DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-230192/v1
Background: Early cumulus cell removal combined with early rescue intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been widely practiced in many in vitro fertilization (IVF) centers in China in order to avoid total fertilization failure. This study aimed to investigate the effects of early cumulus cell removal alone after 4 h co-incubation of gametes (4 h group) on the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes as compared with the conventional cumulus cell removal after 20 h of insemination (20 h group) in patients undergoing IVF.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 1784 patients who underwent their first fresh cleavage embryo transfer at the Centre for Assisted Reproduction of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital from June 2016 to December 2018 (4 h group, n=570; 20 h group, n=1214). There were 1073 infants delivered after the embryo transfer (4 h group, n=337; 20 h group, n=736). A logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the independent association between early cumulus cell removal and pregnancy outcomes after adjustment for the potential confounders. The neonatal outcomes between the two groups were compared.
Result(s): The 4 h group had similar pregnancy outcomes, including biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, multiple pregnancy rate, live birth rate, when compared with the 20 h group. Both groups had comparable singleton and twin delivery rates (32.9% versus 33.5% and 13.2% versus 13.9%, respectively). There were 1073 infants delivered after the embryo transfer (4 h group, n=337; 20 h group, n=736). In both singleton and twin gestations, the preterm birth rate and very preterm birth rate, mean birth weight, mean gestational age, sex ratio at birth and rate of congenital birth defects in the 4 h group were similar to those in the 20 h group. In addition, Z-scores (gestational age- and sex-adjusted birthweight), the rates of small for gestational age, very small for gestational age, large for gestational age and very large for gestational age infants were also similar between the two groups in singleton gestations.
Conclusion(s): Early cumulus cell removal alone was not associated with adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in patients undergoing IVF. Thus, early cumulus cell removal to assess for a potential early rescue ICSI seems to be safe in terms of pregnancy and live birth outcomes.
Total fertilization failure after conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) is one of the most frustrating experiences in assisted reproductive technology (ART). Although the technology of IVF has been improved since 1978, the possibility of unexpected total fertilization failure is still unavoidable [1–4]. Initially late-rescue intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of 1-day-old unfertilized oocytes was used for total fertilization failure after conventional IVF, but the clinical outcomes was very poor because of oocytes aging [5]. Thus, short co-incubation of gametes combined with early rescue ICSI has been considered as an optimal strategy for avoiding total fertilization failure after conventional IVF [6, 7].
Notably, mammalian cumulus cells play a very important role during oocyte growth, maturation, fertilization and development [8]. Naturally, cumulus cells are gradually shed from the oocyte after fertilization. However, in order to recognize unfertilized oocytes and perform ICSI early on, early cumulus cell removal is needed to examine whether a second polar body is present or not in oocytes 4 h after insemination [9]. Thus, it remains unclear whether early cumulus cell removal have detrimental effect on the subsequent embryonic development after IVF. In fact, early cumulus cell removal may have both beneficial and adverse effects on oocytes and embryos. Since early cumulus cell removal reduces the co-incubation time between sperm and oocytes, it can reduce the levels of oxidative metabolites produced by cumulus cells and sperms, which may have detrimental effects on the embryo developmental potential [10]. However, it is harder to remove cumulus cells 4 h post-insemination compared with 20 h post-insemination, so the repeated aspiration may cause damage to cytoplasmic structures and subsequent embryonic development [11]. Furthermore, early cumulus cell removal blocked the inter-communication between cumulus cell and oocytes, which is essential for the formation of a competent oocyte and may affect the development potential of the resultant embryos and the chance of successful pregnancies [12]. Moreover, co-culture with autologous cumulus cells could enhance human embryo development and selection, implantation, and pregnancy rate in IVF cycles [13, 14]. Although several studies have investigated the effects of early cumulus cell removal on the embryonic and pregnancy outcomes of IVF, the results were inconclusive [11, 15, 16]. In addition, few studies have examined the effects of early cumulus cell removal on live birth and neonatal outcomes.
