DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.11448/v1
Enterobacteriaceae family bacteria is one of the most common gram-negative bacilli, some of which are normal flora and some are pathogenic. Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are one of the most important pathogens transmitted by food. These strains, in addition to causing food poisoning, can cause severe diseases such as diarrhea, bleeding colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombocytopenic purpura, and death. Most cases of hemolytic uremic ulcerative colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome are related to O157:H7 serotype, which is considered as the most important serotype of this strain. Several outbreaks of bacterial foodborne disease due to the consumption of undercooked or raw meat has been associated with STEC strains are one of the most important bacterial pathogen transmitted by food origin meat [1, 2].
In addition to shiga toxin, an external membrane protein called Intimin is responsible for the close connection of the bacteria to the intestinal epithelial cells and causes certain damage, called "effacing/attaching," and is coded by the eae gene [3, 4]. Also, the enterohemolysin, coded by the hly gene, is an effective factor in the pathogenicity of this serotype [5]. In developing countries, due to incomplete and limited studies on the prevalence and epidemiology of this serotype, the prevalence of O157:H7 is lower [6]. In Iran, most molecular studies on this bacterium relate to dairy and animal stool samples and inadequate evidence is available on STEC strains in poultry sources. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect virulence factors stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hlyA in E.coli isolates and also molecular typing of these strains isolated from row chicken meat samples.
Identification of Escherichia coli strains
In the current study, a total of 275 row chicken meat samples were randomly collected from the butchers and market of different parts of Hamadan city, west of Iran, from January 2016 to May 2017. The meat samples transferred to sterile tubes and after homogenization, transported to tubes containing thioglycolate and incubated overnight at 35 ºC. E. coli strains were isolated according to conventional biochemical and microbiologic tests, including phenotype characterization using sorbitol-MacConkey agar and serotyping was performed using anti-O157 sera (Baharafshan, Iran) based on agglutination reaction assay.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli strain to gentamicin (GM), ciprofloxacin (CIP), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT), aztreonam (ATM), amoxicillin (A), imipenem (IPM), nalidixic acid (NA), minocycline (MN), nitrofurantoin (FM) were detected by disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines in 2018.
Molecular detection of virulence genes
Genomic DNAs were extracted by boiling method. The virulence genes; stx1, stx2, hlyA, and eaeA were detected by PCR using primers described previously [7].
DNA extraction and multiplex PCR assay for stx1, stx2, eaeA, hlyA genes amplification were performed as previously described by Kim et al [8]. The virulence genes eae, stx1 and stx2 were detected by a triplex PCR reaction by the following the program; initial denaturation (3 min at 94°C), followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (1 min at 94°C), annealing (1 min at 55 °C) and extension (1 min at 72°C) final extension at 72°C for 7 min and hly gene by a separate PCR reaction as mentioned above but annealing at 63°C for 1 min.
ERIC-PCR of EHEC strains
For molecular typing and detection of genetic linkage among EHEC strains, ERIC-PCR was carried out using the ERIC primers and condition that described previously by others [9]. The banding patterns of ERIC were analyzed by online data analysis service (inslico.ehu.es). ERIC profiles were compared using Dice method and clustered by UPGMA program.
Among 257 row chicken samples, 93(36%) isolates were identified as E. coli. According to serological and microbiological tests 5(5.3%), 31(33.3%) and 7 (7.5%) of E. coli isolates, characterized as Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC; positive for stx1 and/or stx2 and eae), STEC (positive for stx1 and/or stx2), and attaching and effacing E. coli (AEEC; positive for eaeA) strains, respectively. All of the STEC isolates showed colorless colonies on MAC-sorbitol media culture.
The results of antimicrobial susceptibility test of 93 E. coli isolates shows in figure 1. According to antimicrobial susceptibility results, the resistance to antibiotics was not high in E. coli isolates. All of the isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, aztreonam, ceftazidime, and nitrofurantoin. Results showed high-level resistance to ampicillin (82.8%) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (71%). Resistance to imipenem, cefepime, and cefexime were detected only in 1.1% of isolates. Also, any resistance to antibiotics CTX, ATM and CAZ were not observed. According to PCR results, the distribution of virulence genes; stx1, stx2 and eae among 93 E. coli isolates were 15(16.1%), 31(33.3%) and 12(12.9%), respectively. All of EHEC isolates, stx1/stx2/eae (1 isolates), stx1/eae (2 isolates) and sx2/eae (2 isolates) patterns. The hlyA gene was not detected in any of E. coli isolates (Figure 2). Analysis of ERIC-PCR results showed genetic diversity among EHEC isolates as well as five different ERIC patterns were observed among five EHEC isolates (Figure 3).
The results of our study have showed chicken meat can be contaminated by E. coli, this organism was isolated from (36%) of chicken row meat samples and 5(5.3%), 31(33.3%) and 7 (7.5%) of E. coli isolates, characterized EHEC, STEC, and AEEC strains. The sxt2 was more frequent virulence factor among STEC isolates. The major animal reservoirs of STEC are primarily cattle, followed by sheep, goats, pigs, and chicken. The chicken meat was known as the potential source of STEC as well as EHEC contamination after other sources. In Korea, STEC ,as well as EHEC, was isolated in 22.6% of beef, 7.3% of poultry, and 2.0% of pork meat samples [10]. In this current study, O157 E. coli isolates harboring stx1 and or/stx2 and eae was detected in 5.3% of the chicken meat and recognized as EHEC. However, the prevalence of this isolates was not significant but this rate of infection is considerable from the public health point of view.
