Evaluation of agronomic traits and yield of cultivated Musa cultivars of Assam, India

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2436613/v1

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Evaluation of agronomic traits and yield of cultivated Musa cultivars of Assam, India

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2436613/v1

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Banana is an important staple fruit crop consumed worldwide. The present study was carried out to evaluate the agronomic traits of 22 Musa cultivars of Assam, India, performed in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The cultivars were evaluated based on different agronomic traits such as vegetative characteristics like pseudostem height/girth, pseudostem cross-sectional area, leaf length/girth, leave numbers, and peduncle length/girth. In addition, agronomic traits such as bunch height/girth, bunch weight, number of hands, numbers of fruits per bunch, finger length/girth, and finger weight were also evaluated. The yield of bananas varied from cultivar to cultivar depending on the agronomic traits. The highest yield was observed in Bhim (dangor) (38.34 t/ha) followed by Bharat moni (30.88 t/ha) and Jahaji (saru) (28.75 t/ha), whereas the lowest was recorded in Bawali manohar (11.47 t/ha) and Amrit sagar (11 t/ha). The Pearson's correlation among agronomic traits indicates that the bunch weight, bunch girth, number of hands, fruits per bunch, finger girth, and finger weight were significantly correlated with yield. On the other hand, the number of leaves was negatively correlated with yield. Overall, this study highlighted the agronomic traits of cultivated Musa genotypes, which would be helpful in the banana breeding program.

Agronomic trait

cultivated banana

Musa cultivars

yields

vegetative charcterstics

Banana (Musa L.) is a widely consumed important horticultural fruit crop grown mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The cultivated Musa genotypes have been derived from intra and an interspecific cross between two diploid wild species viz., Musa acuminata (A) and Musa balbisiana (B) either alone or in combinations (Simmonds and Shepherd 1955; Heslop-Harrison and Schwarzacher 2007; De Langhe et al. 2009; Hippolyte et al. 2012). It is the fourth most valuable crop in India after rice, wheat, and maize due to its nutritious value and year-round availability (Lamare and Rao 2015). India is the top producer of bananas, of which about 10% are accounted for trading (Aurore et al. 2009). The agronomic characters of Musa have a unique role in determining the importance of each trait for evaluating high-yielding cultivars. Crop improvement programs on agronomic traits provide information about new cultivars, stability, behavior, and resistance to diseases in different environments and strengthen the recommendation of cultivars. The importance of conserving Musa cultivars is globally signified because evaluating agronomic traits is one of the essential criteria for accomplishing a sustainable food system. Assam recorded about 913270 t of bananas produced from 53080 ha during 2017-18 (Annonymus 2018; Hazarika et al. 2021). However, the productivity of bananas was 17.21 t/ha, compared to the national productivity of 34.86 t/ha.

It is noteworthy that all the cultivated Musa cultivars, including commercial and non-commercial, are grown in different agro climatic zones in Assam (Gogoi et al. 2015). The climate and soil of northeast India, including Assam, are favorable for the growth of the Musa genotypes (Hore et al. 1992; Borborah et al. 2020). Both genetic and environmental parameters influence the growth and yield of Musa cultivars. However, morphological approaches are sometimes inaccurate because the process is time-consuming, subjective and can be influenced by environmental factors (Probojati et al. 2019).

The Banana plant produces the parthenocarpic fruit of commercial importance and is propagated from an underground storage organ rhizome. More than 1,000 banana cultivars are reportedly grown (INIBAP 2006). However, the presence of numerous cultivars names and different local names varies from region to region, which may be very difficult to identify and need for the morphological characterizations of all these Musa genotypes and the agronomic characterization of this crop.

From ancient times people of Assam have consumed fruits of different bananas as a dietary supplement and nutrition. The north-eastern regions of India are home to many indigenous Musa cultivars and wild/semi-wild species (Molina et al. 2002). Although north-eastern India is known for mega banana biodiversity, minimal studies have been carried out in this region on wild and cultivated Musa genotypes. Many native indigenous cultivars of bananas and plantains have been found in North East India (Bhat et al. 1995). Since time immemorial, many research works have been done in many aspects, except agronomic characterization. However, minimal work has been done on the agro-morphological characters of different cultivated Musa genotype varieties in Assam, lacking specific documentation and agronomic characterization.

