Vasconcelos 2016
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1374 subjects, women and men,
age 73.4 ± 6.4
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Jamar; kgf
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GDS-15
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Inclusion criteria: age ≥ 65 years, living in the community in the urban areas of Brazil.
Exclusion criteria: score of < 17 in the Mini Mental State Examination - MMSE), inability to walk, being bedridden, inability to hold a handheld dynamometer due to pain or hand deformities, hemiparesis caused by a stroke, severe Parkinson’s disease, cancer treatment (except for skin cancer) and terminal illness.
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Incidence of depressive symptoms in the group with
MW-muscle weakness (HGS ≤ 17.4 kgf for women and ≤ 25.8 kgf for men)-16.8%
and NONE = no muscle weakness and no mobility limitation- 11.4%
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Smith 2018
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587 subjects, women and men,
age 69.2±n/d
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Takei Digital Grip Strength Dynamometer; kg
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PHQ-9
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Inclusion criterion: age ≥ 60 years
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Relationship between depressive symptoms and HGS by weight status from multiple linear regression models among adults aged ≥ 60 years
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Wang 2018
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865 subjects, women and men,
age 68.68 ± 6.46
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EH 101, Camry, Zhongshan, China; kg
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GDS-15
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Inclusion criterion: age ≥ 60 years
Exclusion criteria: reported the presence of disease (including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or chronic heart or renal failure), physical disabilities (e.g. loss of a hand, foot, or multiple limbs), implanted electronic devices or orthopedic metal implantations, and those taking prescribed medications which could affect body composition (e.g. long-term systemic corticosteroids), severe hearing or eye problems, missing data
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Comparison of HGS in the group
with no depression = 30.1 ± 8.9 kg
and with depression 29.2 ± 9.4 kg
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Laredo-Aguilera 2019
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16 subjects, only women,
age 72.29 ± 5.21
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TKK 5101 Grip D, Takey, Tokyo, Japan; kg
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GDS-15
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Inclusion criteria: not institutionalized; active women and above the age of 65; not suffering from mental and/or intellectual disorders; free of cardiovascular and neuromuscular disorders; considered physically independent according to the Spanish version of the Barthel Index.
Exclusion criteria: participation in other training programs; artificial prosthesis; any disease requiring daily intake of drugs affecting the athletic performance, in order to avoid any influence on fitness measures; any disease that contraindicated the exercise program; any symptom that a medical professional deemed as warranting exclusion.
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Pearson correlation analysis adjusted for age showed significant correlations between HGS and depression (r = 0.379, p = 0.021)
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Ling 2010
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484 subjects, women and men,
age 85–89
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Jamar; kg
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GDS-15
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Data from the prospective population-based Lei-den 85-plus study, which involved all 85-year-old inhabitants of Leiden, The Netherlands.
No selection criteria had been imposed for health status or demographic characteristics.
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Lower HGS was significantly associated (p < 0.001) with higher GDS scores
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Stessman 2017
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2304 subjects, women and men,
age 70–90
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5001 Grip- A, Takei, Niigata City, Japan,;kg
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BSI
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Inclusion criterion: aged 70 to 71 at baseline in 1990–91.
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Relationship between HGS and depression measured at the ages of 70, 78, 85 and 90 years
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Seino 2013
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340 subjects, only women,
age 80.0 ± 4.6
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TKK 5401 Grip D, Takey, Tokyo, Japan; kg
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CES-D
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Inclusion criteria: female, aged ≥ 75 years
Exclusion criteria: required a cane or other walking device, or their physical performance could not be measured by a standard method, e.g. they needed physical support from another person; could not understand the instructions of performance tests and questionnaires; or had data missing from their performance tests and geriatric syndromes.
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Relationships between HGS and depressive symptoms expressed as odds ratio: adjusted for age, stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, respiratory disease, osteoporosis, dyslipidemia, low back pain and knee pain = 2.8 (1.2–6.3)
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Olgun Yazar & Yazar 2019
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281 subjects, women and men,
age W/M:
control
72.40 ± 6.46/ 72.26 ± 6.520
experimental 75.84 ± 6.98/
74.14 ± 7.92
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Jamar; kg
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GDS-15
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Inclusion criteria: normal neurological examination, without known chronic disease history apart from hypertension or chronic medication use, with no loss of more than 10% body weight within the last 6 months, and with HDRS score below 7 (control 1) or GDS score below 10 (control 2).
