3.1 Rurality Index
In order to obtain a rurality index taken into account the socio-economic characteristics selected, a Factorial Analysis has been executed. As a result, the software SPSS provides the rotated component matrix (Table 2), in which the considered variables, as well as their lineal relation are presented.
Table 2
Socio-economic variables | COMPONENT |
1 | 2 |
Senior Index | − 0,914 | - |
Junior Index | 0,900 | - |
Population Density | 0,887 | - |
People working in agriculture and Livestock | − 0,866 | - |
Retirement Index | − 0,736 | - |
Immigration Index | - | - |
Economic Dependency Index | - | - |
People working in the industry | - | 0,882 |
Table 2 Rotated component matrix
Two different components have been defined. According to the values collected in the rotated component matrix, the rurality index of each municipality is a lineal combination of the variables selected as influential in the Factorial Analysis:
$${RI}{i}={\text{0,9}}{{JN}{i}}+{\text{0,887}}{P{D}{i}}+{\text{0,882}}{S{2}{i}}-{\text{0,736}}{R{I}{i}}-{\text{0,866}}{S{1}{i}}-{\text{0,914}}{S{N}_{i}} (Eq. 4)$$
The immigration index and the economic dependency index are not influential enough in the rurality of Cantabria to be included in the index definition. On the other hand, junior index, population density and people working in the industry have positive influence on the rurality index; while the senior index, retirement index and people working in the agriculture and livestock sector have negative influence. These are the variables that are usually associated to rural areas: aged population that are highly dependent on agriculture and livestock activities. This entails that, the lower the rurality index, the more rural the area is and vice versa.
Using Eq. 4, the rural index of the 100 municipalities that are not defined as urban in Cantabria, have been calculated. To categorise these 100 municipalities, a Conglomerate Analysis has been executed, using the rurality indexes calculated with Eq. 4 and having fixed 4 clusters: semi-urban, semi-rural, rural and rural+. As a result, the SPSS software provided the classification of the 100 municipalities into the 4 categories that correspond to the fixed clusters. These results are associated to the map of Cantabria, in which the 102 municipalities are represented, in Fig. 2.
As it is shown in Fig. 2, Cantabria is mainly rural, given that the vast majority of the region, the 97% of the total area, is semi-rural, rural or rural +, while only the 3% is urban or semi-urban. On contrast, 56% of the population lives in urban and semi-urban areas, while the 44% is located in rural areas. Rural + municipalities are especially unpopulated areas, provided that they span the 64% of the total area of Cantabria but only the 6% of the population lives there.
Figure 2 Classification of the municipalities of Cantabria depending on their rurality index
3.2. Waste Compositional Analysis (WCA) The percentage of BW in the grey bin (food waste and small vegetal fractions) obtained through this method varies between the 19% and the 68%. In general, the results obtained show that the highest percentages of BW in the grey bin (38%-56%) correspond to urban, semi-urban and semi-rural municipalities, while the lowest ones (< 35%) correspond to rural and rural+ municipalities. The maximum, minimum and mean values are presented in Table 3. These values coincide with the percentages provided by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture and Environment [31]: at a national level the average percentage of BW in the grey bin in Spain is 44%, while the values in the Spanish regions varies between 30% and 65%.
Table 3 Percentage of Biowaste on the MSW of each type of municipalities
|
Max
|
Min
|
Mean
|
Urban
|
56
|
19
|
37
|
Semi-Urban
|
53
|
24
|
37
|
Semi-Rural
|
47
|
25
|
33
|
Rural
|
47
|
24
|
33
|
Rural +
|
37
|
24
|
31
|
However, there are some outliers in the results that need to be deeply studied. On the one hand, the municipalities with the highest percentages of BW, are 6 rural and 1 semi-rural municipalities in which a high proportion of small vegetal fractions are thrown away (60% of the total MSW generated). Although the reasons why these percentages are so high have not been reported. They might be related to the characteristics of the residential areas of these municipalities, and to the fact that many people have their second home in these municipalities and may have executed maintenance works in their households during the execution of the WCA (summer). On the other hand, the lowest percentage of BW corresponds to the capital of the region, where almost no small vegetal fractions are thrown away (0,16%), and a low proportion of food is wasted (18%). This value is highly improbable, but since no anomaly has been reported in the sampling, it has been included in the study.
3.3 Statistical modeling (MLRA)
The relation among the BW generation obtained using WCA, and a selection of variables that have influence on it representing the socio-economic situation of the area, have been considered to execute the MLRA: (i) population density (PD, inh/Km2), (ii) senior index (SN, %), (iii) junior index (JN, %), (iv) retirement index (RI, %), (v) people working in agriculture and livestock (S1, %), (vi) people working in the industry (S2, %) and (vii) people working in the services sector (S3, %). In Table 4 of the Appendix, the input data of the MLRA are collected: the value of these variables, as well as the BW generation, that correspond to each municipality in 2016.
