. Body weight and feed intake were similar (P>0.05) among the six experimental groups.

The result suggested that Cr supplementation alone did not have significant effect on digestibility coefficient (%) of proximate and cell wall constituents, nitrogen balance and nutrient intake of adult sheep. Significantly (P<0.05 or <0.01) higher nutrient (Dry matter, Organic matter, Crude protein, Crude fibre and Cellulose) digestibility coefficients were observed in Y, 0.5Cr+Y and 1Cr+Y. Though there was no significant (P>0.05) effect was not observed in nitrogen balance and nutrient intake, but Y, 0.5Cr+Y and 1Cr+Y showed numerically higher nitrogen balance than control. It could be concluded that, individual Cr supplementation had no effect on nutrient intake and utilization. However, improvement in nutrient utilization and nutrient intake observed with supplementation of yeast with or without Cr in Deccani sheep.

Chromium

Digestibility

Nutrient utilization

Sheep

Chromium (Cr) is well researched as a functional micro-element for stress alleviation in livestock. It was first introduced as an essential microelement for normal glucose metabolism in rats by Schwarz and Mertz (1959). Trivalent chromium is an essential micronutrient required for normal metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and lipid. Chromium is biologically active as part of a biomolecule called chromodulin, which is part of an insulin-signaling pathway and appears to affect carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via the action of insulin. The ability to increase glucose tolerance could lead to more efficient use of glucose and ultimately improvement in growth and feed efficiency. However, the effect of chromium on rumen fermentation and nutrient utilization is comparatively a less explored area.

The widely used yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae offers a great potential for manipulation of rumen fermentation and reported to increase nutritional value of poor-quality forages. Yeast products generally contain viable cells at a concentration higher than 10 billion CFU/g. Yeast biomass is dried to preserve the cell viability and metabolic activity and in some cases the cells are mixed with a suitable fermentation medium (Chaucheyras- Durand et al., 2008). The proposed mode of actions of yeast are 1. supplementation of growth factors to rumen microbiota, 2. creating a favourable environment for anaerobic micro-organisms by oxygen scavenging ability and 3. nutritional competition with autonomus ruminal species for energy (Fonty and Chaucheyras-Durand, 2006). Yeast cells contain various vitamins, enzymes and some unidentified cofactors that may improve the microbial activity and growth rate in rumen (Dawson et al., 1990). Yeast culture improved feed intake (Ayad et al., 2013); feed conversion efficiency, growth rate (Lascano and Heinrichs, 2009) and nutrient digestibility (Wohlt et al., 1991) in cost effective manners (Hutjens, 2003). Positive effects observed by supplementation of yeast in the absorption of some minerals (Cole et al., 1992) and improves the metabolic heath of animals (Dolezal et al., 2011). The potential of using yeast is studied widely but still the results are variable and inconsistent. This can be attributed to the strain and viability of different yeasts products, nature of the diet and the management conditions of the animals (Chaucheyras-Durand et al., 2008). Based on the above pretexts on yeast and chromium, the present study is proposed on the hypothesis that the supplementation of yeast along with chromium may show better results because of the combined beneficial effects of yeast and Cr than yeast or Cr alone in ruminants. Therefore, an attempt was made to study the effect of dietary inclusion of chromium and yeast individually and in-combination on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and plane of nutrition in sheep.

