Studies on performance and emission analysis of a CI engine using zinc oxide nanoparticles with biodiesel

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2335966/v1

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Studies on performance and emission analysis of a CI engine using zinc oxide nanoparticles with biodiesel

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2335966/v1

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In this study, B10, B20 and B30 forms of rice bran biodiesel along with concentrations of 750 PPM and 1500 PPM ZnO nanoparticles (< 40 nm size) are used as fuel additives in 4 strokes single-cylinder water-cooled CI engine. The engine runs at 0 kW to 3.5 kW load, a constant speed of 1500 RPM and 17.5:1 mm compression ratio. The ultrasonication process is used to prepare nano fuel for this experimental work. Six different samples such as B10ZnO750, B20ZnO750, B30ZnO750, B10ZnO1500, B20ZnO1500 and B30ZnO1500 of nano additives blended fuels have been prepared using magnetic stirrer. The characteristics of CI engine were analyzed with all six RBME biodiesel nano additives fuel blends and the outcomes were compared to neat diesel fuel. The main aim of this study is to enhance the performance and combustion properties of the engine and deteriorates exhaust emissions of NO_X, CO₂, CO and HC from the atmosphere. In this study, engine performance parameters such as BSFC, BTE and EGT increased by 14.16%, 27.72%, and 14.35% and reduction in exhaust emission of NOx, CO, CO₂, and HC by 17.12%, 75%, 6.66% and 24.18% respectively as compared to neat diesel. However, the slight increase in noise by using all six types of blended fuels in this experimental study. ZnO nano additive with biodiesel blended fuel shows considerable improvement in engine performance and combustion characteristics of diesel engine.

Biodiesel

CI engine

Engine’s performance

Exhaust emissions

Nanoparticles

Noise

The worldwide increase in the demand for fossil fuels due to energy requirements and their cost is proportionally increased. Biodiesel is a good alternative and sustainable source of energy on which the researcher relies according to its properties. The extraction of the oil from the edible and non-edible sources, the preparation method of biodiesel by the transesterification process and catalyzed used for removing the fatty acids are studied in experimental work [1, 2]. The biodiesel is produced in three generations which includes the preparation of biodiesel from edible oil sources, non-edible oil sources and algae [3]. Despite this biodiesel is produced from wastage which is a non-edible source, alcohol is used for better consequences which is viable like diesel fuel [2, 4, 5]. On the other hand, some countries move on to the third generation in which biodiesel is produced from algae for which engineered crop plants are used [6, 7]. The produced biodiesel has inferior properties such as high viscosity and low volatility, higher density which are antithetic to the diesel fuel and to reduce these issues the biodiesel transesterification process is applied by using homogeneous catalyze such as alkaline catalysis NaOH, KOH and acid catalysis H₂SO₄, HCl or heterogeneous catalysis such as enzymes, earth metal, titanium silicate [8]. There are two types of nanoparticles such as metal oxide nanoparticles (CuO, SiO₂, ZnO, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, CoO_2, etc) and nonmetallic oxide nanoparticles (GO, carbon nanotube) are used to enhance the physiochemical properties of fuel and its catalytic properties maintain the temperature of the combustion chamber [9, 10]. Fayad et al. carried out the results from the diesel butanol blend (B20) with 30, 50 and 100 PPM Al₂O₃ nanoparticles and reported that the fuel has good stability after mixing the nanoparticle into B20. It resulted that the combustion property such as cylinder pressure and exhaust gas temperature are increased by 6% and 13% also diminishment in CO, HC and NO_X exhaust emissions by 42.71%, 37.46% and 12.37% respectively [9]. In research work, Chhabra et al.[11] examined the performance and emissions characteristics of a 4-stroke water-cooled diesel engine at the variation of compression ratios 12 to 18 and up to 3.75 kW load with crude RBME with concentrations of B10, B20 and B40. They report that maximum improvement in BTE by 21.86% for B10 and B20 fuel blends at the 14 CRs as compared to pure diesel fuel. In this study, the BSFC was improved by 10.25% for B40 at 14 CRs at full load (3.75 kW), they found a marginal reduction in CO₂ and NOx at full load and the same emissions of HC as diesel fuel at 0 kW load. Dhamodaran et al.[12] carried out their experimental work and compares the results of performance, combustion, ignition and exhaust emission characteristics for RBME, neem and cottonseed biodiesels to neat diesel fuel. They use 20% of biodiesel (B20) in the diesel engine at full load. They found reduction in BTE by 3.45%, 10.34% and 13.79%, and an improvement in EGT by 7.81%, 5.65% and 3.12% for RBME, neem and cottonseed biodiesel respectively at full load. They reported that the exhaust emissions of HC are maximumly reduced by 17% for RBME, CO is reduced by 30% for RBME, NOx is reduced by 83.8% for RBME and smoke opacity is reduced by 21.47% for RBME at full load. They also reported that the cylinder pressure is improved and shortened ignition delay was found for RBME biodiesel as compared to neat diesel at full load. In an experimental investigation, Dharmaraja et al.[13] analyzed the performance and exhaust emissions characteristics of the Kirloskar TAF-1 diesel engine. In this experimental work the maximum consumption of fuel was 18.97% and the maximum improvement in BTE by 14.71% for B30 at full load conditions as compared to B100 fuel. The exhaust emission is reduced by 43.85%, 23.22% and 38.26% of HC, CO₂ and NOx for B40 blended fuel at resulted in the enhancement in CO emission at full load. EL-Seesy et al.[14] studied to improve the properties of jojoba oil biodiesel by the utilization of propanol and decanal in the part of 10–40%. After the thermogravimetric analysis they reported that viscosity reduces and it resulted in an increment of 4% BTE, peak pressure and HRR however BSFC was reduced by 4%. They observed 40% and 50 % reduction in emission of CO and UBC.