Table 4
MUNICIPALITY | RI | CATEGORY | BW WCA (t/year) | PD (inh/Km2) | SN (%) | JN (%) | RI (%) | S1 (%) |
39001 - Alfoz de Lloredo | 0,027 | Rural | 362,09 | 53,26 | 25,91 | 10,42 | 26,16 | 7,18 |
39002 - Ampuero | 0,048 | Rural | 740,57 | 129,44 | 20,23 | 15,38 | 21,55 | 4,16 |
39003 - Anievas | 0,015 | Rural + | 95,44 | 15,02 | 32,48 | 5,10 | 37,26 | 17,65 |
39004 - Arenas de Iguña | 0,020 | Rural + | 95,44 | 19,71 | 28,35 | 7,66 | 28,81 | 9,84 |
39005 - Argoños | 0,085 | Semirural | 888,09 | 312,73 | 15,17 | 14,59 | 16,92 | 7,04 |
39006 - Arnuero | 0,034 | Rural | 888,09 | 84,66 | 22,00 | 11,76 | 22,14 | 9,87 |
39007 - Arredondo | 0,009 | Rural + | 66,10 | 10,26 | 33,33 | 7,29 | 32,50 | 32,90 |
39008 - Astillero (El) | 0,122 | Semi-urban | 1743,05 | 495,46 | 15,90 | 16,04 | 16,27 | 0,65 |
39009 - Bárcena de Cicero | 0,044 | Rural | 731,58 | 112,68 | 16,68 | 15,91 | 19,06 | 7,01 |
39010 - Bárcena de Pie de Concha | 0,020 | Rural + | 95,44 | 23,28 | 28,31 | 7,75 | 27,61 | 10,04 |
39011 - Bareyo | 0,030 | Rural | 888,09 | 61,70 | 19,96 | 13,21 | 20,41 | 14,65 |
39012 - Cabezón de la Sal | 0,071 | Semirural | 843,58 | 248,36 | 17,62 | 14,81 | 19,62 | 2,63 |
39013 - Cabezón de Liébana | 0,012 | Rural + | 64,61 | 7,38 | 30,78 | 9,98 | 26,29 | 25,15 |
39014 - Cabuérniga | 0,013 | Rural + | 142,38 | 11,70 | 31,82 | 8,10 | 27,47 | 21,43 |
39015 - Camaleño | 0,013 | Rural + | 177,58 | 6,04 | 27,02 | 8,80 | 26,92 | 22,85 |
39016 - Camargo | 0,784 | Semi-urban | 4468,02 | 3826,38 | 16,84 | 15,79 | 18,46 | 0,66 |
39017 - Campoo de Yuso | 0,015 | Rural + | 100,82 | 7,76 | 26,58 | 12,79 | 25,72 | 25,42 |
39018 - Cartes | 0,086 | Semirural | 427,23 | 301,74 | 10,03 | 20,93 | 11,32 | 0,93 |
39019 - Castañeda | 0,052 | Rural | 347,63 | 136,40 | 13,70 | 17,38 | 14,55 | 2,40 |
39020 - Castro-Urdiales | 0,089 | Semirural | 3557,60 | 329,90 | 14,12 | 16,82 | 15,32 | 1,61 |
39021 - Cieza | 0,020 | Rural + | 32,22 | 12,64 | 34,17 | 9,53 | 29,86 | 9,09 |
39022 - Cillorigo de Liébana | 0,019 | Rural + | 126,93 | 12,54 | 21,45 | 13,28 | 20,76 | 12,07 |
39023 - Colindres | 0,275 | Semi-urban | 693,22 | 1262,27 | 16,98 | 16,43 | 18,51 | 4,08 |
39024 - Comillas | 0,039 | Rural | 365,99 | 119,78 | 27,24 | 10,73 | 23,38 | 8,11 |
39025 - Corrales de Buelna (Los) | 0,071 | Semirural | 917,60 | 242,36 | 20,91 | 14,43 | 21,24 | 2,33 |
39026 - Corvera de Toranzo | 0,026 | Rural | 186,98 | 41,90 | 23,72 | 11,04 | 24,83 | 9,05 |
39027 - Campoo de Enmedio | 0,030 | Rural | 398,41 | 41,47 | 22,76 | 13,31 | 25,20 | 4,36 |
39028 - Entrambasaguas | 0,046 | Rural | 752,23 | 114,42 | 12,89 | 19,16 | 14,12 | 8,70 |
39029 - Escalante | 0,025 | Rural | 888,09 | 39,11 | 27,98 | 12,72 | 28,11 | 11,97 |
39030 - Guriezo | 0,027 | Rural | 395,61 | 31,66 | 19,50 | 15,26 | 20,26 | 12,29 |
39031 - Hazas de Cesto | 0,034 | Rural | 284,22 | 69,50 | 17,87 | 14,45 | 19,97 | 11,49 |
39032 - Hermandad de Campoo de Suso | 0,018 | Rural + | 212,76 | 7,38 | 26,35 | 7,85 | 23,98 | 16,50 |
39033 - Herrerías | 0,013 | Rural + | 79,63 | 15,91 | 34,17 | 7,02 | 27,30 | 23,46 |
39034 - Lamasón | 0,001 | Rural + | 19,27 | 4,19 | 41,61 | 3,69 | 36,58 | 45,45 |
39035 - Laredo | 0,187 | Semi-urban | 4020,01 | 847,85 | 25,32 | 10,87 | 26,90 | 2,76 |
39036 - Liendo | 0,028 | Rural | 200,81 | 47,19 | 22,66 | 15,57 | 23,06 | 4,07 |
39037 - Liérganes | 0,030 | Rural | 888,09 | 64,63 | 22,81 | 10,37 | 23,65 | 9,81 |
39038 - Limpias | 0,057 | Rural | 268,86 | 178,44 | 17,87 | 14,40 | 18,42 | 3,28 |
MUNICIPALITY | RI | CATEGORY | BW WCA (t/year) | PD (inh/Km2) | SN (%) | JN (%) | RI (%) | S1 (%) |
39039 - Luena | 0,009 | Rural + | 42,34 | 6,80 | 33,82 | 5,85 | 35,45 | 26,56 |
39040 - Marina de Cudeyo | 0,055 | Rural | 868,57 | 181,54 | 20,82 | 12,31 | 23,13 | 5,12 |
39041 - Mazcuerras | 0,027 | Rural | 264,42 | 38,11 | 20,06 | 13,21 | 20,48 | 7,78 |
39042 - Medio Cudeyo | 0,078 | Semirural | 1056,17 | 279,18 | 17,09 | 15,00 | 18,34 | 3,00 |
39043 - Meruelo | 0,049 | Rural | 362,66 | 119,82 | 12,47 | 17,00 | 9,77 | 6,33 |
39044 - Miengo | 0,060 | Rural | 995,26 | 193,51 | 17,63 | 13,08 | 18,52 | 2,09 |
39045 - Miera | 0,012 | Rural + | 35,45 | 11,69 | 31,65 | 5,32 | 36,96 | 20,00 |
39046 - Molledo | 0,017 | Rural + | 95,44 | 22,35 | 32,28 | 7,61 | 32,03 | 15,23 |
39047 - Noja | 0,075 | Semirural | 1578,60 | 278,48 | 17,99 | 14,25 | 17,37 | 1,99 |
39048 - Penagos | 0,034 | Rural | 273,22 | 65,05 | 20,78 | 13,40 | 20,78 | 5,98 |
39049 - Peñarrubia | 0,009 | Rural + | 36,22 | 3,90 | 37,54 | 6,59 | 22,92 | 26,23 |
39050 - Pesaguero | 0,009 | Rural + | 22,10 | 4,44 | 32,48 | 10,61 | 33,44 | 25,74 |
39051 - Pesquera | 0,020 | Rural + | 6,94 | 0,88 | 35,21 | 4,23 | 28,17 | 11,11 |
39052 - Piélagos | 0,080 | Semirural | 2165,91 | 277,36 | 12,30 | 19,72 | 13,60 | 1,68 |