Animals, diets, and experimental design

Thirty-six adult Deccani rams of 2-3 yrs of age with an average body weight of 27.68±1.08 kg available at Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad were randomly divided into 6 groups consisting of 6 animals each in a completely randomized design. Chromium propionate (4% Cr) and Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae @ 50 × 10⁹ CFU/g) were procured from Kemin Asia Pvt Ltd., Chennai. Tamilnadu. The experimental diets were as follows: 1. Control: Basal diet (BD) without any supplement, 2. 0.5 Cr: BD + 0.5 ppm Cr supplementation, 3. 1 Cr: BD + 1.0 ppm Cr supplementation, 4. Y: BD + Yeast supplementation (5×10⁹CFU/kg feed), 5. 0.5Cr+Y: BD+ 0.5 ppm Cr + Yeast supplementation (5×10⁹CFU/kg feed), and 6. 1Cr + Y: BD + 1.0 ppm Cr + Yeast supplementation (5×10⁹CFU/kg feed). Sorghum stover based complete diet (50R:50C) was formulated so as to meet the nutrient requirements of rams as per the recommendations of ICAR (2013) and NRC (2007) was followed for meeting the requirements of minerals and vitamins. The ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diet are represented in Table 1 and 2.

All the rams used in the experiment were housed individually in a separate pen with proper ventilation, lighting and fresh water supply. The rams were dewormed and are adapted to experimental feed gradually for 10 days before the start of actual experiment. The respective complete rations were offered two times a day i.e., at 9.30 A.M and 3.30 P.M in equal proportion throughout the preliminary period of 21 days.

Metabolic trial and sample collections

The rams were shifted to metabolism cages after 21 days of feeding experimental rations. Metabolism trial was carried out for 5 days after adapting the rams in cages for two days. During metabolic trial period, daily feed offered, feed residue left, fecal and urine output for 24 h were recorded. Total fecal output was collected from the fecal collection bags harnessed to the rams. The urine collection bottles were filled with 100 ml of 10% sulfuric acid daily to keep the pH below 3 and was kept at the bottom of metabolism cages. Ten percent of total fecal output was collected for DM estimation while 5% of total feces voided was collected for N₂ estimation daily from each ram separately. The fecal samples collected for N₂ estimation were kept in air tight polythene bags at -20ºC till the completion of analysis. For N₂ estimation 5% of urine was collected in glass bottles and stored in refrigerator for N₂ estimation. Another aliquot of 10% of urine voided was collected separately and diluted to 250ml with distilled water.

Analytical methods

Proximate analysis of feed, feces and N₂ content of urine were determined as described by AOAC (2012). The cell wall constituents NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose and hemicelluloses of feed and fecal samples were estimated as per the Van Soest et al. (1991) procedure.

Statistical analysis

The data obtained from the three phases were subjected to statistical analysis using software (SPSS, Version 16.0). One way analysis of variance through generalized linear model was used to analyze all the results. The treatment means were ranked using Duncan’s multiple range test with a significance at P<0.05 (Duncan, 1955). All the statistical procedures were done as per Snedecor and Cochran (1994).

Feed intake and nutrient digestibility

The body weight (kg) of Deccani rams before and after the metabolic trial, metabolic body weight (kg) along with average feed intake (g) are presented in Table 6. Final body weight (kg), metabolic body weight (kg) and feed intake (g) were similar (P>0.05) during the period of metabolic trial among six experimental diets.

The data on digestibility coefficients (%) of proximate and cell wall constituents of sorghum stover based complete diets supplemented with different chromium and yeast doses in Deccani rams is presented in Table 3. Statistical analysis has shown that the significantly (P<0.05) higher digestibility coefficient of DM, OM, CP and CF was reported in yeast and yeast plus Cr supplemented groups than control and individual Cr supplemented groups. Highest digestibility coefficients (%) values of DM (P<0.05), OM (P<0.01), CP (P<0.05) and CF (P<0.05) were observed in 1Cr+Y, Y, Y and 1Cr+Y, respectively. Though NDF, ADF and hemicellulose digestibility coefficients (%) were higher in yeast and Cr plus yeast supplemented rams than control and individual Cr supplemented groups but the differences were not significant (P>0.05) statistically. Significantly (P<0.05) higher values of cellulose digestibility coefficients (%) was noticed in yeast and 1Cr + Y supplemented rams whereas 0.5Cr + Y has shown comparable values with above two and 1Cr. The lowest data of cellulose digestibility was noticed in control and 0.5Cr supplemented group.

