Sustainability status analysis and strategy development for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) hatchery industry in Ciparay District, West Java, Indonesia

This study aimed to determine the sustainability status of the common carp hatchery operations in Ciparay, West Java, Indonesia, from ecological, economic, social, and technological aspects and formulate strategies to improve the sustainability status of the operation. Data used in this study were collected through questionnaires, observation, and literature review. The data were analyzed using Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries (RAPFISH) to determine the sustainability status. Furthermore, the result was used to formulate the development strategies using the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. Lastly, the prioritized strategy is chosen through Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) analysis. The study showed that the sustainability status of common carp hatchery businesses in Ciparay from ecological and economic aspects was classified as less sustainable, while the social and technological aspects were considered adequately sustainable. Eight alternative development strategies were formulated in this study. The top priority strategy to improve the sustainability status was establishing a farmer group association to centralize information exchange about cultivation and markets.


Introduction
Seed production (larviculture) in the hatchery stage is known to be the persistent bottleneck in aquaculture production (Hamre et al. 2013).This problem also occurred in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) production.Ramadhan and Sari (2018) stated that common carp (larvae tend to be more sensitive to changes in their environment compared to the other freshwater fishes grown for food, causing relatively low survival and affecting the decrement of total production yield during the operation process. Unpredictability in quantity and quality of common carp seed production will further affect the stages of common carp aquaculture, e.g., nursery, and grow out.As one of the provinces in Indonesia, West Java province has been well known as the most significant common carp producer in Indonesia, with an annual production of 204,467.38 tons in 2019 (accounted for 38.15% of overall common carp production in Indonesia) (Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Statistics Center 2021).
As the main area that produces common carp in Indonesia, West Java Province has specific sites for every stage of the common carp supply chain., including seed production (hatchery), fingerling production (nursery), and biomass production (grow-out).The locals call these sites "Common Carp Golden Triangle."The Common Carp Golden Triangle consists of Ciparay District as the central location for hatchery operations, Bojongsoang District for the nursery, and three cascade reservoirs, Saguling, Cirata, and Jatiluhur as an area for grow-out operations.
Even though the common carp production chain in West Java has been established for several decades, it still relies on the conventional culture system with an open outdoor earthen pond using surface water and a flow-through production system.These uncontrolled culture conditions and lack of water quality management lead to the deterioration of water quality and the emergence of diseases such as Koi Herpes Virus and Aeromonad syndrome that occur starting from the hatchery stage, including the production site at Ciparay District (Sunarto et al. 2005).Furthermore, all the issues contribute to the decrement of common carp production in West Java.Based on data provided by the Food Security and Fisheries Department of Bandung Regency Government, the number of common carp hatchery yields has declined by 14% in a span of 3 years (2016-2018) (Food Security and Fisheries Department of Bandung Regency Government 2019).This situation is presumed to result from a reduction in the number of common carp hatchery farmers due to inefficiency in production cost, water quality deterioration, and frequent occurrence of diseases (Wafi 2019).This could lead to Ciparay's carp hatchery sector going out of business if it is persistently ignored.
Over time, the aquaculture development paradigm continues to evolve.Starting from the conservation paradigm (biology) to the rationalization paradigm (economics), and now shifting to the community paradigm (Charles 1992).However, these three paradigms are equally important in the development of sustainable fisheries (Charles 1994).Valenti et al. 2011 stated that sustainable aquaculture is a cultivation system that costeffectively produces beneficial aquatic organisms while maintaining harmony and providing benefits to its surrounding/community and the ecosystem (Valenti et al. 2011).The complexity of sustainable aquaculture in the previous statement indicates that aquaculture sustainability can only be achieved through a multidimensional approach.Alder et al. (2000) claim that to attain sustainable aquaculture, a holistic approach that accommodates the related components such as ecological, economic, social, ethical, and technological aspects is necessary.

3
For this reason, a multidimensional sustainability status analysis needs to be conducted to know its sustainability status and to develop strategies for the future as well as to prevent the decline in the hatchery industry in Ciparay District, West Java.This study aims to analyze the status of sustainability and establish development strategies for carp hatcheries in Ciparay District.