In recent years, early cumulus cell removal alone or combined with early rescue ICSI had been widely practiced in many IVF laboratories in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of early cumulus cell removal alone 4 h post-insemination on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes as compared to routine cumulus cell removal 20 h post-insemination in a retrospective cohort study.
This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study in 1784 patients who underwent conventional IVF treatment at the Centre for Assisted Reproduction of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital from June 2016 to December 2018. The inclusion criteria were as following: Female younger than 40 years old; undergoing first IVF cycle with fresh cleavage embryo transfer; and having more than 4 oocytes retrieved. The exclusion criteria included early cumulus cell removal combined with early rescue ICSI cycles, use of donor eggs/sperm, women with congenital or secondary uterine abnormalities such as unicornuate uterus, septate uterus or uterine didelphys, adenomyosis, uterine submucosal fibroids, intrauterine adhesions, an endometrial thickness < 7 mm on the day of embryo transfer, or severe oligospermia (total number of motile sperm <1 million after wash). This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital.
All patients received controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) treatment, which was performed by standard routines at the Centre. The COS treatment included gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) protocol, short GnRH-a protocol, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) protocol or mild stimulation protocol as described previously [17]. After two or more follicles reached a diameter of ≥18 mm, 10,000 IU of hCG (Lizhu, China) or 250 µg of hCG (Ovidrel; Italy) was injected subcutaneously to trigger final oocyte maturation. Oocyte retrieval was conducted 34-36 hours after the hCG injection. The cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected in G-IVF PLUS medium (Vitrolife, Sweden) and incubated at 5% O2, 6% CO2, 37 °C incubators for insemination.
Semen samples were collected by masturbation after 3 to 7 days of sexual abstinence on the day of oocyte retrieval. Semen analysis was performed according to the 2010 World Health Organization manual. The sperm swim-up method was conducted as follows: after 10-30 minutes of liquefaction in a 37 ℃ incubator, 3 mL of G-IVF PLUS medium was gently stratified above the semen. The tube was inclined at a 45º angle and was incubated for 1 hour (37℃, 6% CO2). The supernatant was then transferred into an empty tube and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 300 g. The sperm pellet was resuspended with warmed G-IVF Plus medium and maintained in a 6% CO2, 37 ℃ incubator (Thermo Scientific, USA) until use. Three to four cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were placed into 100 µL of G-IVF PLUS droplets covered by mineral oil (Vitrolife, Sweden), and each oocyte was inseminated with 30,000 to 40,000 motile spermatozoa in a 5% O2, 6% CO2, 37 ℃ incubator. A 4 h co-incubation of gametes was undertaken in all IVF cycles.
Among patients with unexplained infertility, primary infertility for more than three years, or mild male factor, cumulus cells were mechanically removed after 4 h co-incubation of gametes (4 h group). The method of early cumulus cell removal was as following: Pasteur pipettes were pulled to become capillary pipettes over heat to achieve the diameters of about 150 µm, slightly larger than the oocyte. Oocytes were aspirated and blew out repeatedly until most of the cumulus cells were removed. During the process, no hyaluronidase was used. The operation should be gentle to prevent the damage on zona pellucida and oocytes. After most of the cumulus cells were removed, the zygotes in the 4 h group were then transferred to fresh G-1 plus (Vitrolife, Sweden) microdroplets. Fertilization was determined when two polar bodies were present in a zygote after cumulus cells removal. Total fertilization failure was determined when all of the oocytes did not present the second polar body. Low fertilization rate was determined when fertilization rate was lower than 30%. In cycles with low fertilization rate or total fertilization failure, oocytes absent of the second polar body were subjected to rescue ICSI at 6 h of insemination [18].
In contrast, conventional cumulus cell removal after 20 h of insemination (20 h group) was performed in patients without the indications of early cumulus cell removal. In 20 h group, COCs were transferred from the insemination medium to fresh G-IVF PLUS microdroplets without sperm after 4 h co-incubation of gametes and cultured overnight. On Day 1, the cumulus cells were removed at about 20 h of insemination to allow an assessment of pronuclear formation.
