For this study, a total of 19,914 adults aged 20 years and above were included in the analyses (men: n=10,001 and women: n=9,913), with a mean of age of 45.7 yrs. old.
Mean AHEI-2010 score in the studied Philippines adults population was 19.7 for women and 18.9 for men out of a total possible score of 100 (Table 1). This suggested an overall poor quality of diet in the general population. A mean score of 28.2 even in the highest tertile of AHEI-2010 (Table 3) could barely be considered a healthy eating group of subjects. Such lack of variation in the data limited the potential of this hypothesis-based healthy dietary pattern score to differentiate various subgroups of the population. Correspondingly, most of the demographic characteristics of the study participants did not differ significantly across the three tertiles of AHEI-2010 (Table 3). On the other hand, greater differences were observed across the tertile distribution of the three PCA-derived dietary patterns (Table 3). Respondents consuming a MSB pattern (highest tertile) are more likely to be younger, urban residents, from the rich and richest wealth quintiles, non-smoker, and currently drinking alcohol. The highest tertile of RF pattern are more likely to be younger, males, urban residents, from the rich and richest wealth quintiles, currently smoking and drinking alcohol. Subjects in the highest tertile of the FVS patterns are more likely to be from the richest wealth quintile and less likely to be currently smoking or drinking.
The prevalence of abnormalities in selected cardiometabolic NCD risk factors did not differ significantly across the tertiles of AHEI-2010 score for most measures. In comparison, the highest tertile of MSB pattern was associated with lower prevalence of chronic energy deficiency, hypertension and low HDL-cholesterol, and higher prevalence of overweight, obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, high LDL-cholesterol, and high triglycerides. The RF pattern was associated with lower prevalence of chronic energy deficiency, hypertension and high LDL-cholesterol, and higher prevalence of overweight, obesity, and high triglycerides. The FVS pattern was associated with lower prevalence of diabetes (Table 3).
The intake of energy, total fat and sodium in lowest tertile of AHEI pattern were higher than the intake in the highest tertile, while magnesium, potassium and vitamin C intakes were higher in the highest tertile than the intake in lowest tertile (Table 4). The highest tertile of MSB pattern was associated with higher intakes of energy, total fat, saturated fat (SFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA), polyunsaturated fat (PUFA), protein, sugar, iron and sodium, and a lower average score of AHEI-2010. The intakes of energy, iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, and niacin were higher in the highest tertile of the RF pattern than the lowest tertile. For the FVS pattern, the intakes of energy, calcium, fiber, folate, magnesium and potassium were higher than the intakes in the lowest tertile (Table 4).
Logistic regression analyses results of selected cardiometabolic NCD risk factors across tertiles of the 4 dietary patterns are provided in Table 5. After adjustment for various potential confounding factors, the AHEI pattern was associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity [odds ratio for extreme tertile comparison: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.21]. The MSB pattern was associated with higher odds of overweight/obesity [1.3, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.47], diabetes [1.20, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.36], high total cholesterol [1.4, 95% CI: 1.29, 1.62], low HDL-cholesterol [1.7, 95% CI: 1.41, 2.10], high LDL-cholesterol [1.30, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.43], and high/very high triglycerides [1.30, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.43]. The RF pattern was associated with higher probability of overweight/obesity [1.20, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.32], high LDL-cholesterol [1.20, 95% CI:1.07, 1.37], and less likelihood of diabetes [0.87, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.98]. The FVS pattern was associated with lower probability of overweight/obesity [0.85, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.92], diabetes [0.88, 95% CI: 0.80, 0.97], high triglycerides [0.90, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.00], and hypertension [0.88, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.96].
Table 3. Demographic and health characteristics by tertile of the four dietary patternsa.
