Developing a Parenting Model for the Decent Use of Digital Media among the Teenagers in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Exploration

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2364672/v4

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Research Article

Developing a Parenting Model for the Decent Use of Digital Media among the Teenagers in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Exploration

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2364672/v4

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Background

In Bangladesh, parents are crucial in ensuring that teens use digital gadgets responsibly. The purpose of this study was to create a parenting paradigm within the context of the government's purges.

Method

Nineteen key informants took part in this study as part of the qualitative inquiry.

Results

Participants come from a variety of backgrounds and play a variety of roles that all support the same goal. The parenting model was created using the information from the interviews. By placing secondary and upper secondary educational institutions at the core of government action, parents will be educated. This approach was first proposed to be used in the "Generation Breakthrough" program of the Ministry of Education. Parents should be invited to the institutions to learn about the actions that need to be performed and followed under the two main categories, preventative and curative. Technology, the spoken word, psychology, and relationships built on evidence and trust are all examples of preventive approaches. Corrective measures include counseling, assistance with cyber security, legal services, and law enforcement.

Conclusion

In order to ensure that teens are using digital gadgets responsibly, this study suggests educating and empowering parents through a realistic strategy.

Sociology

Health Policy

Parenting Model

Bangladesh

Teenagers

Digital Media

Qualitative

We embrace digital devices in unprecedented ways for our communication, knowledge acquisition, employment opportunities, business, healthcare, and other needs. In many respects, technology makes our lives simpler, yet social media and technology are also adding additional challenges for the 21st century (American Psychological Association). Social media significantly increased depression (Lin et al., 2016). Sexual and reproductive health-related abuse predominates compared to other areas. Vulnerable groups: girls and women: are greatly affected across borders (BakiBillah et al., 2019). This domain stands out in many ways; accessing and creating pornographic content, cyberbullying, sexting, revenge porn, sextortion, and more. (Lenhart et al., 2016).

Whether on purpose or accidentally, these forms are used to lure victims, and the offenders profit from the circumstance. Numerous pieces of literature from all over the world and from a variety of backgrounds emphasize the issue of digital media abuse at the expense of sexual and reproductive health issues as a top concern. Studies on child sex crime rates and internet accessibility in India (Shaik & Rajkumar, 2015), cyberbullying and middle school students (Rowe, N.L., 2008), for instance, have shown a linear association between children's willingness to sexually hurt others and their exposure to pornographic information.

Meanwhile, several prominent institutions, such as the Center for Research on Crime Against Children, Thorn, were concerned about how technology-related abuse undermines our decent lives (Lenhart et al., 2016). The consequences of these forms of abuse are massive, as evidenced by notable studies, such as discovering a link between cyberbullying victimization and low self-esteem, family problems, academic problems, school problems, and behaviors through a sense of connectedness (CDC). For example, parenting practices can influence parents' general perceptions of their children through parental attachment (Shahinuzzaman et al., 2012), tone of voice, emotional expression, quality of attention, and even body language (Bornstein & Zlotnik, 2009). reveal emotions. Several studies have shown that parental conflict can lead to adolescent impulsive behavior (Shahinuzzaman et al., 2019), psychological distress (Shahinuzzaman et al., 2016), and bullying behavior (Shahinuzzaman & Ferdushi, 2017). It also suggests that in a recent study of parenting styles, authoritarian parenting was the best predictor of developing attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms in Bangladeshi children (Shahinuzzaman et al., 2022). This was because parenting practices among her teenagers in Bangladesh were compulsory subjects to learn using cutting-edge technology. In addition, researchers can develop a framework for education and, consequently, the best treatment programs to reverse the obscene use of digital media.

However, the teaching practice is aimed at achieving three main goals: it ensures the health and safety of children, prepares them for productive adult lives, and conveys cultural values. In fact, quality parent-child relationships are essential for healthy development (American Psychological Association). Findings reveal the depth of online sexual harassment, with a limited focus on explaining the situation rather than solving the problem (Malik, 2017). Existing laws dealing with sexual harassment on social media and other digital platforms in Bangladesh are inadequate and ineffective (Preetha, 2015). A local NGO investigated the abuse of technology and the involvement of children. They presented relevant recommendations based on the treatment of the context, depth, causes, and effects of child pornography. Also, and this is important, research has empowered children (Huda, 2013). Due to the lack of scientific research addressing the parental role in protecting teenagers from the misuse of digital media, the authors realized the knowledge gap and conducted the study.

Research design:

This is a qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews that explores parenting as a pathway to appropriate digital media use in teenagers. The snowball sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. This sampling technique is often used in qualitative research to recruit hidden populations that are difficult for researchers to access (Teut et al., 2014).

