The Relationship between Psychological Resilience and Quality of Life among the Chinese Diabetes Patients: The Mediating role of Stigma and the The Moderating role of Empowerment

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2445858/v1

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The Relationship between Psychological Resilience and Quality of Life among the Chinese Diabetes Patients: The Mediating role of Stigma and the The Moderating role of Empowerment

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2445858/v1

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published 19 Oct, 2023

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Objective: The quality of life of diabetes patients is associated with their disease or surrounding social environment. How to deal with psychological changes and adjust psychological stress response is worth further discussion. The researchers constructed moderated mediation models to test the impact of psychological resilience on the quality of life of people with diabetes, as well as the mediating role of stigma and the moderating role of empowerment.

Method: From June to September 2022, data were collected by multi-stage stratified sampling. Firstly, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College was randomly selected from all tertiary hospitals in Wuhu, Anhui Province. Secondly, two departments were randomly selected from this hospital: endocrinology and geriatrics. Thirdly, survey points were set up in each department, and T2DM patients were randomly selected for questionnaire surveys. In addition, we used the Connor-Davidson Elasticity Scale (CD-RISC) to measure the psychological resilience of patients, and used the Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness (SSCI) to measure stigma. Empowerment was measured by the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES). Quality of Life was assessed by the Diabetes Quality of Life Scale (DQoL). We used SPSS (version 21) and PROCESS (version 4.1) for data analysis.

Results: (1) Psychological resilience was negatively correlated with stigma and quality of life, and positively correlated with empowerment. Stigma was positively associated with empowerment and quality of life. Empowerment was negatively correlated with quality of life. (2) The mediation analysis showed that psychological resilience had a direct predictive effect on the quality of life, and stigma partially mediated the relationship; Empowerment moderates the first half of "PR→ stigma → quality of life"; Empowerment moderates the latter part of "PR→ stigma → quality of life."

Conclusion: Under the mediating effect of stigma, psychological resilience can improve quality of life. Empowerment has a moderating effect on the relationship between psychological resilience and stigma, and it also has a moderating effect on the relationship between stigma and quality of life. These results facilitate the understanding of the relationship mechanisms between psychological resilience and quality of life.

Psychological resilience

Stigma

Empowerment

Quality of life

Diabetes patients

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic noncommunicable disease with widespread prevalence[1]. In recent years, the prevalence of diabetes has increased dramatically with the change in lifestyle[2]. It has become a public health problem of wide concern and poses a threat to global health problems[3]. With a long course of diabetes and many complications, the disease is complicated, and the recovery is poor, which makes the patients suffer from long-term psychological pressure, thus affecting the quality of life of the patients[4]. Relevant research results show that their quality of life of diabetes patients is generally low, and the prolongation of diabetes is associated with a decline in quality of life[5]. Therefore, the study on the quality of life of diabetes patients is particularly important.

Quality of life (QoL) is a concept that comprehensively evaluates the merits of life and represents an individual's view of how well functioning is physically, psychologically, and socially[6]. QoL is a significant health outcome in its own right, representing the ultimate goal of all health interventions[7]. QoL is measured by physical and social functioning and perceived physical and mental health[8]. Studies have shown that the QoL of people with diabetes is reduced compared to those without diabetes[9]. Maintaining the QoL of people with diabetes is a decisive outcome variable for diabetes treatment[10]. It should be used as an essential quality indicator to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of therapeutic measures.

Up to now, QoL's relevant factors and influencing mechanisms have yet to be made clear. However, previous studies on the internal mechanism of quality of life have shown that one of the influencing factors is psychological resilience(PR)[11]. As an individual's ability to actively cope with difficult situations, PR can help individuals maintain a relatively stable physiological and psychological level in an unfavorable environment[12]. Individuals with higher levels of PR have been reported to have stronger positive social orientation abilities, can positively participate in social activities, and have a higher QoL than patients with the same disease[13, 14].

1.1.The Mediating Role of Stigma

The potential mechanism of PR on QoL needs to be further explored, and stigma may play a mediating role in it. Stigma refers to negative emotional experiences such as negative self-cognition, self-blame, and self-depreciation caused by patients being discriminated against, excluded, and alienated by the public due to a certain disease[15]. Diabetes is usually stereotyped and considered to be caused by poor eating habits and lifestyles, which can easily lead to negative psychology, such as stigma[16, 17]. At the same time, studies had shown that stigma affects the level of PR and QoL of individuals and has a negative impact on the construction of individual PR and QoL[18]. Stigma itself has a negative connotation and is closely related to the patient's negative emotions[19]. In the face of adversity or stressful events, diabetes with high levels of PR can accept the disease with a good attitude, actively face negative emotions, and have a lighter degree of stigma, which is conducive to the improvement of QoL[20]. Conversely, patients with low levels of PR tend to respond to difficulties in an avoidant manner, which increases the burden of disease and stigma and leads to a decline in QoL. Therefore, hypothesis 1 was proposed that PR had a direct predictive effect on the quality of life, and stigma partially mediated the relationship.