39053 - Polaciones | 0,006 | Rural + | 16,46 | 2,64 | 32,91 | 6,33 | 25,32 | 49,25 |
39054 - Polanco | 0,072 | Semirural | 820,40 | 236,49 | 14,45 | 17,88 | 15,74 | 1,21 |
39055 - Potes | 0,052 | Rural | 269,22 | 178,95 | 25,59 | 10,37 | 23,01 | 2,01 |
39056 - Puente Viesgo | 0,037 | Rural | 401,20 | 79,70 | 20,09 | 15,61 | 19,74 | 5,40 |
39057 - Ramales de la Victoria | 0,037 | Rural | 283,85 | 85,67 | 21,72 | 12,20 | 23,56 | 5,52 |
39058 - Rasines | 0,018 | Rural + | 95,62 | 22,35 | 25,86 | 10,84 | 27,32 | 22,05 |
39059 - Reinosa | 0,480 | Semi-urban | 1466,42 | 2316,10 | 28,68 | 9,93 | 29,43 | 1,05 |
39060 - Reocín | 0,074 | Semirural | 1328,92 | 259,13 | 16,77 | 15,76 | 17,67 | 2,35 |
39061 - Ribamontán al Mar | 0,042 | Rural | 1193,66 | 119,84 | 20,15 | 14,11 | 18,70 | 9,18 |
39062 - Ribamontán al Monte | 0,028 | Rural | 888,09 | 52,87 | 21,92 | 12,82 | 23,08 | 12,33 |
39063 - Rionansa | 0,012 | Rural + | 144,93 | 8,97 | 35,35 | 5,77 | 30,81 | 13,66 |
39064 - Riotuerto | 0,027 | Rural | 213,42 | 52,79 | 23,54 | 11,68 | 26,27 | 13,42 |
39065 - Rozas de Valdearroyo (Las) | 0,018 | Rural + | 31,93 | 4,79 | 26,18 | 6,91 | 14,91 | 10,71 |
39066 - Ruente | 0,020 | Rural + | 116,35 | 15,84 | 24,52 | 11,21 | 21,55 | 10,62 |
39067 - Ruesga | 0,012 | Rural + | 102,87 | 9,89 | 30,80 | 5,98 | 31,95 | 26,53 |
39068 - Ruiloba | 0,024 | Rural | 285,95 | 50,66 | 26,80 | 8,89 | 26,14 | 7,53 |
39069 - San Felices de Buelna | 0,034 | Rural | 160,97 | 65,77 | 21,84 | 13,78 | 22,51 | 4,13 |
39070 - San Miguel de Aguayo | 0,007 | Rural + | 14,29 | 4,44 | 26,25 | 8,13 | 23,75 | 48,84 |
39071 - San Pedro del Romeral | 0,000 | Rural + | 23,37 | 7,89 | 33,55 | 7,51 | 66,45 | 44,44 |
39072 - San Roque de Riomiera | 0,013 | Rural + | 35,48 | 10,87 | 27,20 | 8,03 | 17,62 | 31,67 |
39073 - Santa Cruz de Bezana | 0,169 | Semi-urban | 1385,43 | 732,89 | 13,88 | 16,30 | 15,01 | 0,85 |
39074 - Santa María de Cayón | 0,062 | Rural | 1076,67 | 189,92 | 15,55 | 16,16 | 17,20 | 4,36 |
39075 - Santander | - | Urban | 10563,14 | 4933,03 | 23,42 | 11,93 | 22,95 | 0,46 |
39076 - Santillana del Mar | 0,052 | Rural | 544,79 | 164,08 | 20,79 | 12,81 | 21,77 | 5,27 |
MUNICIPALITY | RI | CATEGORY | BW WCA (t/year) | PD (inh/Km2) | SN (%) | JN (%) | RI (%) | S1 (%) |
39077 - Santiurde de Reinosa | 0,011 | Rural + | 37,06 | 8,55 | 36,60 | 4,91 | 26,42 | 35,71 |
39078 - Santiurde de Toranzo | 0,026 | Rural | 156,31 | 41,29 | 25,47 | 9,93 | 25,53 | 10,29 |
39079 - Santoña | 0,212 | Semiurbano | 2110,77 | 963,91 | 20,88 | 13,04 | 24,80 | 4,75 |
39080 - San Vicente de la Barquera | 0,035 | Rural | 578,10 | 102,34 | 22,76 | 10,68 | 24,14 | 12,61 |
39081 - Saro | 0,017 | Rural + | 27,21 | 28,76 | 29,49 | 9,57 | 30,47 | 29,31 |
39082 - Selaya | 0,025 | Rural | 168,26 | 49,13 | 23,82 | 10,56 | 26,51 | 17,00 |
39083 - Soba | 0,006 | Rural + | 119,16 | 5,83 | 28,74 | 6,57 | 31,31 | 52,69 |
39084 - Solórzano | 0,021 | Rural + | 151,99 | 39,69 | 23,22 | 11,76 | 26,09 | 25,07 |
39085 - Suances | 0,091 | Semirural | 1569,04 | 348,74 | 18,13 | 15,06 | 17,90 | 2,69 |
39086 - Tojos (Los) | 0,011 | Rural + | 45,59 | 4,46 | 30,08 | 6,77 | 23,31 | 28,04 |
39087 - Torrelavega | - | Urban | 9465,93 | 1487,86 | 23,30 | 12,45 | 23,84 | 0,99 |
39088 - Tresviso | - | - | | | | | | |
39089 - Tudanca | 0,009 | Rural + | 13,93 | 2,81 | 29,93 | 1,36 | 27,89 | 29,27 |
39090 - Udías | 0,029 | Rural | 67,31 | 46,07 | 17,61 | 13,62 | 19,93 | 8,31 |
39091 - Valdáliga | 0,019 | Rural + | 497,32 | 23,23 | 25,44 | 11,05 | 24,82 | 15,85 |
39092 - Valdeolea | 0,013 | Rural + | 117,07 | 11,79 | 33,94 | 5,37 | 37,69 | 16,67 |
39093 - Valdeprado del Río | 0,012 | Rural + | 38,91 | 3,71 | 33,84 | 5,14 | 21,75 | 21,15 |
39094 - Valderredible | 0,010 | Rural + | 191,27 | 3,36 | 29,77 | 8,09 | 24,08 | 30,64 |
39095 - Val de San Vicente | 0,028 | Rural | 379,67 | 54,28 | 21,25 | 13,21 | 21,46 | 12,65 |
39096 - Vega de Liébana | 0,008 | Rural + | 52,30 | 5,91 | 35,03 | 7,61 | 33,76 | 30,23 |
39097 - Vega de Pas | 0,012 | Rural + | 54,32 | 9,09 | 29,31 | 8,30 | 31,32 | 26,45 |
39098 - Villacarriedo | 0,019 | Rural + | 246,76 | 32,27 | 27,57 | 10,45 | 26,89 | 27,29 |
39099 - Villaescusa | 0,050 | Rural | 310,49 | 138,68 | 17,95 | 15,22 | 16,04 | 3,20 |
39100 - Villafufre | 0,021 | Rural + | 130,49 | 33,79 | 25,27 | 10,32 | 26,75 | 21,16 |
39101 - Valle de Villaverde | - | - | | | | | | |
39102 - Voto | 0,025 | Rural | 419,33 | 35,07 | 22,64 | 11,78 | 23,63 | 16,00 |
Given that these variables are expected to have very different relations to BW generation depending on the rurality of the municipalities, different equations must be developed. However, only two equations have been developed, one for urban municipalities and other for rural ones due to the amount of data is not enough to develop one equation per type of municipality.