Oocytes of both groups were checked for the presence of two pronuclei (PN) to confirm fertilization about 20 h after the oocyte insemination. Normal fertilization was determined when 2PN were present. Polyspermy was determined when ≥ 3PN were present. Embryos were graded by morphological assessment on Day 2 or 3 after retrieval according to the standardized criteria [19]. A maximum of two high-quality embryos was transferred on Day 2 or 3 after retrieval under transabdominal ultrasound guidance. Patients received luteal support starting on the day of oocyte retrieval as described previously [17]. In women with a positive hCG test, luteal-phase support was continued until 10 weeks of gestation. All pregnant women were followed up for pregnancy outcomes until delivery or miscarriage.
Biochemical pregnancy was defined as a positive pregnancy test result (serum hCG levels > 10 mIU/mL) 14 days after embryo transfer. Clinical pregnancy was defined as the presence of at least one gestational sac on ultrasound at 7 weeks. Ongoing pregnancy was defined as the presence of at least one fetus with heart motion on ultrasound beyond 12 weeks. Miscarriage rate was defined as the number of miscarriages before 28 weeks of gestation divided by the number of women with positive pregnancy test. Multiple pregnancy was a pregnancy with more than one gestational sac detected on ultrasound at 6 weeks. An infant born alive after 22 weeks of gestation was classified as a live birth. Preterm birth (PTB) and very PTB were defined as births that took place before 37 and 32 weeks of gestation, respectively. Low birth weight (LBW) and fetal macrosomia were identified as birthweight <2500 g and >4000 g, respectively. Small for gestational age (SGA) and very SGA were identified as birthweight < 10th and < 3rd percentiles, respectively. Large for gestational age (LGA) and very LGA were identified as birthweight > 90th and >97th percentiles, respectively.
Additionally, the Z-score was calculated in accordance with the following equation: Z-score = (x - μ)/ σ, in which x is the weight of a newborn, μ is the mean birthweight for infants in the same sex and same gestational age in the reference group, and σ is the standard deviation of the reference group. Birthweight percentiles and the calculation of Z scores were based on Chinese reference singleton newborns stratified by gestational age and sex at birth [20].The neonatal outcome data were obtained by telephone interview of the parents after delivery. The birth defects were classified and coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10).
This was a per patient analysis. Only the first transfer cycle outcomes of each included patient were analyzed. Quantitative variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and compared by Student’s t test. Categorical variables are presented as % (n) and compared by the Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Univariate analysis was performed to identify confounding variables that predict the pregnancy outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent variables among potential confounding factors. We used two criteria to select the covariates: 1) variables that were the known as potential risk factors of IVF pregnancy outcomes based on current knowledge; 2) variables were identified as significant in the univariate analysis. The results were reported as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Two-tailed P values <0.05 were considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS, Version 24.0, USA).
A total of 1784 cycles with fresh cleavage stage embryos transfer were analyzed in this study (Table 1). There were 570 cycles in the 4 h group and 1214 cycles in the 20 h group, respectively. The duration of infertility was significantly longer in the 4 h group than that in the 20 h group (3.6 ± 2.2 versus2.7 ± 2.0, P < 0.001). There were also significant differences in causes of infertility between the two groups (P < 0.001). The 4 h group had significantly higher total FSH doses, duration of stimulation, endometrial thickness and polyspermy rates compared with the 20 h group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in terms of female age, female BMI, basal FSH level, the stimulation protocol, serum estradiol levels on the day of hCG administration, the number of oocytes retrieved, the number of embryos per transfer, the rates of normal fertilization, high-quality embryos, and blastocyst transformation rate of the remaining embryos left in culture, between the two groups.