Study area
Ciparay District is located in Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia (Fig. 1.).As of the 2019 data, the population was 174,375 people.Ciparay District is bordered on the north by Solokanjeruk and Bojongsoang Districts, on the east by Majalaya District, on the south by Pacet and Arjasari Districts, and the west by Baleendah Districts.Ciparay District has an area of 14,000 km 2 and consists of 14 villages (Ciparay District Government 2021).The average monthly rainfall in the Ciparay district ranges between 58.3 and 272 mm with the annual average temperature ranging from 21 to 29 °C (Weather Spark 2021).
Based on data provided by the Food Security and Fisheries Department of Bandung Regency Government (2019), Ciparay District produced 146,539,650 common carp fingerlings in 2018, sharing 27.09% of the regency's production.The hatcheries in Ciparay District were concentrated in several villages namely Sagaracipta Village, Pakutandang Village, Ciheulang Village, and Cikoneng Village (Fig. 1).The hatchery's operation still relies on conventional outdoor earthen ponds using surface water as the primary water source for operation with no water treatment or disease prevention and treatment (lack of control of water quality and diseases).

Research design and data collection
This research was conducted using a survey method.The survey method is conducted by collecting information from samples through questionnaires or interviews which then produces an overview of various aspects of the studied population (Fraenkel and Wallen. 2003).To provide adequate information about the whole population, saturated sampling was used in this study.Saturated sampling or census is a sampling technique that involves all members of the population (Sugiyono 2005).The population of hatchery operators in the Ciparay District is 28 operators.
The data was divided into two categories, namely primary data and secondary data.The primary data consisted of the hatcheries' business profile, predetermined attributes scoring consisting of ecological, economic, social, and technological dimensions and field documentation obtained directly from the respondents.The secondary data consisted of the Ciparay general profile from the Ciparay District government, data on the common carp hatchery population in Ciparay from the Food Security and Fisheries Department of Bandung Regency Government, and common carp cultivation standard operational procedure from Fish Hatchery Technical Implementing Service Unit of Bandung Regency.

Data analysis techniques
The collected data were further analyzed with Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries (RAP-FISH) analysis.The analysis result was then used in the strategy development using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM).

RAPFISH analysis
The sustainability status in this research was determined through RAPFISH.RAPFISH analysis used the ordinance technique-a statistical technique in which sustainability indexes are represented as points in a two-dimensional coordinate frame that simulate the best (good) and the worst (bad) fisheries based on the scoring that has been previously determined in the MDS (multi-dimensional scaling) method (Pitcher 1999).The following are the stages of the RAPFISH analysis carried out in this study: (1) Filling out the attributes score on ecological dimension (Table 1), economic dimension (Table 2), social dimension (Table 3), and technological dimension (Table 4) using predetermined bad to good scores parameters.The attributes used for the scoring are based on the literature study.
(2) Afterward, the scores obtained were analyzed using the Rap-multidimensional software for Microsoft Excel to generate the sustainability index.The sustainability index ranged from 0 to 100% and was categorized into four groups to determine the level of sustainability of the studied fishery (Susilo 2003) (Table 5).
(3) Leverage analysis.Leverage analysis is a sensitivity analysis that determines attributes that are sensitive to changes and can affect the level of sustainability.The most sensitive attribute is indicated by the highest root mean square (RMS) value (Pitcher & Preikshot 2001).( 4) Monte Carlo analysis.Monte Carlo analysis was done to examine the effect of attribute scoring errors caused by an imperfect understanding of the research location's conditions or a misunderstanding of attributes and scoring (Kavanagh and Pitcher 2004).

SWOT analysis
SWOT analysis is one of the methods used to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, which are mostly used in business speculation.Using SWOT analysis as a strategic instrument can estimate the best way to determine a strategy (Fatimah 2020).According to Baadila et al. (2015), internal factor evaluation (IFE), external factor evaluation (EFE), and internal-external (IE) matrixes must be formed to make the SWOT analysis.The EFE matrix is a set of external factors consisting of opportunities and threats.The steps in making the EFE matrix include identifying the opportunity and threat factors that affect the company and its industry, determining the weight of each factor from 0.0 (not important) to 1.0 (very important) based on the leverage analysis result that has been carried out in the RAPFISH analysis, and determining the rating of each critical success factor between 1 (poor response) and 4 (excellent response).The IFE matrix is used to determine the company's internal factors related to the strengths and weaknesses that are considered important.The IFE matrix is formed the same way as the EFE matrix but with strengths and weaknesses.The combination of the IFE and EFE matrices produced an external-internal (IE) matrix containing nine types of cells showing the combined total weighted values of the IFE and EFE matrices.The purpose of using this matrix is to obtain a more detailed business strategy (Rangkuti 2006).After analyzing the IFE and EFE matrix, various combinations were carried out using the SWOT matrix.This matrix is a crucial matching tool to assist the development of 4 types of strategies, the SO (strengths-opportunities) strategy, or using the strengths possessed to take advantage of opportunities, the WO (weaknesses-opportunities) strategy, or minimizing weaknesses as optimally as possible to exploit opportunities, ST strategy (strength-threats) or utilizing strengths to reduce threats, and WT (weaknessesthreats) strategies or utilizing strengths to reduce threats (Rangkuti 2006).