In many research works the researchers used ZnO nano additive with fuel. Ozgur et al. [15] added various nanoparticles such as ZnO, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, NiO, MgO, SiO₂, TIO₂, NiFe₂O₄ and Zn_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄ on the effect of exhaust emission of NOx only. As reported by the author NOx emission was reduced by 3.2%, 10.2% with 25 ppm concentration of ZnO, NiO, 7%, 6.4% with 50 ppm concentration of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, 18.9%, 16.2%, 12.6% and 22.1% with 100 ppm concentration of Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, Zn_0.5Ni_0.5Fe₂O₄ and NiFe₂O₄ at 2800 rpm engine speed. Selvaganapthy et al. [16] examined the effect of 250 ppm and 500 ppm ZnO nanoparticles with diesel in a diesel engine and reported that the mixing nano additive in diesel fuel increases the BTE, peak pressure and HRR 4.21%, 9.5% and 25%. However, they found a 27% increment in exhaust emissions of NOx. Another experimental work carried out by Karthikeyan et al. [17] with 50 ppm and 100 ppm ZnO nanoparticles canola biodiesel blended fuel and reported an improvement in the BTE and BSFC by 14.2% and 18.2%. However, a small reduction of 3.5% and 4.4% in HRR and peak pressure are measured. Moreover, they found an effective reduction in exhaust emissions by 14.2%, 18.75% and 50% in CO, NOx and HC respectively. In another experimental investigation, the effect of 50 ppm and 100 ppm ZnO and TiO₂ nano additives with water nanoemulsion and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel on combustion, performance and emissions parameters are studied by Nanthagopal et al. [18]. The mixture of nano additive biodiesel nanoemulsion resulted in the maximum improvement of 28% and 30% in BTE for ZnO and TiO₂ nanoemulsion blended fuel and improvement in BSFC obtained at full load and 8 bar pressure as compared to pure Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel. They reported also a reduction in exhaust emission of NOx and smoke opacity after the addition of ZnO and TiO₂ nanoemulsion blended fuel. In another research, Praveena et al. [19] studied the effect of 50 ppm and 100 ppm dosages of ZnO and CeO₂ nano additives with grapeseed oil biodiesel. they prepared biodiesel nano fuel blends with 5% nanoemulsion, 1% span and 80% surfactant and reported an enhancement in BTE of 29.34% and 29. 23% with 100 ppm concentration of ZnO and CeO₂ nano additives and biodiesel. Moreover, they observed 13%, 10.8% and 4.6% deterioration in HC, NOx and CO emissions for 100 ppm ZnO nano additive biodiesel fuel blends. EL-Seesy et al. [20] examined the effect of 10 ppm to 50 ppm Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in jojoba biodiesel fuel blends in comparison to pure diesel and reported an increment in BSFC, peak pressure, pressure rise and gross HRR of 12%, 4.5%, 4% and 4% respectively with 40 ppm Al₂O₃ nano additive biodiesel fuel blends. They analyzed 80%, 70%, 60% and 35% reduction in emissions of CO, NOx, UBHC and smoke opacity with 20 ppm Al₂O₃ nano additive biodiesel fuel blends. The author utilizes nonmetallic nanoparticles such as graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes in the concentration of 50 ppm with jatropha biodiesel fuel blends in another research work [21]. In this study, they observed an improvement of 22% and 6% in BSFC and peak pressure and a reduction of 55%, 50% and 45% in CO, UBHC and NOx emission respectively as compared to pure jatropha biodiesel.

