Over the last thirty years, the worldwide supply of white meat has grown at an average rate of 5% per year [1]. In 2017, this sector produced 100 million tons all over the world [2]. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has reported that global chicken production has almost doubled over the last 25 years [3]. In this context, and as a result of growing awareness of the environmental impact of effluent organic matter [4], the valorization of those waste for the elaboration of new natural raw materials has been a pressing priority for the scientific community. Furthermore, the UN's sustainable development agenda has set vital targets to be achieved by 2030 to reducing wastes and protecting natural resources [5] including (i) the management and use of natural resources sustainably and efficiently; (ii) a significant reduction in the generation of waste through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse.
In Algeria, animal by-products are not recovered but disposed of [6], many of waste which are dumped or sold to informal sector recyclers who use them as animal feed [7]. The National Waste Agency (AND) was estimated the industrial wastes in Algeria at 2.5 million tons/year, while the recovery rate did not exceed the threshold of 7%. Unfortunately, until now, this last area still untapped [8]. Among the main objectives of sustainable development, reducing food wastes is a challenged task, either by avoiding its creation or by turning it into a resource.
The processing of live animal into a carcass generates noble products, essentially, muscle tissue compound (meat), as well as various co-products among: offal, bones, organic matter wastes, etc… [9].These biowastes are mainly buried in landfills and/or burned in incinerators, which contributes to environmental damage and disease transmission.
However, some byproducts of the poultry industry were advantageously used as renewable sources in various manufacturing applications. For example, chicken feathers are used for the production of textiles [10], bio-fertilizer [11], bioplastics [12], paper [13], or for animal feed [14]. Moreover, the extraction and characterization of functional proteins from offal such as liver [15], lung [16], heart [17], viscera [18], and bones [19] were reported.
Chicken viscera constitute an important by-product of the meat industry. Owing to its composition of 92.5% organic matter, including 32.5% protein, 20% lipids, 40.1% carbohydrates, and 7.4% ash, seems a potential cheap biocatalyst candidate [20].
With the huge advancement of the industrial biotechnologies, the developments of new efficient and cheap biomaterials like biocatalysts still important. This is in order to develop sustainable, clean and viable alternatives to hard chemical processes [21, 22]. Industrial-scale organic biotransformations, including hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, addition/elimination, and transesterification reactions were widely exploited in the pharmaceutical, chemical, food, cosmetics, and textile industries [23]. Hydrolases, microorganisms or plants are also successfully used to access chiral building blocks through enzymatic catalysis [24–27].
The present paper reports for the first time the valorization of a domestic biowastes "chicken viscera" as a potential biocatalyst source. Two preparation ways were described and used for the bio-hydrolysis of fatty esters, direct treatment of fat milk and the bioresolution of some racemic secondary esters of a high added value.
At the best of our knowledge, only the chicken liver acetone powder prepared in lab, was exploited for the resolution of racemic 1-phenylethanols and 1-phenylpropanols by the hydrolysis of their corresponding acetates [28] and for the hydrolysis of (+/-)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid esters [29].