GD patients additionally abided by the same exclusion criteria as healthy volunteers, apart from using at least one antidepressant.
Patients with pacemaker or any implant and those with diseases severely affecting mobility (cerebrovascular events causing confinement to bed, advanced muscle disease, hip dislocations, decompensated heart failure, acute and chronic renal failure with fluid load, etc.) were not included in the study.
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Mean HGS in the group of older people without depression 21.70 ± 5.478
and with depression 18.71 ± 5.43
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Chen 2017
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1081 subjects, women and men,
age 76.3 ± 6.1
|
Jamar; kg
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HADS
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Inclusion criteria: aged ≥ 65 years and residence in Yilan City.
Individuals who failed to provide a past medical history, who could not complete the interview, or who were unable to cooperate regarding the collection of anthropometric data because of physical disability or compromised cognitive function were excluded.
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Individuals with depressive symptoms demonstrated weaker HGS (p < .001)
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Kim 2016
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983 subjects, women and men,
age 75.2 ± 6.0
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Hand Grip Meter 6103, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan; kg
|
GDS-15
|
Inclusion criteria: age ≥ 60 years and the ability to communicate with and follow instructions from the survey staff.
Exclusion criteria: lack of information on blood cadmium concentration handgrip strength, anthropometric measurement and alcohol consumption,
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Relationship between GDS score and HGS using linear mixed models.
Adjusted for age, sex, city of residence, monthly income, education level, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, passive smoking status, alcohol drinking, moderate physical activity, weight, height, and comorbidity status.
Right hand: beta − 0.18; CI 95% -0.23, -0.13
Left hand: beta − 0.15; CI 95% -0.20, -0.10
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Brooks 2018
|
3421 subjects, women and men,
age 69.9 ± 6.9
|
-; kg
|
PHQ-9
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Exclusion criteria: age < 60 years, missing data.
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Linear Regression Models for Depressive Symptoms by HGS Outcome − 0.19 ± 0.08
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Brown 2012
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854 subjects, women and men,
age 75±n/d
|
-; kgf siła
|
CES-D
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Inclusion criterion: 75 years of age at the time of the evaluation.
Exclusion criteria: missing baseline depression data or missing data on all of the four frailty characteristics.
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Mean HGS in the non-depressed group: 35.28 (12.57) kgf and in the mildly depressed group: 29.69 (10.20) kgf and in the depressed group: 30.07 (11.75) kgf
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Hamer 2011
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679 subjects, women and men, age:
non-depressed 75.7 ± 7.1
depressed 79.0 ± 7.7
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hand-held dynamometer; kg
|
GDS-15
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Inclusion criterion: aged ≥ 65 years
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Mean HGS in the non-depressed group: men 33.84 ± 10.6 kg, women 19.12 ± 10.0 kg
and in the depressed group: men 29.74 ± 10.5 kg, women 17.11 ± 10.6 kg
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Hamer 2015
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3862 subjects, women and men,
age 64.6 ± 8.3
|
Smedley hand-held dynamometer, Stoelting, USA; kg
|
CES-D
|
Inclusion criteria: absence of depression at
baseline and availability of exposure, outcome and covariate data. For the key exposure measure, grip strength, there were no upper age limits
Respondents were excluded if they had swelling or inflammation, severe pain or a recent injury or surgery to the hand in the preceding6 months.
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Mean HGS in the non-depressed group: 31.2 ± 11.2 kg and in the depressed group: 27.4 ± 10.5 kg
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Han 2019
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1056 subjects, women and men,
age 69.55 ± 6.25
|
THH 5401 Takei, Tokyo, Japan
|
PHQ-9
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Inclusion criteria: adults aged ≥ 60 years with all of the following conditions: reliable data from a handgrip dynamometer; responded to the questionnaires regarding depressive symptoms; no missing data regarding sociodemographic and health-related variables.
|
In logistic regression analysis, older adults in the lowest HGS tertile were more likely to have depressive symptoms compared to those in the highest HGS tertile (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25–2.74).
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Holmquist 2017
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490 subjects, women and men,
age 70 ± 0
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Jamar, kg
|
GDS-15
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Residency in Umeå, Sweden was the only criterion for inclusion.
Exclusion criteria: none
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The present study provided a potential high-risk profile for depressive symptoms among elderly community-dwelling individuals, which included low levels functional performance (including HGS) combined with low levels of physical activity.
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