AHEI-2010
|
MSB
|
RF
|
FVS
|
Subject characteristics
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
Age (y)
|
44.2 ± 0.20
|
46.5 ± 0.20
|
46.6 ± 0.19
|
48.7 ± 0.19
|
47.1 ± 0.20
|
41.5 ± 0.18
|
49.0 ± 0.21
|
45.8 ± 0.19
|
42.5 ± 0.18
|
44.5 ± 0.19
|
46.5 ± 0.19
|
46.4 ± 0.19
|
Gender (%)
|
Male
|
53.2
|
50.4
|
47.1
|
53.7
|
44.7
|
52.2
|
36.6
|
47.5
|
66.6
|
52.9
|
48.7
|
49.1
|
Female
|
46.8
|
49.6
|
52.9
|
46.3
|
55.3
|
47.8
|
63.4
|
52.5
|
33.4
|
47.1
|
51.3
|
50.9
|
Residence (%)
|
Rural
|
54.2
|
57.9
|
52.4
|
72
|
53.3
|
39.3
|
58.2
|
54.7
|
51.6
|
53.7
|
55.7
|
55.1
|
Urban
|
45.8
|
42.1
|
47.6
|
28
|
46.7
|
60.7
|
41.8
|
45.3
|
48.4
|
46.3
|
44.3
|
44.9
|
Wealth status (%)
|
Poorest
|
19.2
|
21.3
|
21.3
|
19.8
|
21.9
|
20
|
18.6
|
21.5
|
21.6
|
21.3
|
21
|
19.4
|
Poor
|
20.8
|
22.1
|
20.5
|
26.7
|
21.7
|
15
|
22.4
|
21.2
|
19.8
|
22
|
22.4
|
19
|
Middle
|
20.9
|
21.8
|
17.8
|
33.7
|
18.1
|
8.7
|
24.6
|
18.7
|
17.2
|
21.1
|
19.7
|
19.8
|
Rich
|
18.6
|
18.5
|
20.9
|
12
|
21
|
25
|
17.3
|
19.4
|
21.4
|
18.7
|
19.5
|
19.8
|
Richest
|
20.5
|
16.4
|
19.5
|
7.8
|
17.3
|
31.3
|
17.1
|
19.2
|
20
|
16.9
|
17.4
|
22
|
Currently smoking (%)
|
28.7
|
27.6
|
24.7
|
30.1
|
24.1
|
26.7
|
23.7
|
24.7
|
32.6
|
29.1
|
26.7
|
25.1
|
Currently drinking (%)
|
50.2
|
48.6
|
48.5
|
46.7
|
45.4
|
55.2
|
40.9
|
47.1
|
59.3
|
53
|
46.5
|
47.8
|
BMI status (%)
|
CED
|
12.3
|
12.8
|
10.1
|
14.5
|
11.8
|
8.9
|
15
|
11.8
|
8.6
|
11.8
|
12.2
|
11.3
|
normal
|
59.9
|
59.5
|
59.4
|
63.4
|
58.5
|
56.8
|
59.4
|
59.2
|
60.2
|
59
|
60.1
|
59.6
|
overweight
|
22.2
|
21.9
|
24.1
|
18.4
|
23.6
|
26.3
|
20.1
|
23
|
25
|
23.2
|
22.1
|
22.9
|
obesity
|
5.6
|
5.8
|
6.4
|
3.7
|
6.1
|
8
|
5.5
|
6
|
6.2
|
6
|
5.6
|
6.2
|
Hypertension (%)
|
24.4
|
25.5
|
25.8
|
25.8
|
27.3
|
22.6
|
26.7
|
25.5
|
23.5
|
25.4
|
25.6
|
24.8
|
Diabetes (%)
|
19.2
|
18.5
|
18.5
|
16.7
|
19.2
|
20.1
|
19.1
|
19
|
18
|
20.2
|
17.5
|
18.5
|
Total cholesterol>240mg/dL (%)
|
19
|
18.7
|
20.4
|
16.2
|
21.1
|
20.8
|
19.9
|
20
|
18.2
|
18.3
|
19.6
|
20.2
|
LDL-cholesterol>160mg/dL (%)
|
22.1
|
23.6
|
24.9
|
21.1
|
25.7
|
23.8
|
24.4
|
24.5
|
21.7
|
22.3
|
24
|
24.3
|
HDL-cholesterol<40mg/dL (%)
|
59.6
|
61.9
|
59.9
|
67.6
|
59.9
|
53.6
|
60.2
|
60.2
|
61
|
61.6
|
60.7
|
59.1
|
Triglycerides>200mg/dL (%)
|
21.5
|
20.6
|
20.7
|
18.5
|
21.2
|
23.2
|
18.4
|
20.6
|
23.7
|
21.7
|
20.3
|
20.7
|
AHEI-2010 Score
|
10.7 ± 0.04
|
19.0 ± 0.02
|
28.2 ± 0.1
|
20.6 ± 0.1
|
21.0 ± 0.1
|
16.4 ± 0.2
|
18.6 ± 0.1
|
19.7 ± 0.1
|
19.7 ± 0.1
|
18.9 ± 0.1
|
19.2 ± 0.1
|
19.8 ± 0.1
|
aValues are means ± standard errors or percentages. Abbreviations: AHEI: alternative healthy eating index; MSB: meat and sweetened beverages pattern; RF: rice and fish pattern; FVS: fruit, vegetables and snack pattern; BMI: body mass index; CED: chronic energy deficiency. bMissing values (Blood Pressure:659, Total Cholesterol:2196, HDL-cholesterol:2196, LDL:2204, BMI:909)
Table 4. Nutrients intake of Filipino’s adults by tertile of the four dietary patterns.