The rate of EHEC and AEEC is different from some studies in Iran and other countries. in our study, we have detected lower EHEC and lower AEEC isolates than which, Momtaz el al, have found, they have reported prevalence of EHEC and AEEC were 21% and 34% among 422 row chicken meat samples in different townships in Iran [11], they also reported stx1 as more frequent (96%) virulence factor among isolates , however we found stx1 in 16% of isolates. One of the reasons for the difference in frequency can be due to the difference in the number of samples studied. However, Guran et al, showed the overall E. coli O157 prevalence in chicken meat collected from supermarkets in Diyarbakir, Turkey was 1.3%, and 1.6% in China according to our results, all of the E. coli O157 isolates carried eaeA genes; but not any hlyA gene [12]. One of the significant results from this study are 12.9% of E. coli isolates was known as AEEC. “Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) are the cause of Attaching-and-Effacing (A/E) lesions in the gut mucosa of human and animal hosts leading to diarrhea. The adherence of bacteria to the enterocytes is mediated by Intimin, an outer membrane protein encoded by the eae (E. coli attachment effacement) gene Intimin genes are present in and some Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) or AEEC appears to be more closely related to STEC” [13-15]. According to the detection of these isolates from chicken samples, the role of these strains in gastrointestinal infection needs more investigations [16].
In this study, the EHEC isolates were positive for stx1, stx2, and eaeA genes and also positive for O157 serotypes. In India, Dutta et al have reported 14 (33.33%) isolates carried at least 1 virulence gene, of which 10 (23.81%) and 4 (9.52%) were recorded as STEC and EPEC, from poultry birds [11, 17].
Gastrointestinal infections due to E. coli is one of the bacterial infections which need to treatment by antibiotics. According to a review study done by Roth et al, The resistance rates in E. coli isolated from broiler to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, and ampicillin, are higher than 40% in all countries. Increasing antibiotic resistance is a major concern for animal and human health. Because of the high consumption of antibiotics were observed, in veterinary medicine. Resistant bacteria can spread between food-producing animals and humans. According to reports from evaluated countries, Antibiotic such as tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and penicillins are used in poultry [18].
In this study, the high levels of resistance to some antimicrobial agents such as ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, were 71 to 89%. According to these results, the STEC strains poultry meat origin are a potential reservoir of antimicrobial resistance. Accordance our results, in a study performed in Thailand 100% of E. coli isolates showed resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and erythromycin,
Momtaz et al have reported high resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and nitrofurantoin (63 to 77%). According to our findings and studies by others, Prescription of tetracycline is not recommended in cases of E. coli infection as well as in veterinary medicine in poultry[11]. There are rare reports based Molecular typing of STECs from Poultry sources in Iran and other countries. In this current study, ERIC-PCR genotyping demonstrated 5 different ERIC-genotypes from 5 STEC isolates .therefore, our results confirmed genetic diversity among EHEC isolates and also, potential different sources of EHEC contamination. Our results indicated to the utility of PCR-based genotyping method in the epidemiological investigations of virulent E. coli strains as well as EHEC strains. There is some limitation in this study because of the lack of human samples sources. However finding the related human sources samples is so difficult, unless in outbreaks episodes. Consistent to our results, in a study by Shekar et al, in India, ERIC-PCR results allowed discrimination of 12 STEC isolates from poultry samples into 11 ERIC-PCR genotypes [19]. Another limitation is insufficient number of samples. For better conclusion we need more sampling from different places in city in different intervals.
In conclusion, the results of our study revealed that poultry meat can be considered as a reservoir of pathogenic E. coli strains. We have detected pathogenic E. coli strains by accurate and quick techniques like PCR assay in chicken meat samples. Detection EHEC (5%) and STEC (33%) is a significant finding. Stx2 was known as more frequent virulence factor among STEC isolates. Our results emphasize the need to pay more attention to checking and controlling the chicken meat and also antibiotic prescription in veterinaries. Results indicated that the E. coli virulence genes especially stx1, stx2, eaeA, are well distributed in pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from poultry meat and the O157 serogroups are the predominant serogroups of EHEC in chicken meat in Hamadan city. Finally, our results indicates to the utility of molecular techniques based PCR for detection and molecular typing of pathogenic E. coli strains.
Limitations
One of the most important limitations of this study was the low number of Escherichia coli isolated from row meat. More sampling is required for molecular studies. We have also limitations in financial support.
E. coli; Escherichia coli
STEC: Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli
eae: Escherichia coli attaching and effacing or Intimin
stx1 and stx2; Shiga toxin1 and 2.
hly; hemolysin
GM; gentamicin, CIP; ciprofloxacin, AN; amikacin, A; amoxicillin, MEN; meropenem
PCR; polymerase chain reaction
Authors’ contributions
OZ, HH and MA conceived the study. OZ and LS conducted the experiments and analyzed the results. OZ and LS, drafted the manuscript and made substantial contributions to the design of the study. OZ, MA, and LS, critically reviewed the manuscript. OZ, LS, participated in data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Author details
1Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, P.O box: 6517838678, Hamadan, Iran.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all members of microbiology laboratory of Hamadan University of medical science.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
All the information supporting our conclusions and appropriate references are included in the manuscript.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was ethically approved by the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Institutional Review Board (IR.UMSHA.REC.1398.12).
Funding
This research was funded by a grant from Student Research Center of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.