Demographic characteristics
The following table shows the age groups of the studied sample, where the largest percentage was approximately 90% for the age group from 21 to 25 years, followed by the category from 26 to 28 years at 5%, and the group from 18 to 20 years was the least at 4%.
age categories
|
number of students
|
percentage %
|
18 to 20 years old
|
22
|
4.4
|
21 to 25 years old
|
452
|
90.4
|
From 26 to 28 years old
|
26
|
5.2
|
Total
|
500
|
100.0
|
The following table shows the percentage of males in the sample, which amounted to 63.2%, while the percentage of females was 36.8%.
sex
|
number of students
|
percentage %
|
Male
|
316
|
63.2
|
Female
|
184
|
36.8
|
Total
|
500
|
100.0
|
The following table shows the colleges in which students’ study, where the College of Medicine had the largest percentage, reaching 81%, followed by lower percentages, respectively: Business Administration 6.4%, Dentistry 5.6%, Informatics Engineering 4.2%, and finally Pharmacy by 2.8%.
University Colleges
|
number of students
|
percentage %
|
Medicine
|
405
|
81.0
|
Dentist
|
28
|
5.6
|
Computer and informatics engineering
|
21
|
4.2
|
Business administration
|
32
|
6.4
|
pharmacy
|
14
|
2.8
|
Total
|
500
|
100.0
|
The following table shows the class of students. The sixth year had the largest percentage, reaching 50.2%, followed by the fifth year with 24.6%, the fourth year with 17.8%, the first year with 2.8%, and the lowest percentage was for the second year with 1.6%.
Class
|
number of students
|
percentage %
|
First year
|
14
|
2.8
|
Second Year
|
8
|
1.6
|
Third Year
|
15
|
3.0
|
fourth year
|
89
|
17.8
|
fifth year
|
123
|
24.6
|
Sixth year
|
251
|
50.2
|
Total
|
500
|
100.0
|
Awareness and knowledge about contact lenses:
In this section, the questions asked in the questionnaire will be presented, which show how much students know about contact lenses
The following table shows the answers to a question: Can contact lenses be stored in sterile water?
At 72%, the answer was yes, while 19.5% did not know, and the answer was no, which was the lowest, at only 8.4%, and the percentages indicate a good awareness of how to deal with lenses.
Answers
|
number of students
|
percentage %
|
Yes
|
360
|
72.0
|
No
|
42
|
8.4
|
Don’t know
|
98
|
19.6
|
Total
|
500
|
100.0
|
The following table shows the answers to a question: Can contact lenses be cleaned with sterile water or tap water?
The largest percentage was 45.4% for the answer no, followed by 29% I don't know, while the lowest answer was yes at 25.6%, and in this question also a good awareness of the concept of lens cleanliness can be observed among the study sample.
Answers
|
number of students
|
percentage %
|
Yes
|
128
|
25.6
|
No
|
227
|
45.4
|
Don’t know
|
145
|
29.0
|
Total
|
500
|
100.0
|
The following table provides answers to the question: Is it safe to shower and swim while wearing contact lenses?
In 64%, the answer was no, while in 23.8% the answer was, I don't know, and only in 12.2% the answer was yes.
Answers
|
number of students
|
percentage %
|
Yes
|
61
|
12.2
|
No
|
320
|
64.0
|
Don’t know
|
119
|
23.8
|
Total
|
500
|
100.0
|
The following table shows the answers to a question: Is it safe to sleep while wearing contact lenses?
The answer was no, the largest, at 77.6%, while 15.2% of the students answered I don't know, and only 7.2% answered yes.
Answers
|
number of students
|
percentage %
|
Yes
|
36
|
7.2
|
No
|
388
|
77.6
|
Don’t know
|
76
|
15.2
|
Total
|
500
|
100.0
|
In the following, we present the relationships between several variables and the most important questions that were included in the questionnaire, using the (Chi-Square) independence test and then evaluating the difference between the answers when accepting the alternative hypothesis which states that the two variables are related at the significance level of 0.05.
|
Have you ever used contact lenses?
|
Total
|
P-value
|
Yes frequently
|
Yes, but I don't use it anymore
|
No
|
sex
|
male
|
8
|
28
|
280
|
316
|
0.000
|
2.50%
|
8.90%
|
88.60%
|
100.00%
|
female
|
32
|
68
|
84
|
184
|
17.40%
|
37.00%
|
45.70%
|
100.00%
|
|
Have you ever used contact lenses?