1.2. The Moderating Role of Empowerment

Psychological resilience's direct and indirect effects on QoL may also be moderated by other variables, such as empowerment[21]. Empowerment refers to the process by which patients gain the necessary knowledge and self-awareness to influence their and others' behavior to improve their QoL[22]. Patient empowerment interventions can improve the capabilities of patients, giving them greater control over their disease-related parameters and lifestyle[23, 24]. Empowerment boosts confidence, awareness, and decision-making skills for physical and mental health and healthcare[25]. However, most diabetes patients have a reduced level of PR due to a lack of disease knowledge, poor glycemic control, and increased disease burden, which is not conducive to improving stigma[26]. Therefore, hypothesis 2 proposed that empowerment has a moderating effect on the relationship between PR and stigma. Studies had shown that empowerment education interventions could effectively improve glycemic control, blood glucose levels, and QoL in people with diabetes[27]. Diabetes has many complications and poor recovery, and long-term drug treatment causes irreversible functional damage to the kidneys and other organs, which would aggravate the patient's experience of stigma and lead to a decline in QoL[28]. Therefore, to improve patients' enthusiasm for treatment, alleviate clinical symptoms, and thus improve their QoL, it is necessary to carry out empowerment education for patients[29]. Therefore, hypothesis 3 proposed that empowerment also moderates the relationship between stigma and QoL.

1.3.The present study

To further explore the relationship between PR, stigma, empowerment, and QoL, this study proposed a moderate mediation model to study the relationship between PR and QoL in patients with diabetes. This study proposed the following hypotheses :(H1) the mediating role of stigma between PR and QoL; (H2) Empowerment moderates the first half of "PR→ stigma → QoL"; (H3) Empowerment moderates the latter part of "PR→ stigma → QoL."

2.1. Participants and data collection

From June to September 2022, data were collected by multi-stage stratified sampling. Firstly, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College was randomly selected from all tertiary hospitals in Wuhu, Anhui Province. Secondly, two departments were randomly selected from this hospital: endocrinology and geriatrics. Thirdly, survey points were set up in each department, and T2DM patients were randomly selected for questionnaire surveys. A total of 334 questionnaires were distributed and 329 valid questionnaires were returned, with a valid return rate of 95.85%. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) All patients should meet the diagnostic criteria for DM established by the American Diabetes Association: 2-h PG ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT[30]. (ii) Patients are conscious and have full mobility and cognitive ability. (iii) Patients are willing to cooperate and complete the questionnaire. Exclusion criteria are as follows: (i) Presence of severe mental impairment or intellectual problems; (ii) Severe diabetes complications or inability to care for themselves; (iii) Other serious illnesses such as severe cardiovascular disease, severe infectious diseases, cancer, visual and hearing impairment due to complications of DM; (iv) Pregnancy or other specific diabetes. To reduce errors, relevant personnel was trained before the investigation to clarify communication skills and scoring standards. After obtaining the informed consent of the diabetes, the questionnaire was issued, and the patients answered by themselves. For illiterate patients, the investigators asked face-to-face and then filled out the questionnaire. All methods are implemented following the declaration of Helsinki.

2.2. Measurements

2.2.1. Psychological resilience

The Conner-Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (CD-RISC) was developed by psychologists Professors Conner and Davidson in 2003[31]. The CD-RISC contains 25 items on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 ("not at all true") to 4 ("almost always true"). The scale consists of 5 dimensions. The first dimension reflects high standards, resilience, and ability. The second dimension reflects dealing with emotions and believing in one's intuition. The third dimension reflects having a constructive attitude towards change and safe relationships. The fourth dimension is perceived control and the fifth dimension is mental strength. The Cronbach 's alpha value for this study scale was 0.861[32].