Early cumulus cell removal (4 h group) | Routine cumulus cell removal (20 h group) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 570 | 1214 | |
Female age (years) | 32.6 ± 3.3 | 32.6 ± 3.4 | 0.974 |
Female BMI (kg/m2) | 22.2 ± 3.2 | 22.0 ± 3.2 | 0.168 |
Duration of infertility (years) | 3.6 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
Basal FSH level (IU/L) | 6.3 ± 2.0 | 6.5 ± 2.0 | 0.115 |
Type of infertility %(n) | < 0.001 | ||
Primary | 74.4(424/570) | 45.4(551/1214) | |
Secondary | 25.6(146/570) | 54.6(663/1214) | |
Causes of infertility, %(n) | < 0.001 | ||
Female factor | 52.1(297/570) | 82.4(1000/1214) | |
Male factor | 17.9(102/570) | 5.1(62/1214) | |
Mixed | 11.2(64/570) | 7.5(91/1214) | |
Unexplained | 18.8(107/570) | 5.0(61/1214) | |
Stimulation protocol %(n) | 0.442 | ||
Long agonist | 82.1(468/570) | 80.1(973/1214) | |
Antagonist | 15.4(88/570) | 16.5(200/1214) | |
Short agonist | 1.8(10/570) | 1.8(22/1214) | |
Soft | 0.7(4/570) | 1.6(19/1214) | |
Total FSH dosage (IU) | 2299.5 ± 1214.9 | 2020.8 ± 874.1 | < 0.001 |
Duration of stimulation (days) | 11.6 ± 4.8 | 10.6 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 |
Estradiol level on the hCG day (pg/ml) | 2606.0 ± 1131.2 | 2638.5 ± 1160.0 | 0.648 |
Endometrial thickness (mm) | 11.7 ± 2.4 | 11.3 ± 2.2 | 0.002 |
No. of oocytes retrieved | 10.6 ± 3.8 | 10.6 ± 4.0 | 0.839 |
No. of embryos transferred | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 0.935 |
Stage of embryos transferred, %(n) | 0.06 | ||
Day 2 | 2.8(16/570) | 4.7(57/1214) | |
Day 3 | 97.2(554/570) | 95.3(1157/1214) | |
Two pronuclei rate, % (n) | 57.8(3502/6061) | 59.2(7616/12860) | 0.06 |
≥ Three pronuclei rate, % (n) | 6.4(390/6061) | 5.7(730/12860) | 0.040 |
High-quality embryo rate, %(n) | 40.6(1424/3502) | 42.2(3215/7616) | 0.128 |
Blastocyst rate, % (n) | 39.4(637/1615) | 38.7(1552/4006) | 0.647 |
BMI, body mass index; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; hCG: human chorionic gonadotropin |
The pregnancy results were summarized in Table 2. After adjusting for female age, body mass index, duration of infertility, type of infertility, cause of infertility, duration of stimulation, total FSH dosage, normal fertilization rate, number of embryos transferred, stage of transferred embryos, and endometrial thickness, a logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the independent association between early cumulus cell removal and pregnancy outcomes. There were no statistical differences in the rates of biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, live birth, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, multiple pregnancy and twin delivery between the two groups.
Early cumulus cell removal (4 h group) | Routine cumulus cell removal (20 h group) | aOR [95% CI] | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 570 | 1214 | ||
Biochemical pregnancy rate, %(n) | 56.3(321/570) | 57.3(696/1214) | 0.96[0.77,1.21] | 0.74 |
Clinical pregnancy rate, %(n) | 54.6(311/570) | 54.9(666/1214) | 0.96[0.77,1.20] | 0.701 |
Ongoing pregnancy rate, %(n) | 48.2(275/570) | 48.5(589/1214) | 0.95[0.76,1.18] | 0.62 |
Miscarriage rate, %(n) | 12.9(40/311) | 11.9(79/666) | 0.92[0.74,1.15] | 0.463 |
Ectopic pregnancy rate, %(n) | 2.9(9/311) | 3.3(22/666) | 0.86[0.37,1.97] | 0.717 |
Multiple pregnancy rate, %(n) | 17.0(97/1214) | 19.1(232/1214) | 0.87[0.65,1.17] | 0.368 |
live birth rate, %(n) | 46.1(263/570) | 47.4(575/1214) | 1.08[0.70,1.66] | 0.726 |
Twin deliveries rate, %(n) | 13.2(75/570) | 13.9(169/1214) | 0.92[0.66,1.28] | 0.631 |
aOR: adjusted odds ratio; 95%CIs: 95% confidence intervals. | ||||
Regression model adjusted for female age, body mass index, duration of infertility, type of infertility, cause of infertility, duration of stimulation, total FSH dosage, normal fertilization rate, number of embryos transferred, stage of transferred embryos, and endometrial thickness. |