After different analyses to identify co-linearity problems, and the need of transformation to normal distributions of the variables, different mathematical methods (INTRO, STEPWISE) have been tested. After these analyses, the need to transform the variables into their logarithmic form was identified, the exclusion of some variables for urban municipalities due to co-linearity problems and the choice to use the method INTRO were made. As a result, the following statistical parameters, for the two MLRA have been obtained (Table 5):
Table 5
Coefficients for BW generation estimation
MODEL | COEFFICIENTS | TOLERANCE | VIF | R2 |
Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural |
Independent term | 4,628 | 0,805 | - | - | - | - | 0,849 | 0,828 |
Ln PD | 0,144 | 0,613 | 0,473 | 0,157 | 2,116 | 6,365 |
Ln SN | - | − 0,879 | - | 0,111 | - | 9,000 |
Ln JN | - | 0,551 | - | 0,277 | - | 3,614 |
Ln RI | - | 0,413 | - | 0,237 | - | 4,227 |
Ln S1 | − 0,219 | 0,207 | 0,494 | 0,189 | 2,025 | 5,287 |
Ln S2 | − 0,876 | − 0,027 | 0,323 | 0,733 | 3,096 | 1,364 |
Ln S3 | 1,158 | 0,594 | 0,316 | 0,721 | 3,162 | 1,386 |
The R2 values obtained for both analyses are upper to 0,8, which means that the existing correlation among the variables is adequate in both cases, so the two models are well adjusted considering the aim of the study.
Co-linearity problems can be identified through the analysis of the Tolerance, and the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). Tolerance represents the proportion of the variance of each independent variable that is not explained by the remaining independent variables [23]. For both types of municipalities, none of the Tolerance values are close to zero, which allows to initially reject the existence of co-linearity problems among the variables. The VIF, which is the inverse of the Tolerance, must have low values in order to definitely conclude that there is no co-linearity among variables. For urban municipalities, these values are inferior to 5.0, as well as the majority of variables for rural municipalities. Although, VIF values that correspond to Ln PD, Ln SN and Ln S1for rural municipalities oscillate between 5.0–9.0, co-linearity problems are rejected, so no variables have to be excluded from the model.
Using these coefficients, equations 4 and 5 have been developed. According to the equations, in urban municipalities only four variables have influence on BW generation, while in municipalities that tend to rurality are seven the variables with influence.
$${Ln BW}{U{rban}{i,j}}=\text{4,628}+\text{0,144}{Ln}{{PD}{i,j}}-\text{0,219}{LN}{{S1}{i,j}}-\text{0,876}{Ln}{{S2}{i,j}}+{1.158Ln}{{S3}{i,j}} (Eq. 4)$$
$${Ln BW}{R{ural}{i,j}}=\text{0,805}+\text{0,613}{Ln}{{PD}{i,j}}-\text{0,879}{Ln}{S{N}{i,j}}+\text{0,551}{Ln}{J{N}{i,j}}+\text{0,413}{Ln}{R{I}{i,j}}+\text{0,207}{LN}{S{1}{i,j}}-\text{0,027}{Ln}{S{2}{i,j}}+{\text{0,594}*Ln}{{S3}{i,j}} (Eq. 5)$$
$${Ln BW}{CANTABRIA}=\sum {j=\text{4,5}}^{9}{Ln BW}{U{rban}{i,j}}+\sum {j=\text{1,2},3}^{93}{Ln BW}{R{ural}_{i,j}} (Eq. 6)$$
Where i = municipality, j = rurality category
If equations 4 and 5 are compared, the number of socio-economic variables, as well as their influence on BW generation are higher in rural than in urban municipalities. This is because urban municipalities have intrinsic socio-economic characteristics that make them prone to generate wastes of any kind, diminishing the weight of other aspects that may influence BW generation. This is properly reflected in the equations, through the weight of the variable part (socio-economic variables) and the fixed part (independent term). This is represented in Fig. 3, where the weight of the socio-economic variables and the independent term are shown.
Figure 3 Influence of the socio-economic variables on BW generation depending on rurality
According to the model, for rural municipalities, the values of the socio-economic variables affects more the level of BW generation. The idiosyncrasy of these municipalities is much more varied than in the case of urban ones, and this is reflected in the variability of the values of the socioeconomic variables, and therefore in the amount of BW generated.
The population density (PD) has the most positive influence on BW generation. It coincides with the studies of Ghinea et al. [18] and Azadi and Karimi-Jashni [19], that also conclude that population density and working population have a positive influence on MSW and BW generation. On the other hand, the senior index (SN), is the variable with the most negative influence on BW generation level. Older people have another model of consumption and try to make the most of the food leftovers. This agrees with Grazdhani [20] who concluded that population of more than 65 years, has a negative influence on MSW generation.
Other variables with positive influence are junior index (JN), retirement index (RI), people working in agriculture and livestock (S1) and people working in the services sector (S3). Generally, families with young people have a higher consumption of food per household and therefore of food waste. Regarding occupation, different studies conclude that working population has a positive effect on waste generation. However, the type of occupation is not studied in their work [18]. The agriculture and livestock is very representative of rural areas, and a high proportion of population are part of this sector, which can generate vegetal fractions as well as food waste. Although the services sector is not as important in rural areas as in urban areas, due to the nature of its activity, it contributes to BW generation.
In Fig. 4, it is graphically shown how the weight of these variables will influence the BW generation for urban and rural municipalities, presenting a mean value that increases as the municipalities are analysed in increasing order of rurality index. (the more urban the municipality is, the greater the generation of BW will be in it).
Figure 4 Influence of the socio-economic variables on BW generation
3.4. Biowaste estimation using MLRA models The BW generation in Cantabria was estimated using the model equations for the period 2012–2017 (Fig. 5). It varies in this period between 61.800 and 66.900 tons per year, which corresponds to a generation ratio from 106 to 115 Kg/capita/year.
These estimated ratios have a similar magnitude to the ones obtained by Quested et al. [32] for United Kingdom, Kranert et al. [33] for Germany, Edjabou et al. [34] for Denmark, and Braütingam and Priefer [35] for Spain, given that they oscillate between 100 and 118 Kg/capita/year.