Nitrogen balance

The average nitrogen intake (g/d), fecal (g/d), urinary (g/d) and total nitrogen excretion (g/d) and retention of nitrogen (g/d) (g/kgW^0.75) (% of intake) (% of absorbed) in Deccani rams are given in Table 4. Nitrogen intake, outgo in urine and feces and nitrogen balance were similar (P>0.05) among different groups showing no significant variation among Cr and yeast supplemented groups.

Nutritive value

The results of nutritive value of sorghum stover based complete diets supplemented with Cr and yeast alone and in combination in Deccani rams are represented in Table 5. Statistical analysis revealed that, the highest (P<0.05) DCP % was observed in yeast supplemented group whereas lowest DCP values were observed in control. No significant difference was observed in TDN%, DE (Mcal/kg DM), ME (Mcal/kg DM) values among rams supplemented varying Cr and yeast concentrations.

Plane of nutrition

The data with regard to the effect of addition of Cr and yeast alone and in combinations in sorghum stover based complete diets of Deccani rams on nutrient intake (g/day) are shown in Table 6. Nonsignificant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the TDN, DE, CP and ME intake (g) per day among supplemented groups and control though an increasing trend was observed in Cr, yeast and Cr plus yeast supplemented group. The DM intake (g/d) in Deccani rams was higher than the ICAR (2013) requirement and highest value was observed in 1Cr+Y. The CP intake (g/d) was also similar to ICAR (2013) requirement. The TDN (g/d) and ME (Mcal/d) intakes were higher in all the groups than the requirements of ICAR (2013) for maintenance of 25kg BW adult sheep and highest intake was observed in animals fed 1Cr+Y group.

Feed intake and nutrient digestibility

No weight loss or depression in dry matter intake was observed in sheep belonging to various groups and the body weights and feed intake were comparable.

The digestibility coefficient (%) of proximate and cell wall constituents were unaffected by supplementation of Cr alone in comparison to control (Table 3). The results were in agreement with Kraidees et al. (2009), Rikhari et al. (2010) and Kumar et al. (2013) who also reported no significant variation on nutrient digestibility when supplemented with chromium (0.0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg) (0.0, 0.5 and 1mg/kg diet DM as Cr picolinate) and (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg DMI), respectively.

Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF) and cellulose digestibility coefficients (%) were significantly (P<0.05 or 0.01) higher with supplementation of yeast alone or along with 0.5 or 1.0 mg Cr/kg diet. Yeast supplementation increased the digestibility of DM, OM, CP, CF and cellulose and no further improvement was observed due to addition of Cr (0.5Cr+Y and 1Cr+Y). The digestibility coefficient values (%) of ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by yeast and yeast plus Cr supplemented rams. Though non- significant (P>0.05), a positive trend was observed in digestibility of hemicellulose in yeast and yeast plus Cr supplemented groups compared to control and only Cr supplemented groups. Yeast supplementation with or without Cr improved CF (P<0.05) and cellulose (P<0.01) digestibility. There was an improvement of 8.72%, 9.91% and 10.96% of digestibility of hemicellulose due to supplementation of Y, 0.5Cr+Y and 1Cr+Y, respectively than control.

