Exogenously applied silicon and zinc mitigates salt stress by improving leaf pigments and antioxidant activities in canola cultivars

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2438296/v1

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Exogenously applied silicon and zinc mitigates salt stress by improving leaf pigments and antioxidant activities in canola cultivars

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2438296/v1

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published 11 Apr, 2023

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Globally, climate change and global warming induced salt stress is intensifying rapidly which has resulted in food supply constraints. The exogenous application of zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) might serve as potent strategy to boost productivity of oil seed crops including canola, however research gaps exist regarding their dose optimization. A trial was conducted with an aim to determine the phenotypic divergence among canola cultivars under varying doses of Zn and Si applied solely and in conjunction with each other. The trail was comprised of two promising cultivars of canola (Sandal and Rachna) and seven foliar treatments including control, Si = 35 ppm, Si = 70 ppm, Zn = 35 ppm, Zn = 70 ppm, Si + Zn = 35 ppm and Si + Zn = 70 ppm applied under two level of salinity stress (SS). Different morphological and physiological traits of canola cultivars were taken as response variables. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial arrangement was used with three replications. The results revealed that SS adversely affected the leaf pigment and shoot length along with their fresh and dry weights, while antioxidant activities were increased especially under exogenous application of Si + Zn = 70 ppm. Additionally, root length (11.17 cm) and their fresh (2.63 g) and dry weights (0.78 g) were enhanced with the increasing SS level. Moreover, canola cv. Sandal outperformed in terms for shoot-root length and their fresh and dry weight as well as the leaf pigments contents. The co-application of Si + Zn = 70 ppm exhibited the highest shoot-root length (17.64 cm − 16.47 cm) and their fresh (2.60 g − 1.89 g) as well as dry weight (0.73 g − 0.29 g).The same treatment combination resulted in the maximum leaf pigments such as chlorophyll a (6.63 g/mg FW), chlorophyll b (4.37 g/mg FW) and total carotenoids content (2.38 g/mg FW).

Salinity tolerance

Foliar silicon and zinc

Morphology

Leaf pigments

Antioxidant

Canola

Worldwide, oil seed crops are imperative for human consumption as compared to wheat rice, oat, barley and sugar crops by offer 2.5 times higher calories.Among seeds crops, canola (Brassica napus) belonging to family Brassicaceae is the most significant oilseed crop globally (Bukhari et al., 2020; Ahmad et al., 2022)as its seed contains 45% oil and 25–35% protein (Afsahi et al., 2020a). Additionally, canola can be successfully cultivated in new land to avoid competition with different crops inhabiting the old cultivated lands (Latef et al., 2021; Ahmad et al., 2020b). Its oil is utilized in cooking, bioprocess, and the organic agrochemical industries with the grain used as protein rich animal feed after oil exploration. In oilseed crops, the oil content varies by genotype and environment, including agronomic practices. One of the effective practices to increase quantitative and qualitative yields is the application of mineral nutrients (Afsahi et al., 2020a). However, canola is sensitive to abiotic stresses (Lohani et al., 2020) especially salinity which has seriously threatened the modern crop production systems (Terzi and Yıldız, 2021). Salt stress is an important threat and play a devastating role in affecting the morphology and normal physiology of crop plants ((Gyawali et al., 2019; Ahmad et al., 2021a). ). The ionic imbalance, changed vapor pressure, nutrient absorption and photosynthetic rate are all related to increased salt levels (Ahmad et al., 2021a; Shah et al., 2021). Plant death is directly related to increased amount of sodium salt and the osmotic pressure tendency of soil water in the proximity of the plant at high salinity levels (Shah et al., 2021). A large ionic bonds are formed when salts are in excess which has serious consequences for the plants' morphology, biomass, and metabolic activities, ultimately resulting in plant death (Kumar et al., 2021; Rahneshan et al., 2018). Similarly, excessive salinity has also a significant detrimental impact on canola plant physiology and metabolism (Zahra et al., 2020). High salt concentrations in soils inhibit seed germination and root propagation, as well as water and nutrient uptake by canola plants, reducing photosynthetic activity and vegetative progress (Naveed et al., 2020). Likewise, seed quality in canola drops dramatically, from 87 percent at 0 dSm^− 1 to 0.8 percent at 26 dSm^− 1. Salt stress does, in fact, diminish seedling germination and their stability (Gyawali et al., 2019). Moreover, high salt content also impairs seed filling stage and the number of pods on canola plants, decreases the number of seeds in each pod and pod length, reduces the number of leaves, flowers, branches, and 1000-weight of seed. Furthermore, it also decreases leaf size, leaf nutrient attraction levels, hypocotyl adsorption levels and fatty acids of a plant (Bandehagh et al., 2021).