2.2.2. Stigma

Rao developed the Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness (SSCI) to measure stigma in people with chronic illnesses[33]. It consists of 24 items and contains two dimensions: intrinsic stigma and extrinsic stigma. The first 13 items refer to internal stigma and ask about the respondent's own feelings of stigma. The next 11 items ask about the stigma the respondent feels due to external actions. Each item is rated from 0 (never) to 4 (always). The higher the score, the more frequently the shame was felt. The Cronbach 's alpha value for this study scale was 0.829[34].

2.2.3 Empowerment

Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES) was compiled by Anderson R and Funnell MM in 2000[35]. The scale includes three dimensions of psychosocial management of diabetes, assessment of dissatisfaction and readiness for change, and setting and achieving diabetes goals, with a total of 28 items. The Likert 5-level score was adopted. The scale ranges from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). The higher the score, the higher the authorization ability. The Cronbach's alpha value for this study scale was 0.960[36].

2.2.4. Quality of Life

Diabetes Quality of Life Scale (DQoL) was developed by the UK Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group in 1988[37], the scale includes four dimensions of satisfaction, impact, diabetes-related worry, and social/occupational worry, with a total of 15 items, using a Likert5 scale, from 0 (never) to 4 (always) and 0 (very satisfied) to 4 (very dissatisfied) respectively. A lower score indicates a better QoL. The Cronbach's alpha value for this study scale was 0.920[38].

2.3. Statistical analyses

SPSS23.0 was used to conduct all statistical analyses. Harman single factor test was used for exploratory factor analysis of all the questionnaire items. The results showed that there were 25 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. The first factor explained only 18.913% of the variance, which was less than 40% critical standard, suggesting that there was no common methodological bias.

We used SPSS 23.0 to accomplish all the statistical analyses. Firstly, we calculated general and controlled variables for descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations. Secondly, we used Hayes' (2013) PROCESS macro (Model 4) to evaluate the mediating effect of stigma. Finally, we analyzed the moderator-mediator model with Hayes's PROCESS macro (Model 8) (2013). All the continuous variables were standardized, and the interaction terms were calculated from these standardized scores. The bootstrap method produces 95% bias-corrected CIs for these effects from 5000 re-sample of the data. CIs that do not contain zero indicate a significant effect.

3.1. Descriptive statistics

Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the subjects and a univariate analysis of the QoL scores with different characteristics. Among 329 diabetes patients, 198 (60.2%) were males, and 131 (39.8%) were females. Patients with diabetes range in age from 45 to 95 years. The difference of monthly income and SMBG in diabetes patients QoL scores were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Most diabetes patients (72.9%) had a secondary school education or below. Only 8.5 percent of diabetes were able to perform SMBG regularly, and more than a third (37.4 percent) of diabetes had a monthly income of less than 1,000 yuan.

3.2. Bivariate correlation analysis

The mean value, standard deviation, and correlation among variables are shown in Table 2. QoL scores were 33.57 ± 7.31 points. The results showed that PR was negatively correlated with stigma (r = − 0.325, P < 0.01) and QoL (r = − 0.503, P < 0.01), and positively correlated with empowerment (r = 0.434, P < 0.01). Stigma was positively correlated with QoL (r = 0.726, P < 0.01)and empowerment(r = 0.045, P < 0.01). Empowerment was negatively correlated with QoL (r = − 0.199, P < 0.01).

Table 1

Univariate analysis of quality of life of diabetic patients with different characteristics (n = 329)
Variables	Group	N (%)	Mean ± SD	F/t	P
Gender	Male	198(60.2)	33.08 ± 7.19	0.099	0.753
Gender	Female	131(39.8)	34.31 ± 7.45	0.099	0.753
Education level	Middle school or less	240(72.9)	34.16 ± 6.93	2.937	0.054
	High or technical secondary school	49(14.9)	31.96 ± 7.65
	Junior college or university	40(12.2)	32.00 ± 8.64
Monthly income	Less than 1000 CNY	123(37.4)	35.14 ± 7.24	3.942	0.009
	1000–3000 CNY	55(16.7)	32.73 ± 7.18
	3000–5000 CNY	77(23.4)	33.52 ± 6.57
	Above 5000 CNY	74(22.5)	31.65 ± 7.80
Course of the disease	< 5 years	101(30.7)	34.02 ± 6.98	1.115	0.343
	5–10 years	86(26.1)	32.57 ± 7.25
	11–20 years	93(28.3)	33.39 ± 7.83
	> 20 years	49(14.9)	34.76 ± 6.99
Treatment	Take the medicine orally only	150(45.6)	33.90 ± 7.67	0.401	0.670
	With insulin alone	89(27.1)	33.02 ± 6.76
	Medication combined with insulin	90(27.4)	33.57 ± 7.25
SMBG	Never monitoring	106(32.2)	36.29 ± 6.30	18.137	༜0.001
	No law	195(59.3)	32.90 ± 7.14
	Regular monitoring	28(8.5)	27.96 ± 7.97
Severe hypoglycemia	Yes	78(23.7)	33.18 ± 7.18	0.009	0.923
Severe hypoglycemia	NO	251(76.3)	33.69 ± 7.36	0.009	0.923

