Effective adsorbents for removal Cd(II) ion in solution from activated carbon of palm oil shell coated with magnetite particles

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-23077/v1

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Effective adsorbents for removal Cd(II) ion in solution from activated carbon of palm oil shell coated with magnetite particles

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-23077/v1

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Investigation of the ability of activated carbon (AC) adsorption from modification of palm oil shells by coating magnetite (Fe₃O₄) particles to Cd(II) ions in solution was studied through a series of adsorption experiments with a bacth method. The activated carbon adsorbents (PPAC-P) and the activated carbon-magnetite (PPAC-MnPs) were characterized by Fourier transform spectrometer to identify the functional groups, X-ray diffraction to study the level of material crystallization, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray analysis to analyze the surface morphology of material and element constituents, as well as Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyzer to analyze the surface areas of the adsorbents. The concentrations of Cd(II) ions in the solution were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The adsorption process of Cd(II) ions by PPAC-P and PPAC-MnPs was optimum at pH 6 and 7 with contact time of 90 minutes, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of Cd(II) ions in PPAC-P and PPAC-MnPs have a tendency to follow the pseudo second-order kinetics model and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model with a value of R² > 0.99. These suggested that the adsorption process of the Cd(II) ions on PPAC-P and PPAC-PMnPs were described as heterogeneous adsorption. PPAC-PMnPs adsorbents can be used repeatedly with % Cd(II) ions adsorbed almost constant for 4 cycles with adsorption efficiency > 80%.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental Chemistry

Activated carbon

activated carbon-magnetite

adsorption

Cd(II) ion

palm oil shells

Table 1 Adsorption kinetic parameter for the adsorption of Cd(II) ion on PPAC-P and PPAC-MnPs.

	Pseudo-first-order		Pseudo-second-order
Adsorbents	k₁ (min^-1)	R²	k₂ x 10^-4 (g mg^-1min^-1)	R²
PPAC-P	0.071	0.839	8.240	0.982
PPAC-PMnPs	0.110	0.931	40.640	0.993

Table 2 Intra particle diffussion model for Cd(II) ion on PPAC-P and PPAC-MnPs

Adsorbent	Initial linear portion			Second linear portion
Adsorbent	k_i1 (mg g⁻¹ min⁻^0.5)	C₁ (mg g⁻¹)	R₁²	k_i2 (mg g⁻¹ min⁻^0.5)	C₂ (mg g⁻¹)	R₂²
PPAC-P	4.316	9.414	0.975	1.716	29.554	0.821
PPAC-PMnPs	3.882	16.916	0.993	0.169	46.180	0.942

Table 3 Langmuir and Freundlich parameters for the adsorption of Cd(II) ion on PPAC-P and PPAC-MnPs.

Adsorbent		PPAC-P	PPAC-MnPs
Models	Parameters
	q_exp (mg g^-1)	69.332	80.400
Langmuir
	q_m (mg g^-1)	92.131	104.074
	K_L x 10^-4 (L mg^-1)	8.197	9.259
	R²	0.852	0.819
	RMSE	3.599	4.363
	χ²	3.895	4.203
Freundlich
	K_F (mg g^-1) (L mg^-1)^1/n	2.802	3.114
	n	1.430	1.382
	R²	0.994	0.995
	RMSE	3.211	2.735
	χ²	1.232	0.896

Table 4 The adsorption capacity of Cd(II) ion on PPAC-PMnPs compared with other adsorbents.

Adsorbent	q_m(mg g^-1)	Experimental condition (pH)	Reference
Cd(II) ion-imprinted ionic polymer	83.89	5.0	[3]
Nannochloropsis sp.-Silica	23.81	5.0	[48]
Urea-modified wheat straw	39.22	6.0	[49]
Olive stone activated carbon	11.72	5.0	[50]
Mercapto-modified graphene oxide	36.0	5.0	[51]
Carboxyl-modified jute fiber	88.98	6.6	[52]
Cellulose nanofiber	45.90	4.0	[53]
Iron-trimesic metal–organic frameworks	54.95	7.0	[54]
PPAC-PMnPs	80.40	7.0	This work

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Effective adsorbents for removal Cd(II) ion in solution from activated carbon of palm oil shell coated with magnetite particles

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