In order to further evaluate the safety of early cumulus cell removal, we analyzed the neonatal outcomes between the 4 h and the 20 h group (Table 3). A total of 1073 live born infants were included, and there were 337and 736 newborns in the 4 h and the 20 h group respectively. No significant differences were found in mean birth weight and gestational age between the two groups both in singleton and twin pregnancies. In addition, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the rates of preterm birth, very preterm birth, low birth weight, very low birth weight, fetal macrosomia, congenital malformation rate and sex ratio at birth, both in the singleton and twin pregnancies. Types of congenital malformations among live born infants between the two groups are shown in Table 4. Adjusted for newborn gender and gestational age, z scores in the 4 h group (0.20 ± 0.98) were similar to those in the 20 h group (0.16 ± 0.99) in singleton pregnancy. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the rates of SGA, very SGA, LGA, very LGA infants between the two groups in singleton pregnancies.
Singletons | p value | twins | p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early cumulus cell removal (4 h group) | Routine cumulus cell removal (20 h group) | Early cumulus cell removal (4 h group) | Routine cumulus cell removal (20 h group) | |||
No. of patients | 187 | 398 | 75 | 169 | ||
Gestational age (weeks) | 38.96 ± 1.33 | 38.96 ± 1.61 | 0.977 | 36.2 ± 1.8 | 36.3 ± 1.9 | 0.638 |
No. of preterm birth (< 37 weeks), %(n) | 7.0(13/187) | 5.5(22/398) | 0.624 | 57.3(43/75) | 50.9(86/169) | 0.405 |
No. of very preterm birth (< 32 weeks), %(n) | 0(0/187) | 1.0(4/398) | 0.402 | 2.7(2/75) | 3.6(6/169) | 0.975 |
Birth weight | 3293.5 ± 447.3 | 3272.0 ± 487.8 | 0.611 | 2379.2 ± 438.7 | 2436.0 ± 423.7 | 0.178 |
Birth weight < 1500 g, %(n) | 0(0/187) | 1.0(4/398) | 0.402 | 4.7(7/150) | 2.7(9/338) | 0.275 |
Birth weight 1,500–2,499 g, %(n) | 5.3(10/187) | 4.3(17/398) | 0.713 | 52.0(78/150) | 46.4(157/338) | 0.281 |
Birth weight 2,500–3,999 g, %(n) | 87.7(164/187) | 89.2(355/398) | 0.694 | 43.3(65/150) | 50.9(172/338) | 0.141 |
Birth weight > 4,000 g, %(n) | 7.5(14/187) | 5.5(22/398) | 0.462 | 0 | 0 | |
Neonatal malformation rate, %(n) | 1.1(2/187) | 2.8(11/398) | 0.319 | 4.7(7/150) | 6.2(21/338) | 0.537 |
Newborn sex, %(n) | ||||||
Male, %(n) | 52.4(98/187) | 55.0(219/398) | 0.594 | 54.7(82/150) | 47.9(162/338) | 0.202 |
Female, %(n) | 47.6(89/187) | 45.0(179/398) | 0.594 | 45.3(68/150) | 52.1(176/338) | 0.202 |
Z-score | 0.20 ± 0.98 | 0.16 ± 0.99 | 0.654 | |||
Very small for gestational age(< 3rd percentile), %(n) | 3.2(6/187) | 1.8(7/398) | 0.419 | |||
Small for gestational age (< 10th percentile), %(n) | 5.3(10/187) | 7.3(29/398) | 0.485 | |||
Large for gestational age(> 90th percentile), %(n) | 12.3(23/187) | 11.8(47/398) | 0.973 | |||
Very large for gestational age(> 97th percentile), %(n) | 5.9(11/187) | 4.5(18/398) | 0.615 |
Singletons | Twins | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
4 h group | 20 h group | 4 h group | 20 h group | |
Any birth defect | 2 | 11 | 7 | 21 |
Multiple defects | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Congenital malformations of the nervous system (Q00–Q07) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Congenital malformations of eye, ear, face and neck (Q10–Q18) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Congenital malformations of the circulatory system (Q20–Q28) | 1 | 3 | 3 | 11 |
Congenital malformations of the respiratory system (Q30–Q34) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Cleft lip and cleft palate (Q35–Q37) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Congenital malformations of the digestive system (Q38–Q45) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Congenital malformations of genital organs (Q50–Q56) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Congenital malformations of the urinary system (Q60–Q64) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system (Q65–Q79) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Chromosomal abnormalities, not elsewhere classified (Q90–Q99) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Other congenital malformations (Q80–Q89) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Metabolic abnormalities (E00–E90) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