The possible explanation can be the improvement in the number and activity of rumen microbes (Plata et al., 1994; Girard and Dawson, 1995; Callaway and Martin, 1997) or better colonization of rumen microbes on feed particles (Morgavi et al., 2000). The role of yeast on nutrient utilisation in case of ruminants was extensively studied previously and enhanced nutrient digestibility of nutrients was reported by Haddad and Goussous (2005), Nehra et al. (2009), Paryad and Rashidi, (2009), Soren et al. (2012), Harikrishna et al. (2012), Latif et al. (2014), Bhanderi et al. (2016) and Sheikh et al. (2017). However, Robinson and Erasmus (2009), Tripathi et al. (2008) reported no effect of yeast on nutrient utilisation in dairy cows and lambs, respectively. This can be attributed to the high CP content of the ration which could have been responsible for the lack of response of the yeast possibly because the CP may have acted as a systemic buffer as ammonia (Castillo et al., 2006b). Castillo et al. (2006a) did not observe the expected response of yeast supplementation in steers fed a high grain diet with a high CP level. When fed with high concentrates, ruminants have increased acid absorption from the rumen, and the additional ammonia produced from amino acid catabolism may enhance this systemic buffer effect to counteract the high acid loads (Swartz et al., 1994). Positive effects of yeast feeding in ruminants can be substantial in diets containing low levels of CP (Ando et al., 2004) and rations containing dietary CP below 125 g/kg DM have shown improvements in feed degradation and animal performance (Castillo et al., 2006b). In the present study, the dietary CP was around 10.64% and hence, could have resulted in higher nutrient utilization with yeast supplementation.

Nitrogen balance

All rams were on positive nitrogen balance although no effect of chromium was observed on fecal, urinary and total nitrogen excretion as well as on nitrogen balance in terms of (g/day), (g/kg/W ^0.75) and as (% of intake and absorbed) (Table 4). The present experiment results coincide with Bunting et al. (1994), Kitchalong et al. (1995), Kraidees et al. (2009), Kumar et al. (2013) who also did not observe any variation in nitrogen metabolism than nonsupplemented group. However, Britton et al. (1968) reported 37µg of Cr as CrCl₃ significantly (P<0.05) increased nitrogen retention in lambs. This variation can be attributed to the chemical form of Cr used (organic Cr i.e. Cr picolinate or Cr propionate or Cr yeast vs. inorganic CrCl₃), or differences in the chromium status of the experimental animals (Kraidees et al., 2009).

Supplementation of yeast alone or with Cr did not affect significantly (P>0.05) on fecal, urinary and total nitrogen excretion as well as on nitrogen balance in terms of (g/day), (g/kg/W ^0.75) and as (% of intake and absorbed). However, excretion of fecal nitrogen (g/d) was 19.18%, 19.18% and 13.15% lower in Y, 0.5Cr+Y and 1Cr+Y group than control, respectively. Similarly, Y, 0.5Cr+Y and 1Cr+Y exhibited 13.22%, 14.46% and 9.23% lower total nitrogen excretion (g/d) than control, respectively. Though significant effect was not noticed in the present study, but Y, 0.5Cr+Y and 1Cr+Y showed 17.81%, 19.28% and 15.90% higher nitrogen balance (% of intake) than control group, respectively. Higher nitrogen retention and balance can be attributed to higher utilization of ammonia nitrogen and /or due to synchronous availability of fermentable carbohydrates. Harikrishna et al. (2012), Sheikh et al. (2017) also found higher nitrogen balance in yeast supplemented Nellore rams and Corriedale lambs, respectively. However, Tripathi and Karim (2010) and Munoz et al. (2016) did not find any difference in nitrogen intake, nitrogen loss in feces and urine and nitrogen balance when supplemented with yeast in lambs and lactating cows, respectively.

Nutritive value

The total digestible nutrients (TDN %), digestible energy (DE Mcal/kg DM) and metabolizable energy (ME Mcal/kg DM) values were not significantly different in the chromium and yeast supplemented group than control (Table 5). Tripathi et al. (2008) also did not observe significant (P>0.05) variation in nutritive values of diet (ME MJ/kg DM) when supplemented yeast to lambs. In the present study, the DCP % was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Y and 0.5Cr+Y groups compared to control whereas no difference was observed in only chromium supplemented groups. 1Cr+Y group showed comparable DCP% to both combinations and control group. Mehboob et al. (2018), Sheikh et al. (2017) found significantly (P<0.05) higher DCP content in yeast supplemented group. The improvement in DCP % due to yeast supplementation might be due to higher fibre digestibility and microbial protein synthesis (Garg et al., 2009; Paryad and Rashidi, 2009). The chromium supplementation did not affect the DCP, TDN, DE and ME content of feed. Similar response was also noticed by Kraidees et al. (2009) in transport stressed lambs. The possible explanation could be the similar level of nutrient utilisation due to chromium supplementation.