Another experimental work was carried out by Ağbulut et al.[22] by using 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm concentrations of CuO nanoparticles with diesel fuel and reported that thermal conductivity of fuels increases resulted in EGT as well as NOx, CO and HC emissions being decreased by 4.7%, 20.8% and 13.2% at 2000 ppm CuO nano additive blended fuel. They observed an improvement in BTE of 14.6% while decreasing in BSFC by 8% with 2000 ppm CuO nano additives fuel blends. They mentioned also the fuel injected without clogging into filter. Rajak et al.[23] investigated the results by the numerical and experimental analysis of CI engine with 250 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles with diesel fuel at various speeds (2000 rpm to 3000 rpm) and CRs (15.5 to 20.5 mm) and reported that cylinder pressure and BTE were enhanced while the EGT and BSFC were reduced at higher speed of the engine. They observed reduction in the specific particulate matter and NOx emissions at higher speed and compression ratio (20.5 mm) in comparison to diesel fuel. However, they observed an increment in smoke opacity emissions after increasing the speed above 2750 rpm. Elwardany et al.[24] studied with addition of 250 ppm and 300 ppm ferrocene nano additive waste fry oil biodiesel fuel blends. They analyzed the effect of performance and emissions characteristics after adding the ferrocene nanoparticle into B30 and diesel and observed the BTE is improved by 8% and 3% and emissions NOx reduced while CO₂ was enhanced at higher load as compared to pure diesel fuel. Soudagar et al.[25] analyzed the results of performance and exhaust emission with 20 ppm, 40 ppm and 60 ppm Al₂O₃ nanoparticles and honge oil methyl ester (B20) at 0 kW load to 5.2 kW load. For stable dispersion of fuel blends, they used sodium dodecyl surfactant and reported an improvement in BTE of 10.57% however a reduction of 11.65% in BSFC. They observed the exhaust emissions of CO, HC and smoke opacity decreased by 48.43%, 26.72% and 22.84% while NOx emissions were enhanced by 11.27%. They observed also an increment in peak pressure and HRR moreover the ignition delay periods were decreased after the mixing of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in fuel blends.

In this experimental study, a four-stroke single-cylinder agricultural diesel engine is used which runs at 1500 RPM and a fixed compression ratio of 17.5:1 mm. All specifications of the engine which is used for this experimental study are shown in Table 1. The engine is water-cooled and manufactured by Bharat. For the load analysis, electric heater coupled filament 0 kW to 3.5 kW is attached to DC generator in the difference of 0.5 kW load and water flow calorimeter is used for water flow analysis. The different type of temperature measurement sensors is used to measure various temperatures such as water inlet temperature, two different water outlet temperatures for the engine and calorimeter, exhaust gas outlet temperature and ambient temperature.