Using this method, the lack of homogenesis of the BW generation in the different types of municipalities is clear, as it is shown in Fig. 5. During the studied period, the 37% of the BW is generated in urban and semi-urban municipalities, while the 63% is generated in semi-rural, rural and rural+ municipalities. This means that the 37% of the total BW is generated by the 56% of the total population in Cantabria, who are concentrated in the 3% of the area of the region. Provided that the remaining 63% of the BW generation is produced in the 97% of the area, the efforts to introduce the separate collection and management of BW in the point of production, as well as the assessment of their performance, must not be made only in urban and semi-urban areas, but also in rural and low populated areas.
Figure 5 BW generation in Cantabria estimated using MLRA models
However, this distribution varies along the years. The trend followed by BW generation in the different municipalities in Cantabria, is associated to the evolution of the most relevant socio-economic variables used in the MLRA. As it is shown in Table 6 in the Appendix, population density has changed differently through the years, depending on the rurality of the municipalities. In urban, semi-urban and rural + municipalities, PD has gradually decreased, but with a higher intensity in urban and semi-urban municipalities. On the other hand, PD has oscillated in semi-rural and rural municipalities, finishing the studied period with a slight increase in relation to the previous year.
Due to technical limitations, Table 6 is only available as a download in the supplementary files section.
According to the values collected in Table 6 in the Appendix, job market has also suffered variations during the studied period. The evolution of the percentage of people working in the primary sector through the years is quite different depending on the rurality of the municipalities. In urban municipalities, S1 has oscillated during the studied period, ending it with a decrease in relation to the year 2016. In semi-urban, semi-rural and rural municipalities S1 increased during the beginning of the studied period, to decrease gradually till 2017. Only in rural+ municipalities S1 has increased during the majority of the studied years. However, it decreased in 2017.
The percentage of people working in the industry sector has followed a similar trend in the whole region. During the years 2012–2016, S2 has decreased gradually, except in 2014 in rural municipalities, to finish the studied period with an increase in every type of municipality.
As a consequence, the percentage of people working in the service sector has gradually increased in the 5 categories of municipalities, during the years 2012–2016 to finish the studied period decreasing in 2017.
Through the analysis of the trend followed by these variables and its link with the one followed by the distribution of BW, the strong connection between the socio-economic variables of the different areas that form a region and the BW generated in each one of them is proved, as well as their consideration when decisions related to BW collection and management must be made.
The estimations obtained through the model, are compared to other made using WCA (2016) ratios and MSW collection data of the same period (Fig. 6). These values are collected in Table 7 of the Appendix. The estimations have lower values during the whole studied period, with a percentual difference between 9% and 21%.
Table 7
Estimation of BW generation in Cantabria using WCA and MLRA
MUNICIPALITY | CATEGORY | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) |
39001 - Alfoz de Lloredo | Rural | 393,74 | 367,34 | 395,00 | 367,33 | 396,28 | 360,72 | 345,33 | 345,36 | 362,09 | 346,21 | 370,60 | 306,66 |
39002 - Ampuero | Rural | 865,39 | 727,91 | 874,25 | 750,06 | 877,68 | 738,59 | 818,38 | 706,44 | 740,57 | 689,75 | 746,04 | 597,15 |
39003 - Anievas | Rural + | 96,32 | 116,15 | 96,10 | 116,73 | 96,44 | 109,03 | 96,43 | 108,65 | 95,44 | 97,92 | 97,43 | 79,12 |
39004 - Arenas de Iguña | Rural + | 180,49 | 146,01 | 174,12 | 149,19 | 175,75 | 146,72 | 95,47 | 140,75 | 95,44 | 144,52 | 97,43 | 134,01 |
39005 - Argoños | Semirural | 850,77 | 1837,40 | 838,02 | 1801,74 | 840,02 | 1732,99 | 907,01 | 1703,55 | 888,09 | 1612,48 | 902,97 | 1669,37 |
39006 - Arnuero | Rural | 1074,21 | 554,34 | 1051,17 | 565,33 | 1048,51 | 589,88 | 894,30 | 611,10 | 888,09 | 584,66 | 902,97 | 496,54 |
39007 - Arredondo | Rural + | 65,87 | 104,62 | 64,71 | 104,20 | 64,97 | 106,57 | 61,26 | 101,88 | 66,10 | 107,12 | 62,34 | 125,61 |
39008 - Astillero (El) | Semi-urban | 1758,11 | 1998,20 | 1767,33 | 2079,74 | 1766,22 | 2253,78 | 1742,50 | 2246,62 | 1743,05 | 2275,60 | 1755,43 | 2252,96 |