For mitigating the adverse impacts of salinity on growth and development of canola, exogenous application of silicon (Si) can be a biologically viable option(Daoud et al., 2018; Ahmad et al., 2021c). Previously, Si application Improved plant resilience to abiotic stresses along with produced bigger seeds of winter canola (Kaur and Greger, 2019; Ahmad et al., 2021d). Likewise, Si application impartedstress tolerance by altering the leaf morphology which promoted plant development (Sattar et al., 2020; Nisar et al., 2022; Etesami and Jeong, 2018; Khan et al., 2019). ). In irrigation water at a certain level (0.1–0.6 mm), Si is available to plants as mono silicate [Si (OH) ₄]. Si is emerging as a genuine "Cinderella" element, attracting the attention of experts all over the world due to its important function in plant physiology, nutrition, and defense response against salinity. Although the beneficial effects of exogenous Si on plant development and production have been widely documented, its ultimate potential lies in the alleviation of adverse effects of salt stress (Artyszak, 2018; Khan et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2019; Abbasi et al., 2022) without inflicting any detrimental effects on non-target organisms (Abbasi et al., 2020; Kaur and Greger, 2019; Khan et al., 2019). The application of Si increased the volume, size, and weight of roots, reducing the impact of water scarcity on crop plants by allowing them to absorb more water and nutrients (Ahmad et al., 2020a; Bukhari et al., 2020). However, dose optimization of Si for foliar spray in order to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity continues to remain an explored aspect, while contradictory findings have been reported previously.

Besides Si, zinc (Zn) is another micronutrient that is radially absorbed by roots and transported as a divalent cofactor via the symplastic and apoplastic pathways (Noreen et al., 2021). Many key enzymes, such as antioxidant enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase and RNA molecule use it as a building element and coenzyme. It also helps plants with photosynthetic rate, pollen generation, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, nutrient uptake, and seed quality (Ashraf et al., 2020). Zn boosts protein synthesis and oil content in oil seed crops (Aram et al., 2021; Manaf et al., 2019). Additionally, Zn plays a direct role in the manufacturing of growth factors like dopamine, which leads to the production of more plant cells and dry matter (Mahmoud et al., 2020). Moreover, Zn also plays a crucial function in protein structure in plants as a co-factor for at least 300 enzyme systems (Fatemi et al., 2020). Zinc also protects plant against ROS by enhancing the antioxidant system (Mokari-Firuzsalari et al., 2019). Positive impacts of Zn on production, oil content, and FA concentration of field-grown canola include enhanced rate of photosynthesis and translocation of photo-assimilate, increased frequency of hydroxylase glycolytic pathway and ribulose diphosphate carboxylase and oxygenase, and changes in nucleic acid and protein biosynthetic pathways (Afsahi et al., 2020b; Aram et al., 2021; Manaf et al., 2019). Foliar Zn treatment has a considerable influence on seed production, energy content, lipid content, and metabolic features of canola, and per the conclusions of other research boosts these qualities (Agha et al., 2021).