The measurement of the NO_X, CO₂, CO, HC and λ (lambda) from exhaust emission by the Airvisor 5 gas analyzer instrument and noise of the engine is measured by the use of Sound level meter datalogger software. λ (lambda) value shows the ratio of oxygen content available in the combustion chamber and the total oxygen required for perfect combustion. For the preparation of the fuel, electronic balance, 230 Volts/150 Watts magnetic stirrer and ultra-sonicator instrument are used to weigh the 750 mg/L and 1500 mg/L nanoparticles, mix/heat the nano additive biodiesel blended fuel and dispersion of the nanoparticles in the fuel respectively.

Table 1

Features of the experimental diesel engine.
Item	Value
Engine Manufacturer	Bharat
Cooling Method	Water-Cooled
Number of Cylinders	1
Speed	1500 RPM
Number of Strokes	Four
Injection Method	Direct Injection
Bore × Stroke	(87.5 × 110) mm.
Compression Ratio	17.5:1 mm
Engine Capacity	8 HP
Engine Displacement	661 cc
Rated Power	3.5 kW

Rice is the most popular crop in India. India is the second largest country that produces 169 million tonnes of rice in the year 2021. The Rice bran biodiesel is prepared after the extraction of oil from wastage of rice crops. After the extraction of the rice bran oil, it has higher viscosity, lower volatility and lesser calorific value than the diesel fuel. To enhance the properties, alcohol was mixed with triglycerides and alkyl catalysis such as NaOH and KOH are used to remove the acids from rice bran oil and biodiesel is obtained in the form of methyl esters. This whole process is called the transesterification process [8]. RBME has lower viscosity, higher volatility and higher calorific value of rice bran biodiesel than rice bran oil is mixed with the 10%, 20% and 30% amounts with the conventional diesel to make the B10, B20 and B30 fuel blend. In the biodiesel blended fuel 750 PPM and 1500 PPM ZnO nanoparticles were mixed. The magnetic stirrer at 1500 RPM speed is used to mix up the blended fuel for 1.5 hours. For the dispersion of the nanoparticles in fuel, the ultrasonication process is applied. Due to the catalytic effect and thermophysical properties of the ZnO nanoparticles, it enhanced the properties of the fuel. The specification of the nanoparticles is shown in Table 2. The SEM and EDX images of the ZnO nanoparticles are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 respectively.

Measurement of the properties of the fuel such as kinematic viscosity at 40^OC, heating value, density at 15^OC and flashpoint by the use of Ostwald’s viscometer, bomb calorimeter, hydrometer and Pensky-Martens closed cup tester apparatus respectively. The characterizations of the blended fuel according to the ASTM standards are shown in Table 3.

Table 2

Specification of the ZnO nanoparticles.
Item	Value
Manufacturer	Adnano Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Molecular Formula	ZnO
Particle Size	10–40 nm
Molecular Weight	81.408 g/mol
SSA	100–120 m²/g
Bulk Density	0.58 g/cm³
Melting Point	1975⁰C
Physical Form and Colour	Powder and Milky White
Morphology	Spherical
Purity	99.9%

Table 3

Characterization of the fuel.
Properties of fuel	Neat Diesel (D100)	B10ZnO750	B20ZnO750	B30ZnO750	B10ZnO1500	B20ZnO1500	B30ZnO1500
Density, (Kg/m³), 15⁰C	831.2	842.8	846	850	843	846.6	850.5
Heating Value (MJ/Kg)	44.0	44.48	44.37	44.20	44.51	44.42	44.24
Flash Point (⁰C)	74	85	88	101	86	90	103
Kinematic Viscosity (cst), 40⁰C	3.2	3.37	3.58	3.7	3.42	3.65	3.84

Uncertainty Analysis

Uncertainty and accuracy data of measurement of data by an instrument are shown in Table 4.

Table 4

Uncertainty analysis in measurement by the instruments.
Parameters	Accuracy	Uncertainty	Actual measurement range
Electronic Balance	0.001gm	± 0.007	Up to 300 gm
Hydrocarbon	± 12 ppm Vol.	1 ppm	0-15000 ppm
Carbon monoxide	± 0.06% Vol.	0.001%	0–15%
Carbon dioxide	± 0.40% Vol.	0.01%	0–20%
NOx	-	1 ppm	0-5000 ppm
λ (Lambda)	-	0.001	0.50–9.99
Air-fuel ratio meter	-	0.01	7.90–27.60

In this research, the results of ZnO nano additive blended fuel are used for getting better results of Combustion, performance of the engine, exhaust emissions and Noise from the diesel engine as compared to pure diesel (D100).