39009 - Bárcena de Cicero | Rural | 795,60 | 906,38 | 754,52 | 895,30 | 753,96 | 887,37 | 744,68 | 887,64 | 731,58 | 864,87 | 766,03 | 848,37 |
39010 - Bárcena de Pie de Concha | Rural + | 60,15 | 177,78 | 59,43 | 175,06 | 59,70 | 191,00 | 95,80 | 179,89 | 95,44 | 168,72 | 97,43 | 143,75 |
39011 - Bareyo | Rural | 1048,19 | 558,98 | 1027,62 | 561,57 | 1027,78 | 579,12 | 884,53 | 570,29 | 888,09 | 542,75 | 902,97 | 521,32 |
39012 - Cabezón de la Sal | Semirural | 988,65 | 1046,33 | 981,22 | 1089,90 | 982,42 | 1083,65 | 823,68 | 1078,26 | 843,58 | 1087,76 | 867,34 | 990,08 |
39013 - Cabezón de Liébana | Rural + | 78,82 | 107,21 | 77,50 | 108,47 | 77,35 | 102,96 | 67,41 | 105,71 | 64,61 | 100,31 | 69,09 | 86,84 |
39014 - Cabuérniga | Rural + | 296,17 | 133,66 | 291,40 | 128,69 | 292,32 | 133,19 | 145,97 | 124,33 | 142,38 | 120,97 | 149,23 | 93,28 |
39015 - Camaleño | Rural + | 257,72 | 103,08 | 252,68 | 101,65 | 251,11 | 101,92 | 169,49 | 99,11 | 177,58 | 99,26 | 189,69 | 90,87 |
39016 - Camargo | Semi-urban | 4809,14 | 2921,93 | 4789,23 | 3133,79 | 4792,83 | 3257,45 | 4385,43 | 3405,78 | 4468,02 | 3533,34 | 4648,93 | 3463,38 |
39017 - Campoo de Yuso | Rural + | 91,40 | 118,78 | 92,10 | 114,14 | 91,98 | 111,24 | 102,56 | 125,93 | 100,82 | 131,60 | 102,94 | 150,94 |
39018 - Cartes | Semirural | 500,82 | 1470,32 | 510,18 | 1571,61 | 484,79 | 1566,02 | 419,70 | 1571,13 | 427,23 | 1631,76 | 437,52 | 1400,97 |
39019 - Castañeda | Rural | 314,27 | 742,46 | 304,74 | 795,73 | 319,18 | 838,77 | 341,87 | 837,90 | 347,63 | 880,03 | 374,99 | 768,88 |
39020 - Castro-Urdiales | Semirural | 3518,86 | 1572,86 | 3450,17 | 1597,93 | 3545,13 | 1601,58 | 3492,00 | 1528,26 | 3557,60 | 1488,30 | 3512,75 | 982,63 |
39021 - Cieza | Rural + | 50,87 | 99,65 | 54,69 | 102,51 | 47,59 | 107,74 | 32,73 | 102,22 | 32,22 | 103,92 | 33,72 | 108,56 |
MUNICIPALITY | CATEGORY | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) |
39022 - Cillorigo de Liébana | Rural + | 109,61 | 213,21 | 104,24 | 215,41 | 111,42 | 222,70 | 125,91 | 211,02 | 126,93 | 202,81 | 128,19 | 216,87 |
39023 - Colindres | Semi-urban | 674,65 | 1064,22 | 671,07 | 1118,79 | 676,35 | 1123,45 | 699,80 | 1114,28 | 693,22 | 1141,39 | 683,01 | 1130,03 |
39024 - Comillas | Rural | 380,65 | 557,06 | 351,30 | 579,78 | 395,82 | 569,73 | 347,80 | 561,91 | 365,99 | 582,32 | 376,95 | 604,96 |
39025 - Corrales de Buelna (Los) | Semirural | 1468,82 | 943,10 | 1617,27 | 949,39 | 1367,72 | 911,02 | 1079,75 | 908,45 | 917,60 | 886,46 | 953,92 | 659,86 |
39026 - Corvera de Toranzo | Rural | 189,84 | 358,00 | 221,62 | 368,81 | 215,69 | 347,78 | 174,09 | 331,45 | 186,98 | 336,40 | 198,21 | 336,58 |
39027 - Campoo de Enmedio | Rural | 423,34 | 302,50 | 426,20 | 304,96 | 426,07 | 303,53 | 395,22 | 294,18 | 398,41 | 303,44 | 387,42 | 289,02 |
39028 - Entrambasaguas | Rural | 581,19 | 1006,42 | 616,55 | 1086,03 | 622,24 | 1135,53 | 731,66 | 1166,29 | 752,23 | 1156,86 | 761,17 | 1106,98 |
39029 - Escalante | Rural | 386,44 | 319,62 | 378,22 | 310,67 | 378,38 | 310,22 | 891,43 | 308,92 | 888,09 | 317,94 | 902,97 | 258,97 |
39030 - Guriezo | Rural | 438,17 | 339,51 | 458,86 | 348,73 | 458,93 | 347,92 | 406,87 | 347,74 | 395,61 | 356,10 | 403,61 | 326,83 |
39031 - Hazas de Cesto | Rural | 245,23 | 616,57 | 237,13 | 655,69 | 238,34 | 652,60 | 279,07 | 664,06 | 284,22 | 655,87 | 284,77 | 627,07 |
39032 - Hermandad de Campoo de Suso | Rural + | 285,73 | 89,60 | 275,38 | 91,87 | 258,84 | 86,31 | 218,01 | 85,58 | 212,76 | 86,44 | 215,99 | 81,59 |
39033 - Herrerías | Rural + | 102,71 | 94,80 | 103,04 | 108,85 | 102,08 | 109,11 | 79,92 | 111,92 | 79,63 | 111,88 | 80,59 | 88,50 |
39034 - Lamasón | Rural + | 21,49 | 36,30 | 21,40 | 38,59 | 21,33 | 40,20 | 19,66 | 41,44 | 19,27 | 35,70 | 18,89 | 37,58 |
39035 - Laredo | Semi-urban | 4537,83 | 1652,43 | 4434,01 | 1719,86 | 4407,34 | 1738,69 | 3983,14 | 1762,53 | 4020,01 | 1737,15 | 4044,79 | 1685,81 |
39036 - Liendo | Rural | 180,82 | 431,26 | 173,06 | 424,26 | 173,44 | 431,68 | 189,70 | 421,07 | 200,81 | 396,85 | 204,35 | 356,48 |
39037 - Liérganes | Rural | 1043,07 | 481,25 | 1123,77 | 493,40 | 1119,95 | 468,51 | 892,71 | 460,01 | 888,09 | 434,35 | 902,97 | 410,35 |
39038 - Limpias | Rural | 354,03 | 1058,93 | 371,17 | 1046,57 | 370,69 | 975,18 | 255,80 | 972,51 | 268,86 | 921,16 | 275,74 | 880,01 |
39039 - Luena | Rural + | 106,20 | 71,55 | 60,70 | 71,24 | 68,03 | 74,28 | 40,88 | 70,18 | 42,34 | 73,84 | 42,20 | 65,18 |
39040 - Marina de Cudeyo | Rural | 1031,11 | 999,09 | 1034,00 | 985,57 | 1042,01 | 953,83 | 876,03 | 933,00 | 868,57 | 894,57 | 890,65 | 825,88 |
39041 - Mazcuerras | Rural | 246,71 | 330,91 | 246,46 | 318,88 | 244,52 | 339,95 | 254,14 | 345,40 | 264,42 | 341,67 | 270,67 | 305,98 |