Canola seed germination is harmed by salinity stress, which diminishes the length of radicles and plumes, as well as seedling fresh weight and biomass. Salt stress, like other essential crops, lowers canola productivity and development. Some varieties of canola are susceptible to salinity, whereas others are vulnerable. Salinity stress impairs seed filling stage and the density of pods on plants, decreases the quantity of seeds in each capsules and pod length, reduces the number of leaves, flowers, branches, decreases chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll, and also reduces total fatty acids by 25%. Thus, it was hypothesized that foliar applied Si and Zn might alleviate the adverse impacts of salinity by boosting morphological traits and improving physiological functioning of the canola plants under varying levels of induced salinity. Hence, the present study was designed to examine the role of foliar applied Si and Zn on physiological mechanisms of canola seedlings under normal and salt stress condition. The ultimate aim was to sort out the most performing dose of Zn and/Si for salinity mitigation along with finding out the superior cultivar of canola based on morphological divergence under induced salinity.

2.1. Experimental detail:

Salt stress experiment at the vegetative growth stage was conducted in the wire-house located at Department of Botany, University of Central Punjab, Constituent College Yazman Road Bahawalpur in October 2021, under normal and salt stressed conditions. Seeds of two spring canola varieties (Sandal & Rachna) were procured from Oil research Institute located at Ayyub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad, Pakistan. This trial was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial arrangement having three replications. The experiment was comprised of two canola varieties (V₁= Sandal and V₂= Rachna) and foliar sprays including control, Si= 35 ppm, Si= 70 ppm, Zn=35 ppm, Zn= 70 ppm, Si + Zn= 35 ppm and Si + Zn= 70 ppm. Selected varieties of canola were sown in plastic cups containing 500 g soil. Five seeds were sown in each cup. Latterly, only two healthy vigorous seedlings were allowed to grow, and rest were removed with thinning.

2.2 Field capacity

The canola seedlings were watered regularly after germination with 100% field capacity in order to give them salt stress. The salt stress (150ppm) was applied to plant after the compilation of germination. Seedlings were grown until vegetative stage for regarding different plant parameters.

2.3 Morphological parameters

After sprouting, the plants were removed from soil and placed in an empty container after thorough washing. After washing roots were placed on a filter paper to remove moisture. The root length was measured using a measuring scale. After that, one plant was picked from each replication for measuring root fresh weight using an electronic balance. Latterly, roots were placed in an autoclave machine for three hours at 30 °C for drying. The dry weight of roots was also recorded using an electronic balance. Similarly, the shoot length along with shoot fresh and dry weight was also recorded using same protocol as mentioned above.

2.4 Chlorophyll pigments

In order to calculate the chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, fresh canola leaves (0.5g) were chopped into to 0.5 cm pieces, and then 5ml of acetone (80%) was added. The absorbance of supernatant was measured at 645, 652 and 663 nm in spectrophotometer. Each of the chlorophyll contents were measured separately for the proper readings and observations.

2.5 Antioxidant assay

The activities of enzymes such as peroxidase dismutase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were also determined spectrophotometrically (Hitachi-2800). Canola leaves were homogenized into a 50 mM phosphate buffer composed of 7.0 pH and 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) for determination of these antioxidants using the standard method as described by [39].

2.5.1 Peroxidase dismutase (POD)

The activity of peroxide dismutase analyzed by the method of [40, 41]. In which method measured the peroxidation of hydrogen peroxide. The measurement do by the guaiacol. The guiacol is as an electron donor.

2.5.2 Catalase (CAT)

The protocol devised by [40] was used for determination of catalase activity. Catalase was measured by measuring the alteration rate of water molecule and hydrogen peroxide from the oxygen molecule. The 3 ml sample solution comprises phosphate buffer at the rate of 50 mM. Their pH is neutral (7.0) not acidic and not a basic properties with 5.9 mM H₂O₂ and an enzyme extract at the rate of 0.1 mL. The result was noted by the spectrophotometer by decline in absorption at 240 mm. these are consumption of H₂O₂after every minutes.