In this context, a detailed evaluation of agro-morphological characterization of Musa cultivars was undertaken to study, which will help identify the prospects and potentiality of all Musa cultivars in Assam, India.

Collection of Musa genotypes and cultivation

A total of 154 Musa germplasm (sword suckers) accessions consisting of 22 cultivars were collected from six diverse agro-climatic zones of Assam from January 2019 to December 2020. The collected cultivars were grown in the field (18 x 90 m), located at Horticultural Research Centre, Assam Agriculture University, Kahikuchi, Guwahati, Assam, India (26° 6' 5.6592'' N, 91° 36' 28.6776'' E). The experiment was designed in randomized block design with a minimum of three biological replicates. The experimental study field was prepared by deep plowing 2–3 times and farmyard manure (FYM) was added thoroughly. The pits were dugout at a spacing of 3 × 3m and a well-decomposed FYM of about 10 kg was applied per pit and incubated for two days before planting. The crops were watered every 10 days in the winter season, whereas it was after 20 days in summer.

Evaluation Of Growth Characters

Vegetative characters like pseudostem characters, Leaf characters, and inflorescences were recorded during inflorescence emergence, while fruit yield, yield characters, and crop duration were recorded at harvest time. Pseudostem height was recorded from the pseudostem base to the uppermost point of contact of petioles of the youngest leaf, while the pseudostem girth was measured at 30 cm above the soil (Lahav 1972). Pseudostem cross-sectional area (PCA) was calculated using the following formula (Kumar and Pandey 2010).

$$PCA=\frac{{Girth}^{2}}{4\pi }$$

Leaf length, width, petiole, and leaf area of the third leaf were measured using a measuring tape (Obiefuna and Ndubizy 1979). The leaf area (LA) of the plant was recorded using the following formula-

$$LA=Leaf length \times Leaf width \times 0.8$$

The number of functional leaves (fully opened) was recorded for each plant during flowering and harvesting. The length of the petiole is recorded from the pseudostem to the laminate. Other vegetative characteristics like the length and width of the peduncle, male bud length, and diameter were recorded at the time of harvesting and after the development of rachis up to 15cm in length, respectively. Additionally, the length of stigma, style, and ovary of male bud was also recorded. The total number of days, number of days from flowering to harvest time, and total crop cycle of each cultivar were recorded after harvesting.

Evaluation Of Agronomic Traits

Agronomic characters like bunch weight, bunch length, and bunch width, the total number of hands, total number of fingers, and total number of fingers in the second hand, finger length, and width of each cultivar were recorded after harvesting. Bunch weight was measured using field balance during harvesting. The number of hands per bunch, total number of fruits per bunch, and actual number of fingers on the 2nd hand were counted manually. The Average finger weight was recorded from five individual middle fingers of the second hand. Fruit length and fruit girth of three individual fruit of each bunch were measured by following the protocol of Dadzie and Orchard's (1997). The average bunch weight of selected plants in each treatment multiplied by 80% of the plant population per hectare was computed.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analysis was carried out in the R program (R core team 2021). The significant difference among the cultivars was determined by ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The PCA was analyzed using the FactoMineR package and visualized using the factoextra package (Sébastien et al. 2008; Kassambara and Mundt 2020). The Pearson correlation was estimated using R and represented using the corrplot package (Wei and Simko 2021). Hierarchical clustering was performed using the NbClust package (Charrad et al. 2014). The ggplot2 package was used for plotting (Wickham 2016).