|
Total
|
P-value
|
Yes frequently
|
Yes, but I don't use it anymore
|
No
|
college
|
Medicine
|
25
|
70
|
310
|
405
|
0.000
|
6.20%
|
17.30%
|
76.50%
|
100.00%
|
Dentistry
|
2
|
10
|
16
|
28
|
7.10%
|
35.70%
|
57.10%
|
100.00%
|
Informatics engineering
|
4
|
3
|
14
|
21
|
19.00%
|
14.30%
|
66.70%
|
100.00%
|
Business administration
|
0
|
9
|
23
|
32
|
0.00%
|
28.10%
|
71.90%
|
100.00%
|
Pharmacy
|
9
|
4
|
1
|
14
|
64.30%
|
28.60%
|
7.10%
|
100.00%
|
|
Have you ever used contact lenses?
|
Total
|
P-value
|
Yes frequently
|
Yes, but I don't use it anymore
|
No
|
class
|
First year
|
0
|
5
|
9
|
14
|
0.000
|
0.00%
|
35.70%
|
64.30%
|
100.00%
|
Second year
|
0
|
3
|
5
|
8
|
0.00%
|
37.50%
|
62.50%
|
100.00%
|
Third year
|
7
|
3
|
5
|
15
|
46.70%
|
20.00%
|
33.30%
|
100.00%
|
Fourth year
|
5
|
23
|
61
|
89
|
5.60%
|
25.80%
|
68.50%
|
100.00%
|
Fifth year
|
9
|
32
|
82
|
123
|
7.30%
|
26.00%
|
66.70%
|
100.00%
|
Sixth year
|
19
|
30
|
202
|
251
|
7.60%
|
12.00%
|
80.50%
|
100.00%
|
The results of the previous table show that the significance of the test is less than 0.05, meaning that with 95% confidence there is a statistically significant relationship between the variables (gender, college, school year) and students’ previous use of contact lenses, as most of the students were non-users of lenses and they were males, where their percentage reached 88.6%, and for the college, the College of Human Medicine was the most frequently used or used lenses and has stopped currently, where their percentages are 6.2% and 17.3%, respectively, and according to the academic year, the largest percentage was for sixth-year students, 80.5%, where they answered no.
|
Can contact lenses be cleaned with sterile water or tap water?
|
Total
|
P-value
|
Yes
|
No
|
Don’t know
|
sex
|
male
|
77
|
130
|
109
|
316
|
0.02
|
24.40%
|
41.10%
|
34.50%
|
100.00%
|
female
|
51
|
97
|
36
|
184
|
27.70%
|
52.70%
|
19.60%
|
100.00%
|
|
Can contact lenses be cleaned with sterile water or tap water?
|
Total
|
P-value
|
Yes
|
No
|
Don’t know
|
class
|
First year
|
0
|
9
|
5
|
14
|
0.028
|
0.00%
|
64.30%
|
35.70%
|
100.00%
|
Second year
|
5
|
3
|
0
|
8
|
62.50%
|
37.50%
|
0.00%
|
100.00%
|
Third year
|
7
|
5
|
3
|
15
|
46.70%
|
33.30%
|
20.00%
|
100.00%
|
Fourth year
|
24
|
37
|
28
|
89
|
27.00%
|
41.60%
|
31.50%
|
100.00%
|
Fifth year
|
23
|
65
|
35
|
123
|
18.70%
|
52.80%
|
28.50%
|
100.00%
|
Sixth year
|
69
|
108
|
74
|
251
|
27.50%
|
43.00%
|
29.50%
|
100.00%
|
The results of the previous table show that the significance of the test is less than 0.05, meaning that with 95% confidence there is a statistically significant relationship between gender and school year and whether contact lenses can be cleaned with sterile water or tap water. Males answered no with a greater percentage than females, 41%, and 54 Approximately % of males and females answered, I do not know, and for the school year, the sixth year had the largest percentage of the answers, as they answered no, and their percentage reached 43%, and this is how you read the rest of the results.
|
Is it safe to shower and swim while wearing contact lenses?
|
Total
|
P-value
|
Yes
|
No
|
Don’t know
|
sex
|
male
|
47
|
172
|
97
|
316
|
0.000
|
14.90%
|
54.40%
|
30.70%
|
100.00%
|
female
|
14
|
148
|
22
|
184
|
7.60%
|
80.40%
|
12.00%
|
100.00%
|
|
Is it safe to shower and swim while wearing contact lenses?