Nutrients
|
AHEI-2010
|
MSB
|
RF
|
FVS
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
Macronutrients
|
Energy intake (kcal)
|
1763.1 ± 6.5
|
1652.9 ± 6.1
|
1682.3 ± 5.7
|
1608.7 ± 5.9
|
1578.2 ± 5.6
|
1911.5 ± 6.0
|
1365.2 ± 4.6
|
1659.5 ± 4.5
|
2073.6 ± 5.9
|
1639.8 ± 6.1
|
1642.7 ± 5.9
|
1815.8 ± 6.2
|
Total fat (g/d)
|
30.4 ± 0.2
|
25.7 ± 0.1
|
26.6 ± 0.1
|
20.6 ± 0.1
|
25.2 ± 0.1
|
36.9 ± 0.2
|
23.3 ± 0.1
|
26.8 ± 0.1
|
32.6 ± 0.2
|
26.4 ± 0.2
|
26.1 ± 0.1
|
30.2 ± 0.2
|
Saturated fat (g)
|
13.1 ± 0.1
|
11.6 ± 0.1
|
12.4 ± 0.1
|
9.6 ± 0.04
|
11.7 ± 0.1
|
15.8 ± 0.1
|
10.3 ± 0.1
|
12.0 ± 0.1
|
14.7 ± 0.1
|
12.0 ± 0.1
|
11.8 ± 0.1
|
13.2 ± 0.1
|
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g)
|
9.8 ± 0.1
|
8.5 ± 0.05
|
9.1 ± 0.04
|
7.0 ± 0.04
|
8.4 ± 0.04
|
11.9 ± 0.1
|
8.1 ± 0.05
|
9.0 ± 0.05
|
10.2 ± 0.1
|
8.8 ± 0.05
|
8.8 ± 0.04
|
9.8 ± 0.1
|
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g)
|
4.6 ± 0.02
|
4.1 ± 0.02
|
4.2 ± 0.02
|
3.4 ± 0.02
|
4.0 ± 0.02
|
5.5 ± 0.02
|
3.9 ± 0.02
|
4.2 ± 0.02
|
4.8 ± 0.02
|
4.1 ± 0.02
|
4.1 ± 0.02
|
4.7 ± 0.02
|
Protein (g/d)
|
57.0 ± 0.2
|
54.8 ± 0.2
|
55.7 ± 0.2
|
52.4 ± 0.2
|
52.1 ± 0.2
|
63.0 ± 0.2
|
45.4 ± 0.2
|
54.6 ± 0.1
|
67.9 ± 0.2
|
55.7 ± 0.2
|
54.0 ± 0.2
|
57.8 ± 0.2
|
Carbohydrate (g/d)
|
307.3 ± 1.2
|
296.3 ± 1.2
|
301.1 ± 1.1
|
301.3 ± 1.2
|
283.7 ± 1.1
|
319.7 ± 1.1
|
240.2 ± 0.8
|
295.3 ± 0.8
|
369.1 ± 1.2
|
288.4 ± 1.1
|
294.1 ± 1.1
|
322.3 ± 1.2
|
Total sugars (g/d)
|
25.1 ± 0.1
|
23.2 ± 0.1
|
25.3 ± 0.1
|
23.1 ± 0.1
|
22.3 ± 0.1
|
28.2 ± 0.1
|
23.5 ± 0.1
|
24.5 ± 0.1
|
25.6 ± 0.1
|
19.5 ± 0.1
|
23.3 ± 0.1
|
30.8 ± 0.1
|
Dietary fibre (g/d)
|
8.4 ± 0.02
|
8.4 ± 0.03
|
8.9 ± 0.03
|
9.2 ± 0.04
|
8.0 ± 0.03
|
8.6 ± 0.03
|
8.1 ± 0.03
|
8.3 ± 0.03
|
9.3 ± 0.03
|
7.4 ± 0.02
|
8.4 ± 0.03
|
9.9 ± 0.04
|
As percentage of total energy
|
Total Fat (%)
|
13.1 ± 0.01
|
13.3 ± 0.01
|
13.3 ± 0.01
|
13.1 ± 0.02
|
13.2 ± 0.01
|
13.3 ± 0.01
|