Research participants and context:

This study was conducted in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. The study participants were academics, researchers, NGO workers, and journalists. Participants had a rigorous level of experience working on issues of research interest.

Sampling and recruiting:

A convenience sampling technique was used to identify participants in the selected practice, and data collection continued until saturation was reached. To address this issue, members of the research team contacted potential participants to set up in-person interviews. During this contact, the participants are informed whether they are free to join or not. Keeping in mind the main goals and research questions of the study, the research team reviewed the contemporary literature on the rational use of digital media, abuse of digital media, the extent of digital media abuse, potential actions that can be taken by parents, and parenting as a means of the former, A comprehensive unstructured interview guide for the informants were then developed. As the interviews in this study were conducted in an informal conversation format, the interview guide was used to probe or verify the responses of the participants at the time of the interview as well as to support interviewers by allowing them to change topics and dig into interesting aspects. After conducting the initial interviews, the interview guidelines were seriously reviewed and revised by the research team.

Data collection:

The study used key informant interviews to explore the role of parents in ensuring teenagers' rational use of digital media between May and October. 2018. All interviews took place at the informant's agency office, at the informant's home, and sometimes in public areas of the municipality. The first author of this article conducted interviews; he has received academic training in data collection methods and how to approach participants for data collection. All raw data was collected directly in Bengali and recorded on magnetic tape. Before starting to collect data, researchers carefully considered specific research objectives, research tools, and data collection techniques to efficiently collect quality data. In interviews with key informants, which lasted from 25 minutes to 30 minutes, the researcher used interview guidelines. Interviews with key informants reveal the depth of the problem, youth abuse of digital media in the Bangladesh context, parental understanding of technology devices, and parental roles before and after victimization. KII participants are selected from academics, researchers, NGO workers, and journalists. Participants were recruited with a nationally exposed reference to the issue by publishing articles in the national daily, organizations that work specifically on the abuse of digital media. digital in Bangladesh. Prior to the interviews, a formal email was sent to each participant regarding the research interview and their consent to fix the schedule.

Table 1- Key-Informants Profile

Participant ID	Position	Sex	Age (Years)
1	Researcher	Male	45-55
2	Researcher	Male	40-50
3	Researcher	Female	25-35
4	Researcher	Female	30-40
5	Researcher	Male	40-50
6	Researcher	Female	45-55
7	Researcher	Female	30-40
8	Academician	Female	40-50
9	Academician	Male	35-45
10	Academician	Female	25-35
11	Academician	Female	40-50
12	Academician	Female	35-45
13	Journalist	Male	40-50
14	Journalist	Female	30-40
15	Journalist	Female	30-40
16	NGO Worker	Female	35-45
17	NGO Worker	Male	25-35
18	NGO Worker	Female	40-50
19	NGO Worker	Female	40-50

Data analysis:

Thematic analysis of qualitative data was performed using the method proposed by Braun and Clark (Braun and Clarke, 2006). An inductive approach was taken to analyze the data based on the paucity of parenting exploratory literature to ensure the judicious use of digital media by teenagers. First, the transcript was read multiple times to become familiar with the data. Second, the initial codes are generated after reading more data. Third, the codes are collected and grouped into topics. Fourth, the initially identified topics were reviewed and refined by the research team to best represent the data. Fifth, topics were identified, named, and classified into subtopics as appropriate. Finally, the data is analyzed by the research team to identify emerging themes and subtopics, and a narrative is written to summarize them.

Ethical consideration:

The objectives and methods used in the study were explained to all participants before data collection began. The participants prior to the interview received written consent to participate in the study and they were assured that all their personal information would be kept confidential. In addition, participants are informed that their participation is voluntary and may be terminated at any time without cause or penalty. People seemed spontaneous and comfortable giving their information to interviewers when they were told how well they were using digital media, which they considered useful. The Research Ethics Committee of the Department of Health Sciences of Daffodil International University reviewed and approved the protocol for this study.

Based on qualitative research, a parenting model was developed as a way to curb the damage caused by digital media abuse.