|
Total
|
P-value
|
Yes
|
No
|
Don’t know
|
class
|
First year
|
57
|
253
|
95
|
405
|
0.013
|
14.10%
|
62.50%
|
23.50%
|
100.00%
|
Second year
|
2
|
23
|
3
|
28
|
7.10%
|
82.10%
|
10.70%
|
100.00%
|
Third year
|
2
|
11
|
8
|
21
|
9.50%
|
52.40%
|
38.10%
|
100.00%
|
Fourth year
|
0
|
20
|
12
|
32
|
0.00%
|
62.50%
|
37.50%
|
100.00%
|
Fifth year
|
0
|
13
|
1
|
14
|
0.00%
|
92.90%
|
7.10%
|
100.00%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The results of the previous table show that the significance of the test is less than 0.05, meaning that with 95% confidence there is a statistically significant relationship between gender, college and the question “Is it safe to shower and swim while wearing contact lenses?” Females answered “no” with a greater percentage compared to males, which reached 80.4%. For the college, most of the answers were from the College of Human Medicine and most of them answered no with a percentage of 62.5%, and this is how you read the rest of the results.
|
Is it safe to sleep while wearing contact lenses?
|
Total
|
P-value
|
Yes
|
No
|
Don’t know
|
sex
|
male
|
28
|
220
|
68
|
316
|
0.00
|
8.90%
|
69.60%
|
21.50%
|
100.00%
|
female
|
8
|
168
|
8
|
184
|
4.30%
|
91.30%
|
4.30%
|
100.00%
|
|
Is it safe to sleep while wearing contact lenses?
|
Total
|
P-value
|
Yes
|
No
|
Don’t know
|
class
|
First year
|
31
|
316
|
58
|
405
|
0.017
|
7.70%
|
78.00%
|
14.30%
|
100.00%
|
Second year
|
0
|
21
|
7
|
28
|
0.00%
|
75.00%
|
25.00%
|
100.00%
|
Third year
|
3
|
18
|
0
|
21
|
14.30%
|
85.70%
|
0.00%
|
100.00%
|
Fourth year
|
0
|
22
|
10
|
32
|
0.00%
|
68.80%
|
31.30%
|
100.00%
|
Fifth year
|
2
|
11
|
1
|
14
|
14.30%
|
78.60%
|
7.10%
|
100.00%
|
The results of the previous table show that the significance of the test is less than 0.05, meaning that with 95% confidence there is a statistically significant relationship between gender, college and the question of whether it is safe to sleep while wearing contact lenses. As for the college, the largest percentage was for the College of Informatics Engineering, where its students answered no with a rate of 85.7%, and this is how you read the rest of the results.
|
Can contact lenses be cleaned with sterile water or tap water?
|
Total
|
P-value
|
Yes
|
No
|
Don’t know
|
sex
|
male
|
77
|
130
|
109
|
316
|
0.02
|
24.40%
|
41.10%
|
34.50%
|
100.00%
|
female
|
51
|
97
|
36
|
184
|
27.70%
|
52.70%
|
19.60%
|
100.00%
|
|
Can contact lenses be cleaned with sterile water or tap water?
|
Total
|
P-value
|
Yes
|
No
|
Don’t know
|
class
class
|
First year
|
0
|
9
|
5
|
14
|
0.028
|
0.00%
|
64.30%
|
35.70%
|
100.00%
|
Second year
|
5
|
3
|
0
|
8
|
62.50%
|
37.50%
|
0.00%
|
100.00%
|
Third year
|
7
|
5
|
3
|
15
|
46.70%
|
33.30%
|
20.00%
|
100.00%
|
Fourth year
|
24
|
37
|
28
|
89
|
27.00%
|
41.60%
|
31.50%
|
100.00%
|
Fifth year
|
23
|
65
|
35
|
123
|
18.70%
|
52.80%
|
28.50%
|
100.00%
|
First year
|
69
|
108
|
74
|
251
|
27.50%
|
43.00%
|
29.50%
|
100.00%
|
The results of the previous table show that the significance of the test is less than 0.05, meaning that with 95% confidence there is a statistically significant relationship between gender and school year and whether contact lenses can be cleaned with sterile water or tap water. Males answered no with a greater percentage than females, 41%, and 54 Approximately % of males and females answered, I do not know, and for the school year, the sixth year had the largest percentage of the answers, as they answered no, and their percentage reached 43%, and this is how you read the rest of the results.