13.1 ± 0.01
|
13.2 ± 0.01
|
13.4 ± 0.01
|
13.5 ± 0.01
|
13.2 ± 0.01
|
13.0 ± 0.01
|
Protein (%)
|
71.4 ± 0.1
|
72.6 ± 0.1
|
72.3 ± 0.1
|
75.1 ± 0.1
|
72.5 ± 0.1
|
68.8 ± 0.1
|
72.5 ± 0.1
|
72.3 ± 0.1
|
71.6 ± 0.1
|
71.8 ± 0.1
|
72.6 ± 0.1
|
72.0 ± 0.1
|
Carbohydrates (%)
|
307.0 ± 1.1
|
299.6 ± 1.1
|
304.2 ± 1.0
|
308.8 ± 1.1
|
284.2 ± 1.0
|
317.8 ± 1.1
|
269.7 ± 1.0
|
297.0 ± 0.9
|
344.2 ± 1.1
|
281.3 ± 1.1
|
292.1 ± 1.0
|
337.5 ± 1.1
|
Antioxidants
|
Vitamin C
|
20.9 ± 0.1
|
20.7 ± 0.1
|
22.1 ± 0.1
|
22.0 ± 0.1
|
20.0 ± 0.1
|
21.6 ± 0.1
|
21.3 ± 0.1
|
21.2 ± 0.1
|
21.1 ± 0.1
|
18.2 ± 0.1
|
20.8 ± 0.1
|
24.6 ± 0.1
|
Vitamin E
|
2.4 ± 0.01
|
2.2 ± 0.01
|
2.3 ± 0.01
|
2.1 ± 0.01
|
2.2 ± 0.01
|
2.6 ± 0.01
|
2.0 ± 0.01
|
2.2 ± 0.01
|
2.7 ± 0.01
|
2.1 ± 0.01
|
2.2 ± 0.01
|
2.5 ± 0.01
|
B-vitamins
|
Thiamine (mg/d)
|
0.8 ± 0.01
|
0.7 ± 0.01
|
0.7 ± 0.01
|
0.7 ± 0.01
|
0.7 ± 0.01
|
0.8 ± 0.01
|
0.6 ± 0.01
|
0.7 ± 0.01
|
0.8 ± 0.01
|
0.7 ± 0.01
|
0.7 ± 0.01
|
0.8 ± 0.01
|
Riboflavin (mg/d)
|
0.7 ± 0.01
|
0.6 ± 0.01
|
0.7 ± 0.01
|
0.6 ± 0.01
|
0.6 ± 0.01
|
0.8 ± 0.01
|
0.6 ± 0.01
|
0.6 ± 0.01
|
0.7 ± 0.01
|
0.6 ± 0.01
|
0.6 ± 0.01
|
0.7 ± 0.01
|
Niacin (mg/d)
|
18.2 ± 0.1
|
18.1 ± 0.1
|
18.7 ± 0.1
|
17.4 ± 0.1
|
17.3 ± 0.1
|
20.2 ± 0.1
|
14.6 ± 0.1
|
18.1 ± 0.04
|
22.3 ± 0.1
|
18.4 ± 0.1
|
17.7 ± 0.1
|
18.8 ± 0.1
|
Vitamin B6 (mg)
|
1.5 ± 0.01
|
1.5 ± 0.01
|
1.5 ± 0.01
|
1.4 ± 0.01
|
1.4 ± 0.01
|
1.7 ± 0.01
|
1.2 ± 0.01
|
1.4 ± 0.01
|
1.8 ± 0.01
|
1.4 ± 0.01
|
1.4 ± 0.01
|
1.6 ± 0.01
|
Folate (DFE μg)
|
14.9 ± 0.1
|
13.5 ± 0.1
|
13.8 ± 0.1
|
11.3 ± 0.04
|
13.8 ± 0.05
|
17.1 ± 0.1
|
13.9 ± 0.1
|
14.0 ± 0.1
|
14.4 ± 0.1
|
13.9 ± 0.1
|
13.7 ± 0.1
|
14.6 ± 0.1
|
Vitamin B12 (mg)
|
3.5 ± 0.01
|
3.6 ± 0.01
|
3.7 ± 0.01
|
3.5 ± 0.01
|
3.5 ± 0.01
|
3.7 ± 0.01
|
3.2 ± 0.01
|
3.6 ± 0.01
|
4.0 ± 0.01
|
3.7 ± 0.01
|
3.5 ± 0.01
|
3.5 ± 0.01
|
Bone-related nutrients
|
Calcium (mg/d)
|
832.5 ± 3.2
|
815.4 ± 3.0
|
834.6 ± 2.8
|