Developing a 'Parenting Model' The proposed parenting model, depicted in the following figure 01, has been designed to disseminate the relevant knowledge of proper use of digital media as a significant part of Teenagers’ lives and how to adopt measures to save our girls from becoming the victim and build safe, healthy, decent sexual and reproductive health.The proposed parenting model, depicted in Figure 01, is intended to disseminate relevant knowledge of the proper use of digital media as a significant part of teenagers' lives, as well as how to implement measures to prevent our girls from becoming victims and to build safe, healthy, and decent sexual and reproductive health. This model has multiple stakeholders, and the government is the key to implementing it. This is proposed as an inter-ministerial initiative, i.e., the Ministry of Education, the Division of ICT, and the Ministry of Information, where the Directorate of Secondary and Primary Education is the implementing agency. Under the project "Generation Breakthrough’ of the Ministry of Education (MoE), this model can be implemented where "CSAWE" can be integrated to bring efficiency and efficacy to the project. A guidebook for disseminating information on the proper use of digital media and associated measures along with tackling mental disorders is supposed to be made. The following sketch of activities can be stepped up for implementing the model;

Each month or at a particular time, a guardian council will be held in each educational institution across Bangladesh.
Under this council, a parenting workshop to make them understand the potential measures related to digital device issues will be conducted by the appointed teacher.
A guidebook for educating parents nationally can be created.
In the initial phase, only one copy of the guidebook can be distributed for each school under the project where a responsible teacher will discuss those issues. Later, it can be expanded as per the need.
Each teacher in schools and colleges must be educated on the proper use of digital devices and their impact in order to prevent teacher abuse.

The parents should undergo the preventive and curative measures, figured out from the qualitative investigation, presented as the following;

Preventive Measures

The most significant issue is how to prevent children and teenagers from becoming victims. Parents should take over all approaches to ensure the proper use of digital media.

Evidence-Trust-Relationship

It should be built on evidence and trust-based relationships between parents and children. To bolster this relationship, evidence should not be overlooked. It is obvious to begin a practice of listening to the children. They should closely observe the level of rudeness in behavior, the reaction against any tiny thing, the attentiveness in the study, the evaluation of the results in the exam, and attempt to find out the underlying reasons behind any degradation. If the parents fail to build up trust-based relationships with their children, statutory rape-related events may rise.

One Participant Opined that as the following;

“…Some parents failed to build a healthy relationship with their children based on trust and evidence. As a result, the children hide from their parents and make mistakes. Both children and their parents pay the price for that.” (KII-8, Academician)

Another participant stated the scenario as the following;

“…Last month, I paid a visit to my sister's home." Suddenly, I was shocked to witness an unexpected event related to my niece. My sister started scolding her daughter for a transgression without asking for the real truth from her. I was shocked and asked my sister why they were doing so without evidence. My sister replied, "I don’t need "I said your daughter’s mind is growing with mistrust.” (KII-6, Researcher)

Psychological Measures

Instead of rude behavior, parents need to take prompt, peaceful action with patience if any weird things are noticed in the conduct of their children. Parents must ensure the environment is where children can share anything with their mothers.

One Participant, an Academician, expressed this issue as the following;

“…majority of the parents don’t want to their children’s desires and expectations. They always expect their parents to be loving, caring, and forgiving. When parents demonstrate rude behavior, it gives a special signal to their children, and gradually, they start feeling inferior, alone, and stressed at home.” (KII-10, Academician)

Another participant, NGO Worker, expressed this issue as the following;

“…mental health of the children is shaped by their parents' support, warmth, and empathetic behavior. Any mental health disorders resulting from grave stress and anxiety where the parental role can positively transform the status with greater success. However, most parents fail to demonstrate appropriate behavior due to the honor in the society.” (KII-16, NGO Worker)

Verbal Measures

Proper parenting should be implemented at the right moment based on the necessities in line with the children's growth. Negative parenting styles may mislead teenagers. Instead of that, positive parenting styles need to be strictly followed and maintained.

A Participant, a Researcher, shared this issue as the following;

“…children grow with their age-adjusted needs, expectations, and thoughts. They learn to implement the behaviour they observe and experience. Parental verbal expressions play a dominant role in building a healthy relationship. If children don’t hear the wrong words, they will never practice them. (KII-1, Researcher)

Another Participant, an Academician, shared her feeling as the following;

“… Age-appropriate, as well as appropriate conduct, is essential for a healthier and happier child-parent relationship. Aggressive behaviour like shouting, slapping, beating, etc. can cause a long-term effect on the healthy relationship, decreasing respect towards parents.” (KII-7, Researcher)

“Parents should emphasise the preventive aspects of behaviour on a personal level, in domestic and societal affairs. Maintaining a healthy relationship among family members should be prioritised even if it goes against society and if it is the right choice. Sometimes, negative verbal expressions like scolding should not be in front of relatives and other than family members and sometimes, hiding children’s faults from other family members works much better than adopting bitter interventions.” (KII-17, NGO Worker).