Quantitative strategic planning matrix
After formulating several strategies, the prioritized strategy was selected using Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM).QSPM is a technique used to determine alternative strategies that are prioritized objectively based on previously identified external and internal factors (David 2009).The goal of QSPM is to identify the strategies' relative attractiveness under consideration so that the optimum plan can be implemented (Umar 2003).
QSPM consists of several rows and columns.The very first column is the key factors influencing strategy assessment, consisting of external factors and internal factors obtained directly from IFE and EFE matrixes.The second column is filled with the weight for each factor in the first column also obtained from IFE and EFE matrices.The next column is filled with alternative strategies which are divided into AS (Attractiveness Score) column which contains the assessment of each strategy and the TAS (Total Attractiveness Score) which contains the assessment of each strategy multiplied by the weight of the assessment.At the bottom row, there is a total row that is filled with the sum of TAS for each strategy.The strategy chosen is the strategy that has the highest TAS.

Ecological dimension
The results showed that each attribute in the ecological dimension namely inorganic inputs, water availability, land conversion, waste treatment, and good hatchery practices certification, altogether affected the level of sustainability of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay from an ecological perspective.The ecological dimension sustainability index value was 48.84 (Fig. 2), categorized as less sustainable (Pitcher 1999).The results of the RAPFISH analysis on the ecological dimension showed a stress value of 15% which is smaller than 25% or 0.25.Meanwhile, the R 2 value obtained was 0.94, close to 1.These two values indicate that the model represents the data well (Pitcher and Preikshot 2001).
Based on the results of the leverage analysis on the ecological dimension, the two main attributes that had the highest RMS of 4.68 and 2.83 were the attributes of land conversion and water availability, respectively (Fig. 3).The high RMS value indicates that land conversion and water availability significantly influence the ecological sustainability of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay.Land conversion is essential to the ecological sustainability of the common carp hatchery industry due to the impact of land conversion which, if not controlled, can disrupt the resilience of the environmental carrying capacity such as erosion, vegetation decline, and sedimentation (Lestari & Dharmawan 2011).Water availability is also vital because common carp culture constantly requires good

Attributes
Fig. 3 Results of the leverage analysis on ecological dimension quality and quantity of water for cultivation (Amri and Khairuman 2002).To increase the ecological sustainability value of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay, a strategy that can increase or maintain the value of these two attributes is highly recommended.The average result of the Monte Carlo analysis (with a 95% confidence level) showed a sustainability index of 48.53 (Fig. 4).When compared with the result of the MDS, which was 48.84, there is a difference of 0.31 or smaller than 1.This shows that the effect of attribute scoring errors caused by an imperfect understanding of the research location conditions or a misunderstanding of attributes or scoring that occurred has a fair value (Kavanagh and Pitcher 2004).

Economic dimension
The results showed that each attribute in the economic dimension namely distribution channel, broodstock price, feed price, land ownership, productivity, price information availability, demand stability, government subsidy, and average income compared to Bandung's minimum wage, altogether affected the level of sustainability of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay from an economic perspective.The economic dimension sustainability index value was 48.47 (Fig. 5), categorized as less sustainable (Pitcher 1999).
The results of the RAPFISH analysis on the economic dimension showed a stress value of 14% which is smaller than 0.25.Meanwhile, the R 2 value obtained was 0.95, close to 1.These two values indicate that the model represents the data well (Pitcher & Preikshot 2001).
Based on the results of the leverage analysis on the economic dimension, the two main attributes that had the highest RMS value of 3.1325 and 2.8255 were the attributes of broodstock price and distribution channel, respectively (Fig. 6).The high RMS value indicates that broodstock price and distribution channel significantly influence the economic sustainability of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay.Broodstock price is essential to the hatchery's economic sustainability because it is one of the most expensive components in common carp hatchery cost structure while also being the essential component of the hatchery cultivation process.A distribution channel is also essential because most