Effects On Performance Of The Engine

Brake-Specific Fuel consumption (BSFC)

The BSFC is measured as consumption of per kilogram of fuel in per kilowatt hour. The consumption of fuel depends on the better combustion inside the engine cylinder. In this study, better results for all blended fuels are found in comparison to pure diesel fuel. The maximum improvement was shown by 750 ppm and 1500 ppm ZnO additives blends at 14.16% and 11.52% with B20ZnO750 and B20ZnO1500 fuel at full load (3.5 kW) as compared to pure diesel. At 2.5 kW load the percentage improvement in BSFC was 19.72% and 7.47% for 1500 ppm and 750 ppm ZnO nano additive blended fuel with B20. The findings of Khond et al. [26] also reported an enhancement in BSFC for ZnO additive blended fuel. According to this study, the improvement of BSFC with B20 and ZnO nano additive blended fuels was found due to better mixing of Air-fuel ratio and higher oxygen content in blended fuel. It causes shortened ignition delay and better atomization of fuel which improves the evaporation rate. Mixing the ZnO nanoparticles in the fuel enhances the calorific value and causes for better combustion inside the combustion chamber.

Brake-thermal Efficiency (Bte)

The BTE is stated as mechanical efficiency of engine which is the ratio of brake power to the product of total fuel consumption and calorific value of particular fuel blends. BTE improved by increasing the load on the engine but it is affected by enhancing the consumption of fuel. The mixing of ZnO nano additives resulted in an improvement in BTE. For ZnO nano additive blended fuel, the maximum improvement in BTE was 24.95% and 27.72% for B30ZnO750 and B30ZnO1500 fuel blends at 2.5 kW load and a marginal increment of 1.14% for the B30ZnO1500 fuel blend at full load (3.5 kW) was found as compared to neat diesel fuel. B30ZnO1500 fuel blends show the maximum efficiency among all the nano additive biodiesel fuel blends as compared to neat diesel (D100) fuel because of the large surface area to volume ratio, the air-fuel ratio is improved which led to higher evaporation rate. Due to the excessive oxygen content and high heating value of blended fuel, it enhances the combustion properties inside the engine cylinder which has a good impact on BTE.

Exhaust Gas Temperature (Egt)

The EGT of the fuel blends enhanced as the load of the engine incresese due to excessive oxygen content available in the fuel blends it causes the increased temperature inside the combustion chamber as mentioned in Fig. 7. A higher percentage of 14.35% EGT by ZnO nano additive blended fuel (B20ZnO750) was measured at full load (3.5 kW) and 10% more than EGT from neat diesel fuel was found for B20ZnO1500 fuel blend at 2.5 kW load. The higher EGT for these blended fuels was recorded due to the reduction of ignition delay which causes more fuel to be ignited steadily resulting in high temperature inside the combustion chamber but due to the thermal conductivity of ZnO nanoparticles the heat was released from the combustion chamber.

Effects On Exhaust Emissions From The Engine

Carbon monoxide (CO) Exhaust Emissions

The variation in exhaust emission of CO with various loads is shown in Fig. 8. It is mentioned in the graph that there is prominent reduction in CO exhaust emission found for ZnO nano additive biodiesel blended fuels as compared to neat diesel fuel. The addition of nanoparticles led to reduction in the ignition delay. Moreover, proper mixing of air-fuel ratio improves the propagation of fuel, which causes the complete ignition of fuel it shows better results for CO emissions. CO emissions are reduced with improvement in the concentration of nano additive in biodiesel blended fuel from 750 ppm to 1500 ppm at 2.5 kW load. The ZnO blended fuel shows 25% and 75% reduction in CO emissions for B30ZnO750 and B30ZnO1500 as compared to neat diesel at 2.5 kW load and CO emissions for B20ZnO750 and B20ZnO1500 fuel blends are the same as neat diesel fuel at 3.5 kW. At 3.5 kW load, the exhaust emission of CO is reduced by 50% and 25% for B30ZnO750 and B30ZnO1500 fuel blends as compared to neat diesel fuel. The reduction in CO exhaust emissions is caused by the excessive oxygen content in biodiesel blending fuel and due to the catalytic effect, the efficiency of burning fuel is enhanced. During the oxidation of fuel excessive oxygen is converted into CO₂. However, Dharmaraja et al. [13] reported after the utilization of RBME biodiesel, the CO emissions were enhanced for B20, B30 and B40 blended fuel at full load.