805.7 ± 3.1
|
775.9 ± 2.8
|
900.8 ± 3.0
|
648.7 ± 2.1
|
809.2 ± 2.0
|
1024.6 ± 2.8
|
813.5 ± 3.0
|
799.6 ± 2.9
|
869.3 ± 3.1
|
Phosphorus (mg/d)
|
169.7 ± 0.6
|
168.3 ± 0.6
|
175.2 ± 0.6
|
177 ± 0.6
|
159.4 ± 0.5
|
176.7 ± 0.5
|
147.2 ± 0.5
|
167.1 ± 0.5
|
198.9 ± 0.5
|
157.8 ± 0.5
|
166.5 ± 0.5
|
188.9 ± 0.6
|
Magnesium (mg)
|
8.4 ± 0.03
|
7.8 ± 0.03
|
8.0 ± 0.03
|
7.5 ± 0.03
|
7.5 ± 0.03
|
9.3 ± 0.03
|
6.9 ± 0.02
|
8.0 ± 0.02
|
9.4 ± 0.03
|
7.6 ± 0.03
|
7.8 ± 0.02
|
8.9 ± 0.03
|
Vitamin D (mg)
|
2.8 ± 0.01
|
2.9 ± 0.01
|
3.0 ± 0.01
|
2.8 ± 0.01
|
2.9 ± 0.01
|
3.1 ± 0.01
|
2.6 ± 0.01
|
2.9 ± 0.01
|
3.3 ± 0.01
|
3.0 ± 0.01
|
2.9 ± 0.01
|
2.9 ± 0.01
|
Other micronutrients
|
Vitamin A (μg RE/d)
|
433.2 ± 1.5
|
424.6 ± 1.4
|
433.9 ± 1.4
|
430.3 ± 1.5
|
410.3 ± 1.4
|
451.1 ± 1.4
|
411.7 ± 1.5
|
424.4 ± 1.4
|
455.6 ± 1.3
|
404.4 ± 1.4
|
427.2 ± 1.4
|
460.1 ± 1.5
|
Iron (mg/d)
|
181.8 ± 0.9
|
172.4 ± 0.9
|
182.8 ± 0.9
|
180.8 ± 1.0
|
166.8 ± 0.8
|
189.4 ± 0.8
|
189.2 ± 1.1
|
167.1 ± 0.7
|
180.7 ± 0.7
|
149.8 ± 0.8
|
181.3 ± 0.9
|
205.9 ± 0.9
|
Zinc (mg)
|
5.9 ± 0.03
|
5.4 ± 0.02
|
5.5 ± 0.02
|
5.0 ± 0.02
|
5.2 ± 0.02
|
6.7 ± 0.02
|
4.7 ± 0.02
|
5.5 ± 0.02
|
6.6 ± 0.02
|
5.5 ± 0.02
|
5.4 ± 0.02
|
5.9 ± 0.02
|
Sodium (mg/d)
|
854.4 ± 2.9
|
706.1 ± 2.8
|
691.3 ± 2.4
|
656.3 ± 2.8
|
729.8 ± 2.5
|
865.6 ± 2.7
|
704.2 ± 2.8
|
741.7 ± 2.7
|
805.7 ± 2.9
|
723.9 ± 2.7
|
740.1 ± 2.8
|
787.6 ± 3.0
|
Potassium (mg)
|
1198.2 ± 3.8
|
1186.4 ± 3.7
|
1262.2 ± 3.7
|
1217.8 ± 3.9
|
1126.5 ± 3.4
|
1302.5 ± 3.6
|
1082.1 ± 3.5
|
1190.8 ± 3.2
|
1373.8 ± 3.6
|
1117.9 ± 3.3
|
1167.0 ± 3.3
|
1361.9 ± 3.9
|
Selenium (mg)
|
99.0 ± 0.4
|
93.1 ± 0.3
|
93.9 ± 0.3
|
87.9 ± 0.3
|
90.0 ± 0.3
|
108.2 ± 0.3
|
78.7 ± 0.3
|
93.8 ± 0.3
|
113.6 ± 0.3
|
95.1 ± 0.3
|
92.9 ± 0.3
|
98.0 ± 0.3
|
Values shown are mean ± SE of usual nutrient intakes. MSB- Meat and sweetened beverages pattern. RF- Rice and fish pattern. FVS- Fruit, vegetables and snack pattern.