Fisheries Sustainability
of the sales in the hatchery industry in Ciparay were still done through third parties and it can cause dependency in the industry.To increase the economic sustainability value of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay, a strategy that can increase or maintain the value of these two attributes is highly recommended.The average result of the Monte Carlo analysis (with a 95% confidence level) showed a sustainability index of 48.36 (Fig. 7).When compared with the result of the MDS, which was 48.47, there is a difference of 0.11 or smaller than 1.This shows that the effect of

Attributes
Fig. 6 Results of the leverage analysis on economic dimension attribute scoring errors caused by an imperfect understanding of the research location conditions or a misunderstanding of attributes or scoring that occurred has a fair value (Kavanagh and Pitcher 2004).

Social dimension
The results showed that each attribute in the social dimension namely community familiarity, working time, the frequency of conflict, training for workers, and information channel, altogether affected the level of sustainability of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay from a social perspective.The social dimension sustainability index value was 61.76 (Fig. 8), categorized as adequately sustainable (Pitcher 1999).
The results of the RAPFISH analysis on the social dimension showed a stress value of 14% which is smaller than 0,25.Meanwhile, the R 2 value obtained was 0.94, close to 1.These two values indicate that the model represents the data well (Pitcher and Preikshot 2001).
Based on the results of the leverage analysis on the social dimension, the two main attributes that had the highest RMS value of 6.18 and 5.73 were the attributes of training for workers and information channels, respectively (Fig. 9).The high RMS value indicates that training for workers and information channels have a major influence on the social sustainability of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay.Training for workers attribute is vital to the hatchery's social sustainability because according to Sinambela (2016), not only can increase their knowledge, but training for workers can also improve their skills so that their productivity can also increase.Improving employees' work skills will lead to employee welfare improvement.Information channel is also essential because it is advantageous for making business decisions (Khoshnodifar et al. 2016).To increase the social sustainability value of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay, a strategy that can increase or maintain the value of these two attributes is highly recommended.
The average result of the Monte Carlo analysis (with a 95% confidence level) showed a sustainability index of 62.43 (Fig. 10).When compared with the result of the MDS, which was 61.76, there is a difference of 0.67 or smaller than 1.This shows that the effect of attribute scoring errors caused by an imperfect understanding of the research location conditions or a misunderstanding of attributes or scoring that occurred has a fair value (Kavanagh and Pitcher 2004).

Technological dimension
The results showed that each attribute in the technological dimension namely electricity and telecommunication network access, cultivation technique, pond preparation, spawning process, larvae rearing process, harvesting process, water quality management, and pest and disease management, altogether affected the level of sustainability of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay from a technological perspective.The technological dimension sustainability index value was 62.24 (Fig. 11), categorized as adequately sustainable (Pitcher 1999).

Real Fisheries References Anchors
The results of the RAPFISH analysis on the technological dimension showed a stress value of 14% which is smaller than 0.25.Meanwhile, the R 2 value obtained was 0.94, close to 1.These two values indicate that the model represents the data well (Pitcher & Preikshot 2001).
Based on the results of the leverage analysis on the technological dimension, the two main attributes that had the highest RMS value 4.66 and 4.49 were the attributes of the pond preparation and harvesting process, respectively (Fig. 12).The high RMS value indicates that the pond preparation and harvesting process have a major influence on the technological sustainability of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay.Pond preparation is vital to the hatchery's technological sustainability because pond condition is a major factor determining the water quality throughout the whole rearing process (Cahyono 2000).The harvesting process is also essential because harvesting is the final stage of the fish hatchery process, so the accuracy of the harvesting technique will determine the total net yield gained after loss reduction.To increase the technological sustainability value of the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay, a strategy that can increase or maintain the value of these two attributes is highly recommended.
The average result of the Monte Carlo analysis (with a 95% confidence level) showed a sustainability index of 61.05 (Fig. 13).When compared with the result of the MDS, which was 62.24, there is a difference of 1.19.This represents the effect of attribute scoring errors caused by an imperfect understanding of the research location conditions or a misunderstanding of attributes or scoring that occurred (Kavanagh and Pitcher 2004).The Monte-Carlo value of the technological dimension was greater than 1, which may be due to the lack of variety of the cultivation technique used by the farmers in Ciparay and it caused the data to be not too varied.