Pseudostem characters

Banana cultivars were collected from different agro-climatic regions of Assam, India and their agronomic characteristics were evaluated (Fig. 1). Pseudostem height differs from cultivar to cultivar. The highest pseudostem height was recorded in Bhim (Dangor) (5.91 m), followed by Bhim (Saru) (5.7m) and Adil (4.85 m), whereas the lowest was recorded in Jahaji (Saru) (1.19 m), Amrit Sagar (2.28 m) and Jahaji (dangor) (2.6 m). Similarly, the highest pseudostem girth was recorded in Adil (97.67 cm), followed by Bharat Moni (92.67 cm) and Bogi Manohar (92.17 cm), whereas the lowest in Honda (60 cm), Malbhog (61 cm) and Amrit Sagar (63 cm) (Fig. 2).

Leaf Characters

Leaf length, breadth and length of the petiole of 22 Musa genotypes showed significant variation. The highest leaf blade length was recorded in Kach kol (258.17 cm) followed by Dhirmoni (247.57 cm), Tulsi Manohar (246.67 cm), while the lowest was recorded in Jahaji (Saru) (169.90 cm), Bawali Manohar (185.11 cm), and Honda (187.83 cm) (Fig. 3). Similarly, the maximum leaf blade width was recorded in Honda (83.83 cm), Dhirmoni (83.50 cm), and Jahaji (Saru) (80.13 cm) and the minimum in Tulsi Manohar (55.64 cm), Thailusa (57.57 cm), Bor Jahaji (60.1 cm). Similarly, the Kach kol (83.23 cm) shows the highest pedicel length, whereas it was lowest in Amrit Sagar (31.10 cm). The highest leaf area was recorded in Dhirmoni (17.07 cm), followed by Bejia Manohar (15.34 cm) and the lowest leaf area was recorded in Bawali Manohar (8.85 cm), Jati (8.92 cm). The maximum total number of leaves was recorded in Bejia Manohar (13), followed by Honda (13), while the minimum total number of leaves was recorded in Bhim (Saru) (9) and Ronga (9) (Fig. 3).

Peduncle Length And Male Bud

The length and diameter of the peduncle were found to be significant variations among the genotypes. Bor Jahaji (77.70 cm) recorded the highest peduncle length, followed by Kach (69.50 cm) (Fig S1). In contrast, the shortest peduncle length was recorded in Amrit Sagor (34.83 cm), followed by Cheni (37.40 cm). Similarly, the diameter of the peduncle shows the highest in Bogi Manohar (22.57 cm), followed by Bharat Moni (21.30 cm), Bejia Manohar (20.67 cm), while the lowest diameter was recorded in Malbhog (14 cm), Honda (15 cm ), and Saru Jahaji (15.10 cm) (Fig S1).

The length and girth of the male bud showed slight variations within the cultivars. The cultivar Honda (31.40 cm) and Bejia Manohar (27.77 cm) recorded the highest, whereas the Bhitore Poka (16.63 cm) and Saru Jahaji (18.73 cm) recorded the shortest (Figure S1). Similarly, the maximum male bud girth was observed in Bharat Moni (34.17 cm), followed by Honda (34 cm) and the minimum male bud girth was observed in Bhitore Poka (20.17 cm), Thailusa (21.87 cm) and Amrit Sagar (21.93 cm).

Crop Duration

The results indicated that the total days of shooting, days of inflorescence emergence to harvesting, and total crop cycle of all the Musa genotypes showed huge differences (Fig. 4). It was recorded that early shooting (days from planting to inflorescence emergence) was recorded in Malbhog (~ 359 days) followed by Honda (~ 364 days) and Kach (~ 371), whereas late shooting was observed in Adil (~ 527 days), Bhim (dangor) (~ 515 days). With regards to days taken to harvest (from inflorescence emergence to harvesting), early harvest was observed in Malbhog (~ 112 days) followed by Honda (113 days), whereas late harvest was recorded in Bhim (Saru) (161 days), Bhim (Dangor) (~ 155 days). The highest total crop duration was observed in Bhim (dangor) (~ 669 days) followed by Adil (~ 660 days) and the lowest was recorded in Malbhog (471 days), Honda (~ 477 days) (Fig. 4).

