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Research article
Omid Mehrpour
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Corresponding Author
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background:
Tramadol poisoning is increasing around the world day by day. Tramadol is a synthetic opioid. Also, various treatments are applied for tramadol poisoning. Due to the unknown effects of tramadol poisoning and some of its treatments on blood glucose, this study was conducted to investigate the overdose of tramadol and its common treatments (naloxone, diazepam) and their combination on blood glucose in male rats.
Methods:
This study was conducted in 45 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into five groups of 9 rats. They received a 75 mg/kg dose of tramadol alone with naloxone, diazepam, and a combination of these two drugs. On the last day, animals' tail vein blood glucose levels (BGL) were measured using a glucometer at different times, including before the tramadol injection (baseline), one hour, three hours, and six hours after the tramadol injection. The rats were anesthetized and sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. Blood samples were then taken, and the serum obtained was used to verify the fasting glucose concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05 using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a generalized estimating equation (GEE).
Results:
According to the GEE model results, the diazepam and naloxone-diazepam groups showed blood glucose levels five units higher than the tramadol group (p <0.05). The diazepam group had significantly higher blood glucose levels than the naloxone group (p <0.05). The mean blood glucose levels before the intervention, three hours and six hours after the injection of tramadol did not differ between the groups, but the blood glucose levels one hour after the injection of tramadol in the group of naloxone were significantly lower than in the control group (p <0.05). Blood glucose levels did not differ between the groups 24 hours after injection of tramadol.
Conclusion:
The results of the present study showed that tramadol overdose does not affect blood glucose levels. Diazepam alone and in combination with naloxone caused an increase in blood glucose levels in the tramadol overdose.
Keywords
Tramadol, diazepam, naloxone, blood glucose, overdose
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CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
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Posted 12 Feb, 2021
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Received 16 Mar, 2021
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 16 Mar, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 14 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 03 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 26 Feb, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 15 Feb, 2021
Editor assigned
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On 10 Feb, 2021
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On 01 Feb, 2021
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Subject Areas
Endocrinology & Metabolism
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This preprint is under consideration at BMC Endocrine Disorders. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Omid Mehrpour
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Corresponding Author
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 1
Posted 12 Feb, 2021
No community comments so far
Review #2 received
Received 16 Mar, 2021
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 16 Mar, 2021
Review #1 received
Received 14 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 03 Mar, 2021
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 26 Feb, 2021
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 15 Feb, 2021
Editor assigned
On 10 Feb, 2021
Submission checks complete
On 10 Feb, 2021
Editor invited
On 01 Feb, 2021
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Endocrinology & Metabolism
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background:
Tramadol poisoning is increasing around the world day by day. Tramadol is a synthetic opioid. Also, various treatments are applied for tramadol poisoning. Due to the unknown effects of tramadol poisoning and some of its treatments on blood glucose, this study was conducted to investigate the overdose of tramadol and its common treatments (naloxone, diazepam) and their combination on blood glucose in male rats.
Methods:
This study was conducted in 45 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into five groups of 9 rats. They received a 75 mg/kg dose of tramadol alone with naloxone, diazepam, and a combination of these two drugs. On the last day, animals' tail vein blood glucose levels (BGL) were measured using a glucometer at different times, including before the tramadol injection (baseline), one hour, three hours, and six hours after the tramadol injection. The rats were anesthetized and sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. Blood samples were then taken, and the serum obtained was used to verify the fasting glucose concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05 using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a generalized estimating equation (GEE).
Results:
According to the GEE model results, the diazepam and naloxone-diazepam groups showed blood glucose levels five units higher than the tramadol group (p <0.05). The diazepam group had significantly higher blood glucose levels than the naloxone group (p <0.05). The mean blood glucose levels before the intervention, three hours and six hours after the injection of tramadol did not differ between the groups, but the blood glucose levels one hour after the injection of tramadol in the group of naloxone were significantly lower than in the control group (p <0.05). Blood glucose levels did not differ between the groups 24 hours after injection of tramadol.
Conclusion:
The results of the present study showed that tramadol overdose does not affect blood glucose levels. Diazepam alone and in combination with naloxone caused an increase in blood glucose levels in the tramadol overdose.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
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