Carbon Dioxide (Co) Exhaust Emission

The CO₂ exhaust emission increases when the load on the engine increased. The CO₂ emissions are improved due to oxidation of the burning fuel. The biodiesel blended fuels have higher oxygen content then the temperature is increased due to the excess amount of fuel burned inside the combustion chamber and due to oxidation and high temperature in the cylinder the CO is converted into CO₂. The CO₂ exhaust emissions are 6.66% and 2.22% improved for B30ZnO1500 and B20ZnO750 fuel blends at full load (3.5 kW). At 2.5 kW load, the CO₂ emissions were decreased by 4.87% for the B20ZnO1500 fuel blend. All the variation in CO₂ exhaust emissions shows in Fig. 9.

Unburnt Hydrocarbon (Ubhc) Exhaust Emission

The UHBC of exhaust emission influenced when proper combustion not take placed inside combustion chamber. In the case of poor air-fuel ratio, the lean mixture is also responsible for hydrocarbon emissions. It mitigates flaming speed inside the combustion chamber. According to this study, it can be reported that the percentage of UBHC exhaust emissions is improved by increasing the load on the engine. All the variations in UBHC emission according to the load are shown in Fig. 10. Maximum diminishment in UBHC emissions was observed as compared to neat diesel fuel (D100) for B30ZnO1500 and B30ZnO750 at a deterioration rate of 17.77% and 6.33% hydrocarbon emissions respectively measured at full load (3.5 kW). At 2.5 kW load, the UBHC emissions of 11.84% and 2.46% reduction were found for 750 ppm and 1500 ppm of ZnO nano additives with B30 biodiesel blended fuels respectively as compared to neat diesel fuel (D100). The overall decrement in UBHC emissions was observed due to the better atomization and proper burning of fuels which was caused by the lower viscosity and higher heating value of the blended fuels.

Oxides Of Nitrogen (Nox) Exhaust Emissions

The exhaust emissions of NOx improve with the increase of load on engine and oxygen content enhanced due to nano additive biodiesel blended fuels. The excessive oxygen content and shortened ignition delay increase the fuel burning rate in the combustion chamber. It causes rise in temperature inside the cylinder which emits NOx exhaust emissions. The percentage variation of NOx emissions of all blended fuel is compared to neat diesel fuel as shown in Fig. 11. ZnO nano additive biodiesel blended fuel diminishes NOx emissions as compared to neat diesel (D100) by 6.51% and 3.81% for B10ZnO750 and B10ZnO1500 at full load (3.5 kW). After operating the engine at a 2.5 kW load the NOx exhaust emissions were reduced by 6.04% and 3.23% for B20ZnO750 and B20ZnO1500 blended fuel. The overall reductions in NOx emissions were found due to the thermal conductivity of the ZnO nano additive in the fuel blend. When the temperature is raised in the cylinder during combustion it helps in releasing the heat from the engine cylinder which causes the deterioration in exhaust emissions of NOx.

Noise Of The Diesel Engine

The noise get increase in direct injection diesel engines because the pressure is higher during injection of fuel for nano additive fuel blends as compared to neat diesel fuel. Noise of engine raised when the load gets increases. In this study, the variation in Noise of diesel engine for neat Diesel and ZnO nano additive blended fuel at various loads shown in the Fig. 12. The minimum raised noise value was found for B20ZnO750 and B30ZnO750 blended fuel at 0 kW to 3.5 kW load as compared to diesel fuel (D100) at same load. The overall increment in noise due to unmodified engine according to the biodiesel. With higher injection pressure inside the cylinder, the noises were improved for all nano additive’s biodiesel blended fuel.