39042 - Medio Cudeyo | Semirural | 1159,85 | 1309,03 | 1136,88 | 1296,81 | 1132,01 | 1289,17 | 1036,49 | 1255,75 | 1056,17 | 1243,52 | 1068,15 | 1090,77 |
MUNICIPALITY | CATEGORY | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) |
39043 - Meruelo | Rural | 444,53 | 700,12 | 457,67 | 825,13 | 452,35 | 861,96 | 355,27 | 857,22 | 362,66 | 863,01 | 380,63 | 786,73 |
39044 - Miengo | Rural | 1083,09 | 861,62 | 1080,58 | 861,43 | 1078,99 | 856,39 | 1008,54 | 840,62 | 995,26 | 857,12 | 1015,18 | 730,41 |
39045 - Miera | Rural + | 39,32 | 88,90 | 35,33 | 105,89 | 33,69 | 112,55 | 37,31 | 105,13 | 35,45 | 97,46 | 37,38 | 79,61 |
39046 - Molledo | Rural + | 304,81 | 168,96 | 302,54 | 179,76 | 301,72 | 170,41 | 95,71 | 169,83 | 95,44 | 160,91 | 97,43 | 158,93 |
39047 - Noja | Semirural | 1819,20 | 1265,31 | 1821,80 | 1214,90 | 1814,34 | 1192,57 | 1604,29 | 1129,93 | 1578,60 | 1116,64 | 1594,71 | 889,28 |
39048 - Penagos | Rural | 339,37 | 425,86 | 338,65 | 449,80 | 340,49 | 441,75 | 251,56 | 459,76 | 273,22 | 449,12 | 292,60 | 415,63 |
39049 - Peñarrubia | Rural + | 29,15 | 41,59 | 28,90 | 43,18 | 28,69 | 46,21 | 33,04 | 46,19 | 36,22 | 44,64 | 40,16 | 39,49 |
39050 - Pesaguero | Rural + | 18,76 | 74,29 | 18,64 | 76,53 | 18,86 | 83,96 | 21,91 | 85,59 | 22,10 | 84,46 | 21,04 | 87,35 |
39051 - Pesquera | Rural + | 9,92 | 7,50 | 9,40 | 8,02 | 9,28 | 9,56 | 6,36 | 9,80 | 6,94 | 9,40 | 6,73 | 7,68 |
39052 - Piélagos | Semirural | 2131,87 | 1562,43 | 2146,77 | 1610,58 | 2152,84 | 1620,85 | 2173,94 | 1589,85 | 2165,91 | 1596,50 | 2193,03 | 1460,22 |
39053 - Polaciones | Rural + | 19,34 | 25,31 | 19,56 | 22,47 | 19,21 | 39,13 | 17,03 | 35,61 | 16,46 | 35,40 | 17,91 | 39,67 |
39054 - Polanco | Semirural | 838,45 | 1050,63 | 842,80 | 1123,23 | 844,85 | 1143,54 | 811,54 | 1150,44 | 820,40 | 1112,95 | 857,06 | 952,31 |
39055 - Potes | Rural | 381,72 | 710,43 | 376,98 | 751,09 | 375,91 | 638,00 | 263,49 | 616,53 | 269,22 | 606,17 | 286,69 | 528,47 |
39056 - Puente Viesgo | Rural | 465,79 | 534,91 | 479,32 | 532,06 | 476,06 | 555,23 | 415,67 | 545,49 | 401,20 | 548,67 | 433,47 | 473,65 |
39057 - Ramales de la Victoria | Rural | 299,17 | 488,12 | 303,52 | 503,29 | 301,25 | 518,74 | 280,22 | 523,16 | 283,85 | 513,12 | 299,56 | 466,09 |
39058 - Rasines | Rural + | 105,41 | 237,91 | 103,85 | 238,69 | 103,57 | 245,69 | 96,92 | 240,24 | 95,62 | 225,62 | 98,71 | 218,33 |
39059 - Reinosa | Semi-urban | 1643,05 | 1652,43 | 1647,16 | 1702,75 | 1653,38 | 1772,56 | 1474,13 | 1780,55 | 1466,42 | 1790,05 | 1446,03 | 1808,04 |
39060 - Reocín | Semirural | 1392,78 | 1127,59 | 1375,24 | 1172,45 | 1382,08 | 1186,79 | 1324,50 | 1167,92 | 1328,92 | 1155,67 | 1355,39 | 1029,83 |
39061 - Ribamontán al Mar | Rural | 2284,65 | 895,37 | 2306,28 | 860,20 | 2224,38 | 864,49 | 1145,09 | 813,44 | 1193,66 | 810,86 | 1205,87 | 738,11 |
39062 - Ribamontán al Monte | Rural | 1083,96 | 458,77 | 1065,07 | 451,10 | 1062,86 | 447,94 | 907,54 | 467,46 | 888,09 | 466,09 | 902,97 | 398,77 |
MUNICIPALITY | CATEGORY | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) |
39063 - Rionansa | Rural + | 148,27 | 62,83 | 149,79 | 68,69 | 150,61 | 63,35 | 139,89 | 67,78 | 144,93 | 74,31 | 145,83 | 76,60 |
39064 - Riotuerto | Rural | 256,38 | 478,19 | 268,39 | 487,47 | 274,99 | 460,29 | 222,85 | 458,61 | 213,42 | 435,21 | 219,38 | 391,87 |
39065 - Rozas de Valdearroyo (Las) | Rural + | 31,00 | 58,83 | 32,20 | 58,07 | 33,27 | 65,35 | 32,76 | 60,83 | 31,93 | 52,12 | 31,57 | 57,89 |
39066 - Ruente | Rural + | 126,58 | 190,67 | 127,87 | 192,23 | 127,29 | 191,16 | 110,23 | 183,11 | 116,35 | 170,25 | 122,57 | 176,66 |
39067 - Ruesga | Rural + | 237,88 | 97,35 | 235,70 | 96,71 | 237,24 | 94,80 | 101,66 | 93,69 | 102,87 | 92,14 | 104,12 | 77,73 |
39068 - Ruiloba | Rural | 256,09 | 377,94 | 257,68 | 383,74 | 259,86 | 363,09 | 311,05 | 337,51 | 285,95 | 296,79 | 303,52 | 310,19 |
39069 - San Felices de Buelna | Rural | 178,96 | 365,39 | 178,66 | 382,64 | 179,33 | 395,27 | 156,80 | 399,10 | 160,97 | 414,05 | 169,01 | 360,04 |
390070 – San Miguel de aguayo | Rural + | 8,87 | 73,16 | 9,36 | 74,00 | 9,95 | 79,59 | 5,71 | 80,33 | 14,29 | 73,11 | 11,51 | 58,34 |
39071 - San Pedro del Romeral | Rural + | 28,07 | 115,73 | 27,97 | 113,45 | 27,91 | 112,62 | 21,61 | 115,30 | 23,37 | 114,27 | 24,02 | 114,34 |
39072 - San Roque de Riomiera | Rural + | 32,20 | 127,03 | 33,93 | 115,12 | 34,06 | 113,74 | 33,51 | 109,69 | 35,48 | 106,53 | 37,52 | 134,16 |
39073 - Santa Cruz de Bezana | Semi-urban | 1415,71 | 2980,96 | 1420,11 | 3261,69 | 1427,77 | 3408,90 | 1406,26 | 3581,44 | 1385,43 | 3568,85 | 1400,29 | 3640,95 |
39074 - Santa María de Cayón | Rural | 1190,95 | 1070,34 | 1186,68 | 1090,37 | 1188,64 | 1115,52 | 1068,89 | 1076,56 | 1076,67 | 1071,91 | 1097,90 | 759,57 |