Yield Characters

The yield and its attributing characteristics like bunch weight, bunch length, bunch girth, the total number of fruits in the second-hand, total number of hands, total number of fruits in a bunch, fruits length and diameter, and fruits weight are recorded at the time of harvesting with significant variation among the Musa cultivars (Fig. 5). The highest bunch weight was recorded in Bhim (dangor) (21.60 kg), followed by Bharat Moni (17.40 kg), Saru Jahaji (16.20 kg), whereas the lowest bunch weight was recorded in Bawali Manohar (6.47 kg), Amrit Sagar (6.50 kg), and Bhitore Poka (7.30 kg). Similarly, the maximum bunch length (61.60 cm) and bunch girth was recorded in Kach and Bhim (Dangor) (129.40 cm), respectively, while minimum bunch length (40.10 cm) and bunch girth (44.41 cm) was recorded in Honda. The maximum number of hands per bunch was recorded in Bharat Moni (10.33) and Cheni (10.33), while the minimum number of hands was recorded in Tulsi Manohar (6.33), and Ronga (6.67). Similarly, the highest number of fruits in the second hand was recorded in Jahaji (Saru) followed by Jahaji (Bor) whereas, Adil, Bawali Manohar shows the lowest number of fruits. The maximum number of fruits per bunch was recorded Cheni (130), followed by Bharat Moni (130.33), while Tulsi Manohar (78), Honda (82.33) recorded the minimum number of fruits per bunch (Fig. 5). The highest fruits length was recorded in Kach (20.87 cm) followed by Jahaji (Saru) (18.73 cm), Adil (17.97 cm), while the lowest fruit length was recorded in Cheni (10.47 cm), Bawali Manohar (10.80 cm), Ronga (10.93 cm). Reasonably, the highest fruit girth was recorded in Bhim (Dangor) (17.83 cm) followed by Jahaji (Bor) (15.89 cm), while the lowest girth was recorded in Bawali Manohar (6.54 cm), Amrit Sagar (10.73 cm). Similarly, the highest fruit weight was recorded in Bhim (dangor) (207.67 g) followed by Adil (183.17 g), while the lowest fruit weight was recorded in Thailusa (73.77 g), Bawali Manohar (75.31 g) (Fig. 5).

Clustering And Multivariate Analysis

Based on the total yield, the cultivars were categorized into three categories i.e., high (≥ 25 t/h), medium (≥ 18 to 24 t/h), and low (< 18 t/h) yielding. The cultivars were clustered by hierarchical clustering methods of the NbClust program based on their agronomic characteristics. The cultivars can be divided into two clusters, clusters I and II. Cluster I represents the medium to high yielding cultivars (Fig. 6). On the other hand, cluster II is dominated by the low-yielding cultivars (except Honda). Multivariate analysis was performed to draw the influence of agronomic characters on yield. The PCA1 and PCA2 represent only 29.6% and 14.4% of the overall correlation (Fig. 7A). From the biplot of PCA1 and PCA2, the finger bunch, fruits bunch, number of hands, bunch length, bunch weight, bunch girth, etc. were influence the medium to high yield cultivars of banana (Fig. 7A). Further, Pearson correlation analysis revealed a very high level of correlation between the yield and bunch weight. Similarly, finger weight, finger girth, fruit bunch, number of hands, bunch girth, etc. were also positively correlated with yield. On the other hand, the total number of leaves has a negative impact on yield whereas no significant correlation was observed for other agronomic traits on yield (Fig. 7B).

Banana is one of the most important fruit crops consumed worldwide due to its nutritious value. India is one of the largest producers of bananas including Assam (Aurore et al. 2009; Kumar et al. 2013). From the survey, more than 25 banana cultivars are cultivated in Assam in different agro-climatic regions for both commercial and socio-cultural purposes. Agronomic characteristics are important for the determination of the yield of banana cultivars. In this study, 22 cultivars have been evaluated for agronomic traits and their yield potential. However, yield can depend upon input utilization, and the types of cultivars planted (Bathan and Lantican 2010).

Agronomic charcteristics varied from cultivars to cultivars. Observation of relationships among large agronomic traits can be a difficult task. Hierarchical clustering is an unsupervised method to draw inferences from unlabeled data (Charrad et al. 2014). Therefore, hierarchical clustering has been employed to determine the relationship among the cultivars. Based on the agronomic traits, the cultivars can be grouped into two separate groups. Interestingly, the group I comprises the high-yielding cultivars, whereas group II is comprised of low-yielding cultivars.