2.5.3 Ascorbate peroxidase (APX)

To analysis the APX a method of monitoring the reduction in absorbance of ascorbic acid. The absorbance noted at 290 nm. The mixture of sample that containing 50 mM phosphate buffer with 7.6 ph. In 1 ml reaction and 0, 1 mN of Na EDTA, 0.25 mM of ascorbic acid, 12 mM H₂SO₄. This description method determine by the scientist [42, 43].

2.5.4 Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

The superoxide dismutase was measured according to the [44] method. Firstly took the plants and grinded with N₂ solution. If the plant grinded (convert into small pieces) then uniform by the phosphate buffer at the pH of 7.6. Then noted the result.

2.6 Statistical Analysis

Recorded data were arranged and subjected to analysis of variance techniques (ANOVA) using the Statistics 8.1 programming software. Thereafter, the least significant test at 5% probability was employed for determining the significance among treatment means [45].

3.1 Growth attributes

The results revealed that salt stress significantly affected the root length of both canola varieties. The maximum root length (18.17 cm) was observed where salt stress was applied at the rate of 150 ppm. All treatments of foliar-applied silicon and zinc performed better in enhancing endurance against salt stress conditions. Both varieties of canola substantially improved efficacy and results showed that Rachna performed better and gave the highest root fresh and dry weights. Similarly, the maximum shoot length (16.27 cm) was observed when no salt stress was induced. Maximum shoot fresh weight (3.39 g) was observed where salt stress was applied at the rate of (0 ppm) comparative to the stress treatment and whereas maximum shoot dry weight (0.35 g) was observed where salt stress was also applied at the rate of (0 ppm) comparative to the stress treatment.

Table 1

Parameters	SOV	Treatment	Stress	Variety	T x S	T x V	S x V	S x T x V	Error
Parameters	DF	1	6	1	6	1	6	6	56
Root length		53.508***	979.012***	4.681***	0.492***	0.103***	0.070***	0.170***	0.001
Shoot length		63.834***	709.924***	0.964***	0.014***	0.069***	0.274***	0.154***	0.001
Root fresh weight		0.5032***	8.60160***	0.0466***	0.0137***	0.0004^NS	0.00039^NS	0.00081^NS	0.00063
Root dry weight		0.2401***	5.75667***	0.0217***	0.0032**	0.00005^NS	0.00027^NS	0.00022*^NS	0.00063
Shoot fresh weight		0.145***	233.867***	0.001NS	0.123***	0.009***	0.001^NS	0.008***	0.001
Shoot dry weight		0.0186***	1.29010***	0.0635***	0.0040***	0.0051***	0.037***	0.00405***	0.0006
Chl. a contents		0.9196***	14.6501***	0.0377***	0.2512***	0.0004^NS	0.0019^NS	0.0008^NS	0.0006
Chl. b contents		1.5779***	24.7977***	0.0641***	0.0707***	0.0005^NS	0.0037**	0.0010^NS	0.0006
Total Chl. contents		4.8816***	77.5681***	0.2001***	0.0705***	0.0008^NS	0.0003^NS	0.0013^NS	0.0026
Total Carotenoids		0.9165***	12.2515***	0.02823**	0.04214***	8.333^NS	4.762^NS	7.143^NS	6.429
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX)		3.320***	53.137***	0.189***	0.051**	0.002**	0.005NS	0.0056**	0.0006
Catalase (CAT)		5453.16**	74218.6**	419.46**	97.71**	9.304**	0.257**	9.645**	6.333
Peroxidase dismutase (POD)		7111.66**	12295**	406.82***	9.766**	202.571**	0.490**	2.910**	6.334
Superoxide dismutases (SOD)		3910.70**	71993**	309.427**	182.211**	6.156**	5.130**	8.303**	6.33

3.2 Photosynthetic pigments

The Chlorophyll a and b of the canola cultivars were substantially influenced under salt stress conditions. Both varieties of canola substantially improved efficacy and results showed that Sandal cultivar performed better by recording the highest chlorophyll a (1.86 g) and b (3.89 g) content. The maximum chlorophyll a (2.25 g) and b (4.41 g) were observed in the absence of salinity. Likewise, the maximum total chlorophyll (6.67 g) and carotenoids (2.37 g) values were observed where salt stress was applied at the rate of (0 ppm) comparative to the stress treatment.