39075 – Santander | Urban | 11683,75 | 6438,17 | 11618,83 | 6836,29 | 11592,23 | 6907,86 | 10427,96 | 6876,62 | 10563,14 | 6974,39 | 10494,84 | 6907,86 |
39076 - Santillana del Mar | Rural | 538,15 | 851,99 | 536,03 | 870,56 | 540,18 | 857,43 | 535,48 | 855,59 | 544,79 | 846,67 | 564,54 | 430,88 |
39077 - Santiurde de Reinosa | Rural + | 40,13 | 74,09 | 40,21 | 77,50 | 40,23 | 64,28 | 37,17 | 66,03 | 37,06 | 54,98 | 38,22 | 83,55 |
39078 - Santiurde de Toranzo | Rural | 143,07 | 243,28 | 144,28 | 257,38 | 143,90 | 271,71 | 158,42 | 280,79 | 156,31 | 280,25 | 161,38 | 312,68 |
39079 - Santoña | Semiurbano | 2085,19 | 1176,15 | 2076,38 | 1224,15 | 2067,27 | 1231,98 | 2143,05 | 1320,90 | 2110,77 | 1326,10 | 2155,53 | 1248,88 |
39080 - San Vicente de la Barquera | Rural | 887,16 | 721,87 | 880,21 | 721,00 | 877,78 | 715,48 | 562,42 | 678,15 | 578,10 | 654,70 | 590,80 | 743,48 |
39081 - Saro | Rural + | 28,37 | 223,48 | 28,33 | 234,03 | 28,20 | 219,13 | 27,48 | 216,34 | 27,21 | 232,22 | 29,59 | 196,04 |
39082 - Selaya | Rural | 179,03 | 381,97 | 178,37 | 399,78 | 177,65 | 399,79 | 158,78 | 378,81 | 168,26 | 377,93 | 170,04 | 367,08 |
MUNICIPALITY | CATEGORY | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) | BW WCA (t/year) | BW MLRA (t/year) |
39083 - Soba | Rural + | 140,81 | 64,09 | 137,15 | 60,65 | 138,54 | 62,89 | 119,51 | 64,96 | 119,16 | 66,54 | 111,09 | 68,01 |
39084 - Solórzano | Rural + | 158,67 | 340,45 | 160,39 | 348,92 | 162,92 | 342,75 | 150,43 | 360,81 | 151,99 | 385,52 | 158,46 | 351,95 |
39085 - Suances | Semirural | 1654,64 | 1310,61 | 1641,41 | 1344,73 | 1640,89 | 1346,42 | 1525,26 | 1323,61 | 1569,04 | 1331,32 | 1598,46 | 1212,53 |
39086 - Tojos (Los) | Rural + | 53,45 | 56,98 | 52,77 | 59,15 | 52,53 | 62,33 | 40,41 | 60,51 | 45,59 | 59,88 | 45,03 | 57,64 |
39087 - Torrelavega | Urban | 10837,34 | 2298,47 | 10744,39 | 2617,57 | 10748,87 | 2757,43 | 9567,78 | 2828,81 | 9465,93 | 2807,36 | 9566,55 | 2697,28 |
39088 - Tresviso | - | | | | | | | | | | | | |
39089 - Tudanca | Rural + | 16,53 | 18,33 | 16,37 | 15,83 | 16,14 | 17,27 | 13,61 | 17,76 | 13,93 | 18,26 | 14,83 | 15,14 |
39090 - Udías | Rural | 59,40 | 361,22 | 58,91 | 392,61 | 58,52 | 401,79 | 65,85 | 423,17 | 67,31 | 458,73 | 72,07 | 429,50 |
39091 - Valdáliga | Rural + | 326,21 | 217,26 | 325,60 | 228,43 | 325,30 | 230,85 | 493,60 | 237,25 | 497,32 | 233,21 | 508,25 | 150,11 |
39092 - Valdeolea | Rural + | 152,41 | 104,29 | 152,03 | 102,60 | 149,98 | 95,56 | 115,50 | 89,69 | 117,07 | 93,35 | 113,86 | 93,18 |
39093 - Valdeprado del Río | Rural + | 44,65 | 34,01 | 44,58 | 32,24 | 44,50 | 33,19 | 39,17 | 32,15 | 38,91 | 36,93 | 38,44 | 44,35 |
39094 - Valderredible | Rural + | 190,00 | 63,89 | 189,62 | 59,84 | 190,59 | 61,46 | 197,33 | 56,35 | 191,27 | 57,15 | 187,89 | 67,99 |
39095 - Val de San Vicente | Rural | 410,34 | 505,54 | 416,06 | 490,66 | 419,39 | 504,76 | 371,74 | 507,06 | 379,67 | 491,77 | 388,01 | 417,25 |
39096 - Vega de Liébana | Rural + | 56,36 | 76,80 | 56,16 | 75,94 | 56,33 | 74,16 | 52,19 | 72,44 | 52,30 | 77,93 | 51,50 | 80,34 |
39097 - Vega de Pas | Rural + | 54,33 | 123,89 | 54,01 | 118,09 | 53,78 | 126,12 | 52,43 | 124,58 | 54,32 | 114,60 | 57,11 | 117,57 |
39098 - Villacarriedo | Rural + | 299,94 | 280,92 | 321,72 | 284,87 | 351,28 | 290,74 | 235,49 | 261,78 | 246,76 | 272,65 | 255,76 | 306,38 |
39099 - Villaescusa | Rural | 209,32 | 725,65 | 188,65 | 729,36 | 164,35 | 715,48 | 307,01 | 725,98 | 310,49 | 743,31 | 316,16 | 537,62 |
39100 - Villafufre | Rural + | 233,79 | 339,82 | 263,75 | 331,31 | 302,49 | 299,98 | 123,76 | 301,68 | 130,49 | 294,33 | 137,61 | 286,15 |
39101 - Valle de Villaverde | - | | | | | | | | | | | | |
39102 - Voto | Rural | 338,15 | 305,09 | 310,75 | 306,77 | 283,58 | 298,97 | 418,31 | 299,77 | 419,33 | 303,41 | 431,90 | 277,25 |
Figure 6 Comparative BW generation WCA and MRLA
These differences lie in the fact that the WCA was executed during summer season (2016), when population, tourism and the intensity of the services sector’s activity grows exponentially. On the contrary, the statistical data used to make the estimations using MLRA correspond to the whole year, and do not include people from outside the region who have their second home in Cantabria.
It is expected that the values of the BW estimated using the ratio obtained in the WCA will be worse the further away from the year in which it was obtained, since the evolution of the economic crisis of the last decade, as well as the greater awareness of society with food waste, have changed the consumption patterns. This is one of the reasons why it is not recommended to use static ratios and it is recommended to use models that allow including socioeconomic changes in the estimation of waste generation.