Flowering and fruiting of all the Musa cultivars was observed throughtout the year which is in concordant with few earlier reports (Borborah et al. 2016a; 2016b) An increase in pseudostem height influences longer flowering and harvest time which has been also reported in previous studies (Oselebe et al. 2018). Correlation analysis revealed that bunch weight is one of the distinct agronomic characteristics for determining the yield. The finger size (girth and length) and finger weight are the major factors contributing to the bunch weight which has been also in accordance with a previous report (Swennen et al. 1995; Sagar et al. 2017; Dagnew et al. 2021). In addition, multivariate analysis revealed that bunch weight along with bunch girth, bunch length, number of hands, fruit bunch finger bunch, pseudostem girth, etc., influence the medium to higher yielding cultivars. The number of hands and total numbers of finger per bunch was highest in Cheni which is important traits for the yield. This result is accordance with the previous report (Medhi 1994). The development of a bunch and male bud of cultivars was consistent except for Adil. After a few crop cycles (after 2–3 cycles), degeneration of the male bud of cultivar Adil was observed during the development of the bunch.

With increasing in population, global food demand is expected increase by 70% by 2050 (Islam and karim 2019; Le et al. 2008). One of the pathways to enhance food production is by increasing yield. Yield characters are an important parameter for plant breeders for evolving new cultivars with high yields. From this study, only Saru Jahaji was found to be ranked under the top five high yielding cultivars. With the deterioration in climatic conditions and non-uniformity of weather conditions, non-commercial banana cultivars may be further evaluated and improved for higher gain in agronomic value and enrich the nutritional as well as the economic value of the region.

In this study, agronomic characterization and yield potential of 22 Musa cultivars have been evaluated. Among the cultivars, the non-commercial and long crop cycle cultivars Bhim (Dangor) and Bharat moni were identified to be high yielding than the well-known commercial cultivars Jahaji, Malbhog, Kach, and Cheni. Overall, this study provides the comparative study of agronomic characteristic that influence yield of Musa cultivars. Further, modern plant breeding techniques can be utilized for the improvement of yield.

Author contributions

Saikia D and Kalita B: manuscript design, experiment, analysis, manuscript writing and editing, Roy S, Regon P, Pathak S and Saikia S: experimental design, data analysis and supervision, Tanti B: experimental design, editing, writing and supervision.

Acknowledgments

Funding support received from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Govt. of India, for the research project entitled “Collection, evaluation, documentation and conservation of banana genetic resources from north eastern region” vide sanction No. 102/I.F.D/SAN/1765- 1767/2017-2018 dated 20. 07. 2017 is greatly acknowledged. The authors sincerely acknowledged the Horticulture Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Kahikuchi Campus, Guwahati, India for providing the experimental plot for the work. We also acknowledge DST-FIST, Government of India for the sponsored infrastructural facilities in the Department of Botany, Gauhati University.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Data availability statement

The Data used in this study are primary data obtained from the experimental analysis. Data have been represented within the manuscript in complete details. Further raw data which support this study will be shared upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.

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SupplementaryFigure.docx
Supplementary data Fig S1 Peduncle and male bud characteristics of Musa genotypes. The error bar represents the standard error of the mean of 3 biological replicates. The letters represented above the graphs represent the significant difference among the cultivars estimated by ANOVA with Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05). Different letter codes indicate significant differences, whereas identical signifies no significant differences among the cultivars. Fig S2 Scree plot showing eigenvalues for each individual PCA.

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Evaluation of agronomic traits and yield of cultivated Musa cultivars of Assam, India

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials And Methods

Evaluation Of Growth Characters

Evaluation Of Agronomic Traits

Statistical analysis

Results

Pseudostem characters

Leaf Characters

Peduncle Length And Male Bud

Crop Duration

Yield Characters

Clustering And Multivariate Analysis

Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Supplementary Files

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