Table 5. Multivariate adjusted odds ratio for non-communicable disease biomarkers by tertiles of four dietary patterns .
|
AHEI-2010
|
MSB
|
RF
|
FVS
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
P-Trend
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
P-Trend
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
P-Trend
|
T1
|
T2
|
T3
|
P-Trend
|
BMI (Overweight/Obese vs Normal)
|
Model 1
|
Ref
|
1.0 (0.92, 1.08)
|
1.1 (1.02, 1.19)
|
0.012
|
ref
|
1.5 (1.34, 1.87)
|
1.1 (1.05, 1.22)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
1.1 (1.05, 1.22)
|
1.2 (1.11, 1.30)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
0.93 (0.86, 1.01)
|
0.98 (0.91, 1.06)
|
0.948
|
Model 2
|
Ref
|
1.1 (0.97, 1.15)
|
1.1 (1.02, 1.21)
|
0.016
|
ref
|
1.3 (1.19, 1.42)
|
1.3 (1.21, 1.47)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
1.1 (1.03, 1.23)
|
1.2 (1.08, 1.32)
|
0.001
|
ref
|
0.89 (0.82, 0.97)
|
0.85 (0.77, 0.92)
|
<0.001
|
FBG (Diabetes vs Normal)
|
Model 1
|
Ref
|
0.96 (0.88, 1.05)
|
0.96 (0.88, 1.04)
|
0.368
|
ref
|
1.2 (1.08, 1.30)
|
1.3 (1.15, 1.37)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
0.99 (0.91, 1.08)
|
0.93 (0.85, 1.01)
|
0.091
|
ref
|
0.84 (0.77, 0.91)
|
0.88 (0.82, 0.98)
|
0.074
|
Model 2
|
Ref
|
0.97 (0.88, 1.07)
|
0.95 (0.86, 1.04)
|
0.282
|
ref
|
1.1 (1.03, 1.27)
|
1.2 (1.10, 1.36)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
0.99 (0.90, 1.10)
|
0.87 (0.77, 0.98)
|
0.016
|
ref
|
0.84 (0.76, 0.92)
|
0.88 (0.80, 0.97)
|
0.043
|
Total cholesterol (High vs Desirable)
|
Model 1
|
Ref
|
0.99 (0.89, 1.09)
|
1.1 (1.04, 1.25)
|
0.006
|
ref
|
1.5 (1.36, 1.66)
|
1.5 (1.33, 1.63)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
1.0 (0.93, 1.12)
|
0.89 (0.82, 0.99)
|
0.021
|
ref
|
1.1 (1.0, 1.21)
|
1.1 (1.04, 1.26)
|
0.01
|
Model 2
|
Ref
|
0.96 (0.86, 1.07)
|
1.0 (0.93, 1.15)
|
0.474
|
ref
|
1.4 (1.23, 1.53)
|
1.4 (1.29, 1.62)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
1.1 (1.01, 1.25)
|
1.1 (0.99, 1.29)
|
0.073
|
ref
|
1.0 (0.94, 1.17)
|
1.0 (0.92, 1.13)
|
0.85
|
HDL-cholesterol (Low vs Desirable)
|
Model 1
|
Ref
|
0.90 (0.76, 1.07)
|
1.1 (0.92, 1.28)
|
0.308
|
ref
|
1.5 (1.22, 1.77)
|
2.2 (1.86, 2.63)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
0.96 (0.81, 1.14)
|
0.90 (0.76, 1.07)
|
0.245
|
ref
|
1.0 (0.84, 1.20)
|
1.1 (0.96, 1.35)
|
0.11
|
Model 2
|
Ref
|
0.88 (0.74, 1.06)
|
1.1 (0.89, 1.27)
|
0.408
|
ref
|
1.2 (1.03, 1.51)
|