Technological Measures

Obscene programs can be restricted on TV channels. Parents should assist in making the girls understand, i.e., more conscious, when seeking assistance from a computer mechanic or operator; be aware when the teenagers browse the internet in a cybercafé or anywhere else because hidden settings may be installed to trap the young girls; and avoid disclosing the password of a social media account, an android phone, or anything else to anyone else. For a healthier generation, parents must be vigilant about safer internet connections at home. Notably, pornographic contents are easily accessible on websites and need to be cautiously and strategically handled.

One informant, a Researcher, expressed his thoughts on this phenomenal issue as the following;

“…Parents must be aware of the know-how of the technical devices and tools. They should educate their daughters and sons regarding the negative things about using the internet, including digital platforms. It is better to take extra precautions in terms of using digital devices” (KII-2, Researcher)

One informant, an Academician, shared his thoughts on this phenomenal issue as the following;

“..before the age of 18, no children should have a smartphone with uninterrupted internet connection. Parents should have close monitoring of their children regularly” (KII-4, Researcher)

One informant, NGO Worker, shared his thoughts on this phenomenal issue as the following;

“As the daughters are more vulnerable than boys, parents should have meticulous attention in educating about the precautionary aspects of using social networking sites” (KII-5, Researcher)

Curative Measures

Undoubtedly, the stage of curative measures is unwelcome because it starts after the victimisation of what we never desire. However, it is imperative to understand how to tackle the situation after victimisation. The following measures are in this category;

a. Psychological Measures

The most significant curative measure is to show empathy and full mental support after becoming victimised. Parents should avoid becoming enraged with their children because teenagers may lose hope of living without permission. A single mistake by the parents can take the life of that victim.

One informant, a Researcher, shared his thoughts on this phenomenal issue as the following;

“A victim, mostly the daughters, remains in grave depression and anxiety after the incident. During that time, parents must realise the mental situation and act accordingly” (KII-9, Academician)

One informant, a Researcher, expressed his thoughts on this phenomenal issue as the following;

“In most cases, the victims try to revitalise their strength even after a severe mental shock, but the parents aggravate the situation. The suicidal ideation is generated among the daughters because of the parental negative response towards the incidents” (KII-3, Researcher)

b. Cyber Security Help

There is a range of help numbers from the government and NGOs, i.e., 109, for women and children harassment control; 999, for national emergency service; 16430, for legal aid national helpline. These numbers should be disseminated widely among Teenagers, and teenagers, especially among girls and women. Parents can also seek help from any known cyber experts who can do something in this regard.

One informant, a Researcher, expressed his thoughts on this phenomenal issue as the following;

“Bold intervention can save a victim’s life. Government and some NGOs are very active in this regard. Without hesitation, parents and victims immediately should seek help from the concerned authority.” (KII-14, Journalist)

One informant, a Researcher, shared her thoughts on this phenomenal issue as the following;

“Each parent should help their daughter memorise the national helpline number. I have observed that many girls and women don’t know the helpline number, and many don’t know how to call it.” (KII-13, Journalist)

c. Legal Aid and Law Enforcement Agency

Parents need to contact them immediately after those incidents to file cases against the offenders. Legal aid can also be found from renowned agencies, including Ain o Salish Kendra, Bangladesh National Women Lawyers' Association, Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust, National Law Aid Providing Organization, etc.

One informant, NGO Worker, expressed her thoughts on this issue as the following:

“Previously, it was difficult to sue a case against an offender due to the lack of legal aid agencies, but nowadays, several national, as well as local level agencies, are working to proceed with courage and justice.” (KII-18, NGO Worker)

This exploratory study highlights respondents' knowledge and experience in parenting, digital media, mental health, and reproductive health. Parents should therefore take preventive and therapeutic measures for the proper use of digital media among teenagers in Bangladesh. First, if you take precautions, i.e. evidence-trust relationship and psychological measures in both prevention and treatment, degree of disrespect in behavior, reaction to any trifle, attentiveness in learning, close observation of test results to assess behavior and trying to find some underlying reason for the deterioration. A study by (Erickson et al., 2016) also showed that parents expressed very different opinions about the potential risks associated with their teens' online behavior. Some parents felt their teens were in grave danger, both mentally and physically. But others felt their children were smart enough to avoid harm. Teens are working together to protect their online privacy from the Internet (Agosto, Abbas, & Naughton, 2012; Boyd, 2008, 2014; Livingstone, 2008). Adolescents go to great lengths to create privacy boundaries so that their parents cannot access their personal online space (Child & Westermann, 2013).