The effects of ZnO nano particle in the rice bran biodiesel fuel blend were analyzed in this study. The diesel engine operates at 0 kW to 3.5 kW load and constant speed 1500 rpm with neat diesel (D100), B10ZnO750, B20ZnO750, B30ZnO750, B10ZnO1500, B20ZnO1500 and B30ZnO1500 fuel blends. The results show performance of the engine and emissions characteristics as compared to neat diesel fuel (D100) are concluded below

The transesterified biodiesel is used and the dispersion of nanoparticles in the blended fuel is done by ultrasonication process.
ZnO nano additives with B20 blended fuel show better results for all parameters of performance of engine. The BTE was marginally enhanced by 1.14% and BSFC was reduced by 4.70% for the B30ZnO1500 fuel blend at full load (3.5 kW) and at the 2.5 kW load BTE improved by 27.72% for B30ZnO1500 as well as BSFC is deteriorated up to 22.13%.
Maximum consumption of 19.72% and 13.09% was found for B20ZnO1500 and B10ZnO750 fuel blends at 2.5 kW and 3.5 kW loads respectively.
The addition of ZnO nano additives into biodiesel resulted in high heat-releasing rate and helps in the diminishment of NOx exhaust emission in comparison to neat diesel fuel.
The exhaust emissions of CO, CO₂ and HC were reduced by 50%, 6.66% and 17.77% as compared to neat diesel fuel after the mixing of ZnO nanoparticles into biodiesel.

This can be recommended after this study that ZnO nano additives biodiesel fuel blends are more suitable for the life of engine and for prevention of atmosphere from pollution as compared to fossil fuels. During this research work for the last few months, it is observed by the literature surveying that the destructive effects of ZnO nanoparticles fuel blend at various fuel injection timing have not been analyzed yet. Moreover, the investigation of the life of the engine in the long term is important to examine for further points of research work.

BD	Biodiesel
ZnO	Zinc Oxide
BSFC	Brake-specific fuel consumption
BTE	Brake thermal efficiency
CO	Carbon Mono-oxide
CO₂	Carbon dioxide
NO_X	Oxides of nitrogen
UBHC	Unburnt Hydrocarbon
EGT	Exhaust gas Temperature
HC	Hydrocarbon
cst	Centistokes
D100	Neat diesel
B10 ZnO750	10% Rice bran biodiesel with 750PPM ZnO nanoparticle
B20ZnO750	20% Rice bran biodiesel with 750PPM ZnO nanoparticle
B30ZnO750	30% Rice bran biodiesel with 750 PPM ZnO nanoparticle
B10ZnO1500	10% Rice bran biodiesel with 1500PPM ZnO nanoparticle
B20ZnO1500	20% Rice bran biodiesel with 1500PPM ZnO nanoparticle
B30ZnO1500	30% Rice bran biodiesel with 1500 PPM ZnO nanoparticle
SEM	Scanning electron microscope
EDX	Energy Dispersive X-ray
RBME	Rice bran methyl ester

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, Maharshi University of Information Technology, Lucknow and the University of Lucknow for their support through the course of this research work.

Conflict of Interest

This research article did not support any conflict of interest such as funding by any agency, receiving funding from any organization, and funding grants for this study.

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Studies on performance and emission analysis of a CI engine using zinc oxide nanoparticles with biodiesel

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Experimental Setup

Materials And Methods

Uncertainty Analysis

Results And Discussion

Effects On Performance Of The Engine

Brake-Specific Fuel consumption (BSFC)

Brake-thermal Efficiency (Bte)

Exhaust Gas Temperature (Egt)

Effects On Exhaust Emissions From The Engine

Carbon monoxide (CO) Exhaust Emissions

Carbon Dioxide (Co) Exhaust Emission

Unburnt Hydrocarbon (Ubhc) Exhaust Emission

Oxides Of Nitrogen (Nox) Exhaust Emissions

Noise Of The Diesel Engine

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Supplementary Files

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