1) Atmar, R.L., Ramani, S., Estes, M.K. Human noroviruses: recent advances in a 50-year history. Curr Opin Infect Dis 31, 422-432, DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000476 (2018).
2) Heyman DL, editor. Control of communicable diseases manual. 20th ed. Washington: American Public Health Association. 2015:436-441.
3) Ahmed, S.M. et al. Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 14, 725-730, DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70767-4 (2014).
4) Lian, Y. et al. Epidemiology of norovirus outbreaks reported to the Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System, China, 2014⁻2017. Viruses 11, 342, DOI: 10.3390/v11040342 (2019).
5) Inns, T., Harris, J., Vivancos, R., Iturriza-Gomara, M., O'Brien, S. Community-based surveillance of norovirus disease: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 17, 657, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2758-1 (2017).
6) Kreidieh, K., Charide, R., Dbaibo, G., Melhem, NM. The epidemiology of norovirus in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: a systematic review. Virol J 14, 220, DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0877-3 (2017).
7) Trivedi, T.K. et al. Hospitalizations and mortality associated with norovirus outbreaks in nursing homes, 2009-2010. JAMA 308, 1668-1675, DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.14023 (2012).
8) Lindsay, L., Wolter, J., De Coster, I., Van Damme, P., Verstraeten, T. A decade of norovirus disease risk among older adults in upper-middle and high income countries: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 15, 425, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1168-5 (2015).
9) Gaspard, P. et al. Gastroenteritis and respiratory infection outbreaks in French nursing homes from 2007 to 2018: Morbidity and all-cause lethality according to the individual characteristics of residents. PLoS One 14, e0222321, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222321 (2019).
10) Inns, T. et al. Estimating the burden of care home gastroenteritis outbreaks in England, 2014-2016. BMC Infect Dis 19, 12, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3642-3 (2019).
11) Barret, A.S. et al. Surveillance for outbreaks of gastroenteritis in elderly long-term care facilities in France, November 2010 to May 2012. Euro Surveill 19, 20859, DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.29.20859 (2014).
12) Vega, E. et al. Genotypic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the United States, 2009 to 2013. J Clin Microbiol 52, 147-155, DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02680-13 (2014).
13) van Beek, J. et al. Molecular surveillance of norovirus, 2005-16: an epidemiological analysis of data collected from the NoroNet network. Lancet Infect Dis 18, 545-553, DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30059-8 (2018).
14) Sabrià, A. et al. Norovirus shedding among food and healthcare workers exposed to the virus in outbreak settings. J Clin Virol 82, 119-125, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.07.012 (2016).
15) Gastañaduy, P.A. et al. Transmission of norovirus within households in Quininde, Ecuador. Pediatr Infect Dis J 34, 1031-1033, DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000000783 (2015).
16) Costantini, V.P. et al. Epidemiologic, virologic, and host genetic factors of norovirus outbreaks in long-term care facilities. Clin Infect Dis 62, 1-10, DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ747 (2016).
17) Kabue, J.P., Meader, E., Hunter, P.R., Potgieter, N. Norovirus prevalence and estimated viral load in symptomatic and asymptomatic children from rural communities of Vhembe district, South Africa. J Clin Virol 84, 12-18, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.09.005 (2016).
18) Shioda, K. et al. Can use of viral load improve norovirus clinical diagnosis and disease attribution? Open Forum Infect Dis 4, ofx131, DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx131
(2017).
19) Partridge, D.G., Evans, C.M., Raza, M., Kudesia, G., Parsons, H.K. Lessons from a large norovirus outbreak: impact of viral load, patient age and ward design on duration of symptoms and shedding and likelihood of transmission. J Hosp Infect 81, 25-30, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.02.002 (2012).
20) Chan, M.C. et al. Fecal viral load and norovirus-associated gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis 12, 1278-1280, DOI: 10.3201/eid1208.060081 (2006).
21) Chan, M.C. et al. Virus genotype distribution and virus burden in children and adults hospitalized for norovirus gastroenteritis, 2012-2014, Hong Kong. Sci Rep 5, 11507, DOI: 10.1038/srep11507 (2015).
22) He, T. et al. Norovirus loads in stool specimens of cancer patients with norovirus gastroenteritis. J Mol Diagn 19, 836-842, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.06.006 (2017).
23) Statistical Institute of Catalonia. Population on 1 January. By sex. Available online: https://www.idescat.cat/indicadors/?id=anuals&n=10328&col=1&lang=en (accessed on 18 October 2020).
24) Generalitat de Catalunya. Decret 203/2015 de 15 de setembre, pel qual es crea la Xarxa de Vigilància Epidemiològica i es regulen els sistemes de notificació de malalties de declaració obligatòria i brots epidèmics. Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Núm 6958,1-19. Available online: https://portaldogc.gencat.cat/utilsEADOP/PDF/6958/1444533.pdf (accessed on 26 November 2020).
25) Torner, N. et al. Epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by human calicivirus (norovirus and sapovirus) in Catalonia: a two year prospective study, 2010-2011. PLoS One 11, e0152503, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152503 (2016).
26) Inns, T. et al. What proportion of care home outbreaks are caused by norovirus? An analysis of viral causes of gastroenteritis outbreaks in care homes, North East England, 2016-2018. BMC Infect Dis. 20, 2, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4726-4 (2019).
27) Steele, M.K. et al. Characterizing norovirus transmission from outbreak data, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26, 1818-1825, DOI:10.3201/eid2608.191537 (2020)
28) Espenhain, L., Berg, T.C., Bentele, H., Nygård, K., Kacelnik, O. Epidemiology and impact of norovirus outbreaks in Norwegian healthcare institutions, 2005-2018. J Hosp Infect 103, 335-340, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.06.010 (2019).
29) Kroneman, A. et al. Analysis of integrated virological and epidemiological reports of norovirus outbreaks collected within the Foodborne Viruses in Europe Network from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2006. J Clin Microbiol 46, 2959-2965, DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00499-08 (2008).
30) Chen, Y., Hall, A.J., Kirk, M.D. Norovirus disease in older adults living in long-term care facilities: strategies for management. Curr Geriatr Rep 6, 26-33, DOI: 10.1007/s13670-017-0195-z (2017).
31) Petrignani, M., van Beek, J., Borsboom, G., Richardus, J.H., Koopmans, M. Norovirus introduction routes into nursing homes and risk factors for spread: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Hosp Infect 89, 163-178, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.11.015 (2015).
32) Miura, F., Matsuyama, R., Nishiura, H. Estimating the asymptomatic ratio of norovirus infection during foodborne outbreaks with laboratory testing in Japan. J Epidemiol 28, 382-387, DOI: 10.2188/jea.JE20170040 (2018).