Plane of nutrition

Chromium propionate supplementation at a dose rate of 0.5 and 1mg/kg did not affect the nutrient intake in the present study. The corroborative results noticed by Kumar et al. (2013) regarding intakes of DM, CP, DCP and TDN (kg/day) when supplemented @ 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg Cr/kg of DMI to buffalo calves. Rikhari et al. (2010) did not find any effect of supplementing Cr-picolinate on intakes of DM, TDN, and CP in growing calves. Yang et al. (1996) reported no change in feed intake in 0.5 mg Cr /kg DM fed cows during 16 weeks of lactation study. Sadri et al. (2008) also observed no change in nutrient intake with 0.8 mg Cr-methionine/kg W^0.75 dietary supplementation in periparturient cows. In contrast, Hayirli et al. (2001) reported that increasing Cr methionine supplementation from 0.03 to 0.12 mg/kg W^0.75during the periparturient period caused linear and quadratic increase in the pre and post-partum nutrient intake. Similarly, according to McNamara and Valdez (2005) there was an increased intake of DM in periparturient cows supplemented with 10 mg Cr propionate/head/day. Biswas et al. (2006) reported that supplementation of Cr increased TDN intake in an-oestrous dairy heifers. Increased nutrient intake in Cr supplemented animals was associated with reduced lipolysis, suggesting an increased glucose uptake by adipose tissue that would allow DMI to rise (NRC, 2001). Evans et al. (1992) showed increased amino acid and glucose uptake by skeletal muscles of rats incubated with Cr.

The nutrient intake i.e. dry matter intake (g/d), crude protein intake (g/d), total digestible nutrient (g/d), metabolizable energy (Mcal/d) were similar among the groups fed with yeast with or without chromium added to sorghum stover based complete diet (Table 6). Tripathi et al. (2008), Tripathi and Karim (2010), and Munoz et al. (2016) noticed no difference with regard to nutrient intake with yeast supplementation which are in line with the results of the present study. In contrast, Harikrishna et al. (2012) reported higher (P<0.01) intake of DCP and ME in rams supplemented with yeast.

In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Cr alone showed no effect on nutrient intake and utilization while dietary addition of yeast alone or in combination with Cr enhanced intake & digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance in Deccani sheep.

Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for providing fellowship (SRF) during the research period. I am also thankful to the University authorities for providing necessary facilities for carrying out the present work.

Author Contribution

All authors contributed equally in the successful conduction of the study and drafting the manuscript.

Data Availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on appropriate request.

Ethics Approval

The experimental protocols were done with the approval of Institute’s Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of PVNR Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, 500-030, Telangana, India.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Table 1 Ingredient composition of the experimental diets

Ingredients (%)	Control	0.5Cr	1Cr	Y	0.5Cr+Y	1Cr+Y
Sorghum stover	50.0	50.0	50.0	50.0	50.0	50.0
Maize	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0
Cotton seed cake	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6	11.6
De-oiled rice bran	27.0	27.0	27.0	27.0	27.0	27.0
Mineral mixture¹	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Calcite powder	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
Salt	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vitamin A (g/100kg)	2.15	2.15	2.15	2.15	2.15	2.15
Vitamin E (g/100kg)	32.7	32.7	32.7	32.7	32.7	32.7
Chromium (g/100kg)	---	1.25	2.5	---	1.25	2.5
Yeast (g/100kg)	---	10	---	10	10	10
Total	100*	100*	100*	100*	100*	100*