3.3 Antioxidants

The results pertaining to antioxidants activity such as APX, CAT, POD and SOD differed significantly under the influence of foliar sprays, salinity and cultivars (Table 1). It was inferred that SS significantly affected the measured antioxidant contents for both verities of canola. Sandal cultivar remained superior as compared to variety 2 (Rachna). Among different treatments of exogenous application of Si +Zn at the rate 70 ppm significantly remained unmatched especially for sandal cultivar under normal as well as salinity stress conditions. Contrastingly, the lowest values of all recorded antioxidant assay was noted for control treatment where no foliar application of Si and Zn was applied (Figure 3 a, b, c & d).

The results pertaining to exploring the extrinsic impact of silicon and zinc on canola cultivars under salinity stress exhibited significantly differed findings. As per current study, salt stress had a drastic impact on all of the assessed parameters of canola, including root-shoot length and fresh and dry weights along with leaf pigments composition as well as the antioxidants contents. The results revealed that co-application of Si and Zn in the 70 ppm dose remained unmatched in terms of morphological traits of shoot and root which might be attributed to growth promoting effect of both elements (Ahmad et al., 2021a, c). Previously, it has been inferred that canola species have evolved various systems to counteract NaCl toxic effects in soil produced by salinity in order to withstand or evade adverse circumstances (El-Shazoly, 2019) which need to be ameliorated for achieving potential growth.

The results of the current study revealed that the shoot length and fresh and dry weight of canola were reduced under SS conditions. These results was supported by Aurangzeb et al. (2021) who reported that SS significantly reduced the shoot length and their fresh and dry weight. It was further inferred that plants causes closure of stomata which rendered plants unable to absorb the nutrients which restricted cell division. Due to this, the shoot length reduced due to unavailability of nutrient and water (Aurangzaib et al., 2021; Ahmad et al., 2021c). In a recent study, it was revealed that adding Si and Zn to canola helped to increase shoot length and fresh and dry weight of salt-stressed plants. According to the findings of Ahmad et al. (2021a, b, c), who pointed out that foliar silicon and zinc boosted shoot length in salt conditions by triggering cell division and maintaining optimum water status of the plants under saline conditions. Foliar Si and Zn enter the leaf through the cuticle or certain apertures and aid in normal physiological processes as well as cell proliferation under salt, resulting in increased shoot length when silicon and zinc are administered foliarly (Bukhari et al., 2020; Nisar et al., 2022). Furthermore, Ahmad et al. (2021b, c) stated that stress diminished root length and fresh and dry weights of crop plants. It was attributed to stomata closure which made plant unable to acquire any nutrients in saline environment. When silicon and zinc are administered as foliar sprays, these penetrate effectively into plant tissues and triggered physiological processes which led to significant increment in the root length of salt stressed plants (Mahmoud et al., 2020).