It is known that once the sperm enters the oocyte, it immediately triggers calcium oscillation, further inducing cortical granular exocytosis. Then the released cortical granule proteins induce zona pellucida reaction, blocking both the entry of other spermatozoa [21], and the bi-directional communication between the oocyte and the cumulus cells. In this large retrospective cohort study, we showed that, early cumulus cell removal 4 h after insemination had no detrimental effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in patients undergoing IVF treatment as compared with conventional cumulus cell removal 20 h after insemination. Thus, our findings suggested that once the mature oocytes are fertilized, the surrounding cumulus cells may not be essential for the subsequent embryonic development.
In our study, no significant differences were observed in the rates of biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, live birth, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, multiple pregnancy and twin delivery between the 4 h and 20 h groups. Similarly, a small prospective randomized sibling-oocyte study involving 61 patients showed that 4 h group had no adverse influence on the biochemical pregnancy and clinical pregnancy rates when compared with 20 h group [11]. Furthermore, another large sample retrospective study also indicated that early cumulus cell removal had no detrimental effects on clinical pregnancy, miscarriage and live birth rates when compared with conventional cumulus cell removal, in patients with high-risk of fertilization failure [22]. Taken together, the data indicate that early cumulus cell removal may have no detrimental effects on pregnancy outcomes in fresh embryo transfer cycles.
There are always concerns about the safety, when any type of modification is introduced into ART. Therefore, focusing on neonatal outcomes is well justified. The early cumulus cell removal is an important variable in conventional ART [23], and its potential effects need to be considered. Increasing evidence suggests that the birthweight is related to the risk of perinatal and infant morbidity and mortality as well as future adult chronic diseases [24, 25]. Gestational age-specific birth weight is a commonly assessed perinatal outcome. Furthermore, fetal weight estimation using the customized birth weight percentiles has led to more accurate predictions of adverse perinatal outcomes [26]. So far, studies on the neonatal outcomes of early cumulus cell removal are limited. We found that both the singleton and twin pregnancies between 4 h and 20 h groups had similar neonatal outcomes such as birth weight, gestational age at delivery and preterm birth rate. In contrast, Guo et al [27] showed that early cumulus cell removal had higher rates of low birth weight compared with conventional cumulus cell removal protocol. However, those results may be debated, because no distinction was made between singletons and twins, and the number of live births was small (n = 54). In the present study, we analyzed the neonatal outcomes in singleton and twin pregnancies separately, because twin pregnancies were associated with increased risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. We also adjusted for newborn gender and gestational age in singleton pregnancies, and Z scores in two groups were also comparable. Thus, the data suggested that the early cumulus cell removal 4 h after insemination had no detrimental effects on neonatal outcomes in fresh embryo transfer cycles.
During the conventional IVF procedure, oocytes and cumulus cells were co-incubated for 19–20 h, and then the cumulus cells were removed to observe the fertilization status [27]. It was known that cumulus cells provide oocytes with a series of factors, which play important roles in nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes, fertilization and development [8]. Our data showed comparable rates of normal fertilization, high-quality embryo, blastocyst formation rate between the 4 h and the 20 h group, suggesting that normal fertilization and embryonic development are not affected by early cumulus cell removal. These results are consistent with the previous reports [11, 22].