^{1Mineral mixture contained (per kg) : Calcium 220g, Phosphorus 100g, Magnesium 40g, Iron 6g, Zinc 2.2g, Copper 2g, Iodine 200mg, Cobalt 100mg, Vitamin B1 1300mg, Vitamin B6 130mg, Vitamin B12 3000mg, Vitamin A 750000IU, Vitamin D3 150000 IU and Vitamin E 975 IU.}

^{*Vitamin E 181.831 IU/kg diet and Vitamin A 1775.353 IU/kg diet was added to meet the requirement according to NRC (2007).}

^{*Chromium propionate was added @ 1.25 g per 100kg in 0.5Cr and 0.5Cr+Y, 2.5 g in 1Cr and 1Cr+Y diets.}

^{*Yeast was added @ 10g per 100kg in Y, 0.5Cr+Y and 1Cr+Y diets.}

Table 2 Chemical compositions of the experimental diets

Constituent (%)	Control	0.5Cr	1Cr	Y	0.5Cr+Y	1Cr+Y
Proximate constituent
Dry matter	93.82	93.75	93.35	93.76	93.19	93.45
Organic matter	90.86	91.47	89.88	90.38	89.43	89.12
Crude protein	10.63	10.67	10.71	10.73	10.53	10.58
Ether extract	2.89	3.08	2.84	3.05	2.86	2.87
Crude fibre	23.72	24.64	24.70	24.80	24.83	24.78
Nitrogen free extract	53.62	53.07	51.63	51.80	51.22	50.89
Total ash	9.14	8.53	10.12	9.62	10.57	10.88
Cell wall constituent
Neutral detergent fibre	54.68	54.71	54.14	54.14	54.09	54.76
Acid detergent fibre	34.59	34.54	34.54	34.92	34.93	35.73
Cellulose	27.36	28.19	27.84	27.67	27.44	28.36
Hemicellulose	20.09	20.17	19.60	19.22	19.17	19.04
Lignin	5.59	4.80	4.95	5.63	5.32	5.88

^{Each value is the average of duplicate analysis}

^{Control : No supplementation, 0.5Cr : 0.5ppm Cr, 1Cr : 1ppm Cr, Y : Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae @ 5×109CFU/kg), 0.5Cr + Y : 0.5ppm Cr and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae @ 5×109CFU/kg) , 1Cr + Y : 1ppm Cr and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae @ 5×109CFU/kg)}

Table 3 Effect of dietary supplementation of chromium and yeast in sorghum stover based complete diet on digestibility coefficient (%) of proximate and cell wall constituents in Deccani rams

Nutrient

Control

0.5Cr

1Cr

0.5Cr+Y

1Cr+Y

SEM

Proximate Constituent

Dry matter *

55.03^b

55.83^b

55.74^b

59.62^a

59.59^a

60.09^a

0.571

0.005

Organic matter **

59.35^b

60.09^b

59.40^b

63.79^a

63.45^a

63.49^a

0.486

0.001

Crude protein *

62.14^c

62.43^bc

63.35^bc

69.72^a

69.62^a

67.92^ab

0.909

0.009

Ether extract

71.02

72.62

71.50

71.13

72.75

71.31

0.928

0.992

Crude fibre *

52.69^b

52.70^b

54.74^ab

60.17^a

59.39^a

60.24^a

0.967

0.018

Nitrogen free extract

63.13

63.98

63.30

64.49

64.62

64.86

0.514

0.916

Cell wall Constituent

Neutral detergent fibre

54.00

54.23

54.01

58.24

57.82

58.57

0.659

0.058

Acid detergent fibre

48.09

47.87

46.34

51.56

50.57

51.55

0.846

0.361

Hemicellulose

64.67

64.93

67.24

70.31

71.08

71.76

1.187

0.335

Cellulose **

57.75^c

58.82^c

60.04^bc

66.94^a

65.70^ab

66.56^a

1.021

0.004

^{Each value is an average of five observations}

^{abcMeans with different superscripts in a row differ significantly: P≤0.05* ; P≤0.01**}