Chlorophyll pigments are the most vital components in leaf tissues for carrying out and maintaining the photosynthesis process. The results of the current study revealed that SS decreased chlorophyll content compared to non-saline conditions. Our findings are comparable to those of (Ahmad et al., 2021b, c), who found a corresponding decrease in chlorophyll pigments in various canola varieties subjected to salt stress. Foliar Si treatment decreased carotenoids degradation, and the leaf area of canola seedlings in duress rose considerably, indicating that it promoted sunlight radiation absorption which increased dry weight of plants. A reduction in chlorophyll concentration is caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in exposure of plants sunlight (Laxa et al., 2019). The production of ROS reactive oxygen species is caused by the mechanism of photosynthetic activity absorbing too much energy, which may be avoided by lowering chlorophyll levels. Our discoveries on chlorophyll content are consistent with several other research that have found a decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoids in many vegetation types associated with exposure to irrigated conditions (Delavar et al., 2018; Ahmad et al., 2022). The findings of this research, conveyed by Taha et al. (2021), revealed that the vitality of leaves and roots in seedlings grown (control, salinity stress) significantly deteriorated. The quality of plant leaves in stressed plants (control; salinity stress) has been adversely damaged as a result of just this quiescent response. Since the photosynthetic rate was larger than the hydration, this passive outcome was seen in a seasoning blade. Extracellular treatment of Zn and/or Si at both levels (35 and 70 ppm) led to a tremendous change, according to the latest study. Plants are known to suffer from physiological exhaustion as a result of salinity (Shahmardan et al., 2022). Independent variable Zn, Si, and related blends, on the other hand, can enhance the scenario of salinity-stressed canola fresh leaves and increase their pungency in terms of developing ROS. Under SS, the synergistic involvement of Zn and Si modulated salt stress status might explain better morphological growth and functioning of physiological process. Furthermore, Si can thicken the leaf and thus shield from maceration, and prevent water deficits (Taha et al., 2021). Similarly the antioxidant activities such as APX, SOD, POD and CAT were significantly enhanced under saline conditions. The findings of this trial exhibited encouraging results regarding effectiveness of co-application of Si and Zn which resulted in significant improvement of antioxidant activities in canola cultivars under normal saline conditions. These findings are in concurrence by Ahmad et al., 2022, 2020a, b, 2021 a, d ; Bukhari et al., 2021 and Nisar et al., 2022who reported that the antioxidant activities in plant were enhanced by the application of Si under both normal as well as stress conditions. These findings are also supported by the conclusions made by Afsahi et al., 2020a, b; Agha et al., 2021 who opined Zn and Si combine application could mitigate the adverse effects of salinity through morphological traits improvement and triggering the physiological processes such as biosynthesis of antioxidants which assisted crop plants to survive the adversaries offered by saline environment. However, these results offer an opportunity to serve as baseline to conduct further in-depth studies in order to evaluate other doses of Zn and Si under varying levels of salinity along with finding out the most optimum crop growth stage for foliar application of Si and Zn.

Salinity stress has seriously threatened the production of oilseed crops such as canola which has compromised the food and nutrition security. Fortification of foliar sprayed Si and Zn hold potential to mitigate the negative effects of saline environment by altering the morph-physiological mechanisms of canola plant. It has been inferred that shoot length and chlorophyll content in canola, among both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, were diminished in salinity-stressed plants, however root length was enhanced in salt-stressed canola plants to improve total root development to get water from the soil. The cumulative outcome of the experiment is that in salinity exposure scenarios, canola plant shoot length and chlorophyll content are dropped, but root length is raised. Both foliar nutrients, such as Si and Zn, are preferable for boosting salt tolerance in canola by promoting shoot development and leaf pigmentation as well as the antioxidant activities improved under such circumstance and helpful for tolerance in canola under salt stress stress conditions.

Author Contributions: Zahoor Ahmad planned and supervised the research, Ayesha Khaliq conducted the research work; Qamar uz Zaman and Asim Abbasi wrote the introduction part; Muhammad Javid Qamar and Ayesha Khaliq wrote the manuscript; Ejaz Ahmad Waraich and Arkadiusz Artyszak did the statically analysis and graphical representation; Hesham F. Alharby and Afaf A. Almaghamsi read the manuscript as proofreading and arrange according to journal style; Zahoor Ahmad provided reagents, assisted in the analytical work; and Muhammad Aamir Iqbal improved the English language quality of the manuscript.

Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge technical support provided by the University of Central Punjab Constituent College Yazman Road Bahawalpur for sharing lab facilities and providing space for research experiments.

Funding: Not applicable

Data Availability Raw data and materials are available.

Consent to Participate: All authors participate for the preparation of manuscript.

Consent for Publication: All authors give consent for the publication of manuscript in Silicon.

Ethics approval: Not applicable, manuscript does not report on or involve the use of any animal or human data or tissue

Conflict of Interest: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Exogenously applied silicon and zinc mitigates salt stress by improving leaf pigments and antioxidant activities in canola cultivars

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