1.7 (1.41, 2.10)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
1.0 (0.85, 1.23)
|
1.0 (0.81, 1.25)
|
0.971
|
ref
|
0.93 (0.78, 1.11)
|
1.1 (0.90, 1.29)
|
0.273
|
LDL-cholesterol (High vs Desirable)
|
Model 1
|
Ref
|
1.1 (1.01, 1.21)
|
1.2 (1.09, 1.30)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
1.4 (1.23, 1.48)
|
1.2 (1.10, 1.32)
|
0.002
|
ref
|
1.0 (0.92, 1.09)
|
0.83 (0.75, 0.90)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
1.1 (1.03, 1.23)
|
1.2 (1.05, 1.26)
|
0.006
|
Model 2
|
Ref
|
1.0 (0.95, 1.16)
|
1.1 (0.97, 1.18)
|
0.181
|
ref
|
1.3 (1.15, 1.41)
|
1.3 (1.15, 1.43)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
1.2 (1.05, 1.29)
|
1.2 (1.07, 1.37)
|
0.002
|
ref
|
1.1 (0.95, 1.16)
|
1.0 (0.93, 1.14)
|
0.662
|
Triglycerides (High/Very High vs Desirable)
|
Model 1
|
Ref
|
0.93 (0.84, 1.01)
|
0.95 (0.86, 1.04)
|
0.297
|
ref
|
1.2 (1.11, 1.34)
|
1.4 (1.28, 1.54)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
1.2 (1.06, 1.28)
|
1.4 (1.31, 1.57)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
0.91 (0.83, 0.99)
|
0.94 (0.86, 1.02)
|
0.328
|
Model 2
|
Ref
|
0.97 (0.88, 1.07)
|
0.98 (0.88, 1.07)
|
0.626
|
ref
|
1.3 (1.4, 1.39)
|
1.3 (1.16, 1.43)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
1.0 (0.90, 1.10)
|
0.96 (0.85, 1.08)
|
0.454
|
ref
|
0.96 (0.87, 1.06)
|
0.90 (0.81, 1.0)
|
0.044
|
Blood pressure (Hypertension vs Normal)
|
Model 1
|
Ref
|
1.1 (0.98, 1.14)
|
1.1 (0.99, 1.16)
|
0.805
|
ref
|
1.1 (0.99, 1.17)
|
0.84 (0.77, 0.91)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
0.94 (0.86, 1.02)
|
0.84 (0.78, 0.91)
|
<0.001
|
ref
|
1.0 (0.93, 1.09)
|
0.96 (0.89, 1.05)
|
0.356
|
Model 2
|
Ref
|
0.99 (0.91, 1.09)
|
1.0 (0.91, 1.09)
|
0.919
|
ref
|
1.2 (1.10, 1.31)
|
1.1 (1.01, 1.22)
|
0.082
|
ref
|
1.0 (0.95, 1.13)
|
1.02 (0.92, 1.14)
|
0.708
|
ref
|
0.93 (0.86, 1.02)
|
0.88 (0.81, 0.96)
|
0.008
|
AHEI: alternative healthy eating index; MSB: Meat and sweetened beverages pattern; RF: Rice and fish pattern; FVS: Fruit, vegetables and snack pattern; T1: tertile 1; T2: tertile 2; T3: tertile 3; ref: reference group; BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting blood glucose. Values are odds ratios (95% confidence intervals). Model 1 was unadjusted logistic regression model. Model 2 was adjusted for total energy intake, age, sex, smoking status, drinking status, urbanity, and wealth status. bMissing values (Blood Pressure: 659, Total Cholesterol: 2196, HDL-cholesterol:2196, LDL:2204, BMI:909)