^{SEM : Standard Error Mean; P : Probability value; N : Number of observations}

Table 4 Effect of dietary supplementation of chromium and yeast in sorghum stover based complete diet on nitrogen balance in Deccani rams

Attribute

Control

0.5Cr

1Cr

0.5Cr+Y

1Cr+Y

SEM

Metabolic body weight

11.36

11.33

11.31

11.09

11.48

11.56

0.260

0.998

Nitrogen intake (g/d)

12.33

12.35

12.46

12.62

0.284

1.000

Nitrogen excretion (g/d)

Fecal

4.64

4.59

4.55

3.75

4.03

0.127

0.082

Urinary

2.62

2.37

2.30

2.55

2.46

2.55

0.182

0.997

Total

7.26

6.95

6.84

6.30

6.21

6.59

0.248

0.848

Nitrogen balance

g/d

5.07

5.39

5.62

6.02

6.14

6.04

0.227

0.743

g/kgW^0.75

0.45

0.48

0.50

0.54

0.53

0.52

0.168

0.606

% of intake

41.44

43.72

45.16

48.82

49.43

48.03

1.503

0.623

% of absorbed

67.00

70.31

71.26

69.40

70.72

70.82

1.938

0.993

^{Each value is an average of five observations}

Table 5 Effect of dietary supplementation of chromium and yeast in sorghum stover based complete diet on nutritive value of diets fed to Deccani rams

Attribute	Control	0.5Cr	1Cr	Y	0.5Cr+Y	1Cr+Y	N	SEM	P
Digestible crude protein (%)*	6.61^c	6.66^c	6.78^abc	7.48^a	7.33^ab	7.19^abc	5	0.095	0.012
Total digestible nutrients (%)	57.57	58.64	57.56	60.69	59.85	59.73	5	0.418	0.148
Digestible energy (Mcal/kgDM)	2.54	2.59	2.58	2.68	2.64	2.63	5	0.018	0.148
Metabolisable energy (Mcal/kgDM)*	2.08	2.12	2.08	2.19	2.16	2.16	5	0.015	0.148

^{Each value is an average of five observations}

^{abcMeans with different superscripts in a row differ significantly: P≤0.05*}

^{SEM : Standard Error Mean; P : Probability value; N : Number of observations.}

^{1kg TDN = 4.416 Mcal DE or 3.616 ME (NRC, 1978)}

Table 6 Feed intake and plane of nutrition of Deccani rams fed chromium and yeast supplemented sorghum stover based complete diets during metabolism trial

Attribute

Control

0.5Cr

1Cr

0.5Cr+Y

1Cr+Y

SEM

Initial BW(kg)

25.36

24.99

25.52

24.54

25.76

25.85

0.800

0.998

Final BW (kg)

26.03

26.05

25.48

24.99

26.16

26.56

0.768

0.996

Metabolic BW (kg)

11.36

11.33

11.31

11.09

11.48

11.56

0.260

0.998

Feed intake (g)

772.82

771.21

779.39

765.18

786.98

798.02

17.902

0.997

Plane of Nutrition

Body weight (kg)

25.70

25.52

25.50

24.77

26.98

25.49

0.781

0.990

Dry matter intake (g)

725.06

723.01

727.58

717.48

733.39

745.76

16.729

0.998

Crude protein intake (g)

77.08

77.16

77.89

77.00

77.23

78.90

1.775

1.000

Total digestible nutrients (g)

420.53

424.77

420.72

435.99

439.89

446.96

11.389

0.983

Metabolisable energy (Mcal)

1.52

1.53

1.52

1.57

1.59

1.61

0.041

0.983

^{Each value is the average of five observations}

^{SEM : Standard Error Mean; P : Probability value ; N : Number of observations.}

No competing interests reported.

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Dietary Supplementation of Chromium and Yeast in Deccani Sheep: Effect on Nutrient Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and Plane of Nutrition

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