This study figured out that the statutory rape issue may increase in the absence of a trust-based relationship between teenagers and their parents, which is compatible with the result addressed in another study in the context of Bangladesh (BakiBillah et al., 2022). A study found that teenagers prefer to use email to communicate with adults. This is because email is a less personal means of preventing unwanted adults from intruding on her private social network (Agosto & Abbas, 2010; Agosto et al., 2012). Some of her teens report that he created two profiles on social networking sites. These teens make sure their friends know that their "real" accounts are being monitored and that they should only post parent-appropriate discussions, photos, and comments. Therefore, as both a preventive and curative measure, whenever parents notice an abnormality in their child's behaviour rather than rude behaviour, they should immediately act peacefully and patiently. An environment should be provided in which the child can share everything with his mother. This is part of the psychological measures of our study. By creating a dual girlfriend profile, teens can protect their privacy and control access to information in the online world while avoiding attempts by parents to monitor their behaviour. This practice can lead to other dangerous behaviours.

Her teens using this strategy are likely to accept requests from strangers, believing them to be from friends who also use aliases (Boyd, 2007). With the growing use of the Internet, social media, and texting, it is essential that we better understand the new dynamics that may present themselves regarding establishing boundaries and negotiating privacy between parents and teens in online contexts. Evidence from our study elicited obscene programs that can be restricted from TV channels. Parents should help to make the teenagers understand i.e., more conscious while seeking help from the computer mechanic or operator; be aware when the Teenagers browse the internet in a cyber-cafe or anywhere else because any hidden settings may be installed for trapping the young girls; and trying not to disclose the password of social media account, android phone, etc. with any others. This work emphasized how teens need to balance the risks and opportunities associated with disclosing personal information as a form of self-expression to generate online intimacy with others. We also emphasized the importance of experimenting and building this self-image independently of parental supervision (Livingstone, 2008). Yardi (2012) conducted an in-depth analysis of parental strategies for managing children's technology use, using a qualitative survey of parents' views. A study concluded that a massive level of safer internet connectivity needs to be ensured at home and everywhere, which is compatible with the study (BakiBillah, 2021). Some of the key findings from a study by Petronio (2010) include parents' concerns about adolescents' excessive use of technology, the difficulties parents face in enforcing rules, including technology-based rules, and a sense of loss of control. Technological measures are very similar in our study. On the method of using a negative parenting style to control the behavior of teenagers in their use of time, familiarity with technology often plays a role in these parents' decisions not to monitor their children's behaviors. This raises questions about the role of technology knowledge in parental supervision and boundary-setting practices. Notably, this study figured out that parents should be strongly vigilant about watching pornographic content on their teenage children’s smartphones or computers considering the harmful effects which are also compatible with the study done in Bangladesh (BakiBillah & Muhammad, 2022).

Lower knowledge of technology may also be closely related to parental feelings of loss of control in our sample. So another cure, cybersecurity aid, plays an important role in preventing harmful scams among teenagers and addressing future mental health disorders. With the increasing use of the Internet, social media, and messaging, it is essential that we better understand the new dynamics that may arise regarding boundary setting and negotiation. confidentiality between parents and adolescents in the context of that boundary. The studies cited above (Agosto et al., 2012; Ahn, 2011; Boyd, 2007, 2008, 2014; Child & Westermann, 2013; Lenhart, 2005; Lenhart & Madden, 2007; Leung & Lee, 2012; Livingstone, 2008; Livingstone & Helsper, 2008; Lwin et al., 2008; Mesch, 2009; Rosen et al., 2008; Shin et al., 2012; Wisniewski et al., 2014; Yardi, 2012; Valuable information on the involvement of cyber-assistance in the teenage online space.

Another important finding from our study of implementing verbal action is that parents should focus more on the preventive aspects of behavior at the individual level, in family matters, and in society. It is important to note that maintaining healthy relationships among family members should be a priority, even if going against society is the right choice. Sometimes there should be no negative verbal expressions, such as scolding in front of parents, other than family members. Sometimes it is much more effective to hide a child's flaws from other family members than to apply harsh interventions similar to those (Cranor et al., 2014) and (Altman, 1975). This study emphasizes the importance of avoiding negative parenting styles from the parental mind set; this is also reinforced in other studies (BakiBillah et al., 2022).

On the basis of grave concern due to the widespread abuse of digital media among teenagers in Bangladesh. The government is aware of the importance and shortcomings of the misuse of digital media and is acting accordingly based on strategic interventions. To address this, we urge parents to educate and empower themselves to ensure the decent use of digital devices by teenagers. Finally, a concerted effort is needed to prevent and protect teenagers from falling victim to the potential threats of the misuse of digital media.

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Developing a Parenting Model for the Decent Use of Digital Media among the Teenagers in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Exploration

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