Consistent with the previous reports [11, 27], our results showed a significantly higher polyspermy rate in 4 h group as compared to the 20 h group. The oocytes may be more vulnerable due to having active spindles and microtubules shortly after insemination. It is possible that repeated aspirations for an earlier cumulus cell removal may have some effects on the integrity of oocyte structure which reduces its defense against polyspermy [28]. In addition, the potential temperature and pH fluctuations during the process of early cumulus cell removal and observation may also play a role. In contrast, several studies have shown that early cumulus cell removal does not increase the polyspermy rate [15, 28]. This discrepancy may be due to the different degree or time of cumulus cell removal in different studies. Nevertheless, in our study, the increased polyspermy rate with early cumulus removal did not affect the major ART outcomes. Therefore, the clinical significance of this finding may be limited.
In China, the indication and proportion of ICSI cycles per center is strictly regulated by the government [7]. Therefore, early cumulus cell removal was applied for patients with a higher risk of fertilization failure to avoid the excessive use of ICSI technique in clinical practice. Previous studies suggested that primary infertility and longer infertility duration were important risk factors for total fertilization failure [29, 30]. The incidence of total fertilization failure was also higher in patients with unexplained infertility [31, 32]. Patients with these causes of infertility were included in the 4 h group, and early rescue ICSI was performed if necessary, in our center. This can explain that the proportion of primary infertility, duration of infertility, type of infertility and causes of infertility were significantly different between 4 h and 20 h groups in this study.
The major strength of the current study is that we showed evidence for the safety of early cumulus cell removal with a large sample size. In addition, the laboratory practices did not substantially change during the study period, which should minimize the possible confounders associated with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. There are some limitations to this study. As a retrospective design, our data were collected from medical records, which could not provide all information on personal covariates. We minimized the limitations of this retrospective study by adjusting for the known factors related to the IVF outcomes in the multivariable analysis as independent variables. The information on congenital malformations was obtained by parental report after delivery and the data in patients with miscarriage were not available. The rate of congenital malformations was calculated using live newborns, and therefore the data did not represent all birth defects. Another limitation is the selection of patient population and different sample size between the two study groups. Therefore, prospective multicenter trials in general population are needed to eliminate the effect of confounders.
Our results suggest that early cumulus cell removal after 4 h co-incubation of gametes has no apparent effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes when compared with conventional cumulus cell removal, during fresh cleavage stage embryo transfer cycles. Thus, early cumulus cell removal to assess for a potential early rescue ICSI seems to be safe in terms of pregnancy and live birth outcomes, thereby reducing the utilization rate of ICSI in assisted reproduction treatment. However, the long-term follow-up studies of the children conceived through early cumulus cell removal are still needed to further validate the safety of early cumulus cell removal.
The authors thank all the staff of the Departments of Assisted Reproduction for their contribution to this work.
X.M.T. and M.X.C. conceived and designed this study. P.C.K. M.R.Y. and C.L.T. contributed to data acquisition, analysis and interpretation and drafted the manuscript. X.X.Z. and O.B were involved in the study critical discussion and revision of the manuscript. All authors interpreted the data.
This study was supported by five grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81801538, 81701523, 81971383, 81671468, 81871213), a grant from the State's Key Project of Research and Development Plan (SQ2017ZY050118-03), a grant from the Clinical Research Plan of Shanghai Hospital Development Center ( SHDC2020CR4080), two grants from the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (19411960500, 19411960600), a grant from Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (17ZR1422000), and a grant from the Special Funds for Clinical Medical Research of Chinese Medical Association (18010030732).The funding bodies have not participated in the design of the study and collection, analysis, interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript.
This study was approved by the medical ethics committees of the Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine. Informed consent from patients was not needed for the retrospective analysis of medical data.
Not applicable.
The authors do not have any conflict of interest disclosures.
1Centre for Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China. 2Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 3Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.