Overall sustainability status
After determining the sustainability index of the ecological, economic, social, and technological dimensions using RAPFISH analysis, the index is then mapped using a radar chart to compare the sustainability of the four dimensions (Fig. 14).
Based on the radar chart, the sustainability status tends to be higher in technological and social dimensions, and lower in the ecological and economic dimensions.This was in line with the observations that have been done.Most farmers left the common carp hatchery industry because the weather and water conditions got harder to predict over time and the increasing price of the inputs made it harder for them to earn a profit.
The results of the overall RAPFISH Ordination (Fig. 15) showed that the carp hatchery business in Ciparay District has a sustainability index of 57.48 or is adequately sustainable.

Development strategies formulation
The formulation of the development strategies began with creating IFE and EFE matrixes by making a list of internal and external factors from the previously used attributes in the RAPFISH analysis and scoring them based on the RMS change in the leverage analysis.The sum of IFE and EFE matrix scores were 2.374 and 2.431 respectively.These scores were used to determine the industry's IE (internal-external) matrix position.
Based on the IE matrix, the common carp hatchery industry in Ciparay District was positioned on cell V (Fig. 16).Cell V in the IE matrix is called the hold and maintain strategy.The strategies that are usually applied to this cell are market penetration and product development strategies (Baadila et al. 2015).According to Rangkuti (2006)  Increase the sale value by giving additional feed to the fishes and make use of the remaining working time positioned in cell V are encouraged to expand their marketing and develop their production processes and technology through internal or external development.
After determining the business position through the IE matrix, the development strategies can be formulated using a SWOT matrix.The strategies formed consist of 2 strengthopportunity (S-O) strategies, 2 weakness-opportunity (W-O) strategies, 3 strength-threat (S-T) strategies, and 1 weakness-threat (W-T) strategy (Table 6).
All alternative strategies that have been formulated are then assessed using QSPM analysis.The results of the QSPM analysis will show which strategies should be prioritized based on the weighting and Attractiveness Score of each strategy against predetermined internal and external factors (Table 7).
Based on the QSPM analysis result (Table 7), the first prioritized strategy with a total attractiveness score (TAS) of 7.237 is the WT strategy, the second prioritized strategy with a total attractiveness score (TAS) of 6.470 is the ST2 strategy, and third prioritized with a total attractiveness score (TAS) of 6.271 is the ST1 strategy.

Development strategies implementation
This research has formulated eight alternative strategies to achieve sustainable development in Ciparay's common carp hatchery industry.These strategies are expected to be implemented to improve the sustainability of the carp hatchery business in the Ciparay District from less sustainable and moderately sustainable to highly sustainable.According to Andrews (1971), strategy is a pattern, policy, and plan that is used to achieve a goal, which in this case is to level up the sustainability status.Hence, an implementation plan is necessary to carry out the development strategy to achieve the desired goals.
The implementation plan is derived from the alternative strategies that have been made and arranged based on the results of the QSPM analysis and the estimated implementation period.The implementation plan is divided into three phases: improvement, development, and establishment (Table 8).

Conclusion
The carp hatchery business in Ciparay District is categorized as less sustainable in the ecological and economic aspects with a sustainability index of 48.84 and 48.47, respectively, while the social and technological dimensions are categorized as moderately sustainable with a sustainability index, of 61.76 and 62.24 respectively.
Eight alternative development strategies were formulated to improve the sustainability status: (1) Create a farmer's group association to expand the information channel, (2) establish a partnership with other farmer groups to sell the product, (3) build a water filtering system, (4) increase the activity of farmer's group and do a collective certification and training program, (5) build a cooperative breeding system to lower the broodstock price, (6) Increase market by utilizing good relationship with the community, (7) Increase the sale value by giving additional feed to the fishes, and (8) create a wastewater treatment plant.

Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Results of the RAPFISH ordination on ecological dimension

Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Results of the Monte-Carlo analysis on ecological dimension

Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Results of the RAPFISH ordination on economic dimension

Fig
Fig. 7 Results of the Monte-Carlo analysis on economic dimension

Fig. 8 Fig. 9
Fig. 8 Results of the RAPFISH ordination on social dimension

Fig
Fig. 10 Results of the Monte-Carlo analysis on social dimension

FigFig. 14
Fig. 13 Results of the Monte-Carlo analysis on the technological dimension

Table 1
Attributes and criteria for ecological dimension

Mean Square Change in Ordination when Selected Attribute Removed (on Sustainability scale 0 to 100) Attributes Fig
. 12 Results of the leverage analysis on technological dimension , companies