Table 2. Descriptive statistics and correlations among variables (n=329)

Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4
1 PR	33.73	13.71	1
2 Stigma	36.22	16.39	−0.325^**	1
3 Epowerment	37.18	13.16	0.434^**	0.045^**	1
4 QoL	33.57	7.31	−0.503^**	0.726^**	−0.199^**	1
**: P < 0.01. PR, Psychological resilience; QoL, Quality of Life.

3.3. Mediation analysis

To investigate hypothesis 1, after controlling the demographic variables of personal monthly income and SMBG, we used the PROCESS 4.1 macro proposed by Hayes (Model 4) to test the mediating effect of stigma on the relationship between PR and QoL (Table 3). The results showed that PR was negatively correlated with QoL (β =−0.151, P < 0.001). PR was negatively correlated with stigma (β =−0.378, P < 0.001). Stigma was positively correlated with QoL (β = 0.270, P < 0.001). We tested the PR indirect effect on the QoL (β =−0.102, SE = 0.022, 95% CI =[− 0.145, − 0.056]) and the direct effect (β =−0.151, SE = 0.021, 95%CI = [− 0.305, − 0.202]). The results showed that stigma partially mediated the relationship between PR and QoL (Table 4). Indirect and direct effect accounted for 40.32% and 59.68% of the total effect, respectively.

Table 3

Testing the mediation effect of PR on QOL *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001. SMBG, Self Monitor Blood Glucose; PR, Psychological resilience; QoL, Quality of Life.
Variables	Stigma				QOL
Variables	β	SE	t	95%CI	β	SE	t	95%CI
Monthly income	1.092	0.748	1.460	−0.380, 2.565	−0.1119	0.227	−0.527	−0.565, 0.326
SMBG	−6.421	1.426	−4.502^***	−9.227,−3.616	−1.269	0.443	−2.861^**	−2.141, − 0.396
PR	−0.378	0.065	−5.813^***	−0.507,−0.250	−0.151	0.021	−7.333^***	−0.192, − 0.111
Stigma					0.270	0.017	16.112^***	0.237, 0.303
R²			0.161				0.617
F			20.789				130.649

Table 4

Results for effects of PR on QOL with stigma as a mediator
	Effect	BootSE	BootLLCI	BootULCI	Relative effect size
Indirect effect	−0.102	0.022	−0.145	−0.056	40.32%
Direct effect	−0.151	0.021	−0.192	−0.111	59.68%
Total effect	−0.253	0.026	−0.305	−0.202	100.00%

3.4. The moderation analyses

To test hypotheses 2 and 3, we use the PROCESS macro proposed by Hayes (Model 8) to test the moderated mediation. In particular, the parameters of the two models are estimated. In Model 1, we estimated the moderating effect of empowerment on the relationship between PR and stigma. In Model 2, we estimate the moderating effect of empowerment on the relationship between stigma and QoL.

As shown in Table 5, Model 1 reveals the main effect of PR on stigma (β =−0.449, SE = 0.067, 95%CI =[− 0.580, − 0.318]), while empowerment plays a moderating role (β =−0.016, SE = 0.003, 95%CI =[− 0.022, − 0.010]). Model 2 showed that stigma had a significant effect on quality of life (β = 282, SE = 0.018, 95%CI =[0.247, 0.317]), and empowerment had a moderating effect (β= −0.003, SE = 0.001, 95%CI =[− 0.006, − 0.001]).The results showed that PR had a significant effect on the QoL (β =−0.132, SE = 0.023, 95%CI =[− 0.177, − 0.088]), and empowerment had no moderating effect (β=−0.001, SE = 0.001, 95% CI = [− 0.003, 0.001]). Therefore, hypotheses 2 and 3 were partially supported. The final mediation model is shown in Fig. 1.

Table 5

Results of the moderated mediation model analysis
Variables	Model 1(Stigma)				Model 2(QOL)
Variables	β	SE	t	95%CI	β	SE	t	95%CI
Monthly income	0.718	0.702	1.023	−0.663, 2.099	−0.004	0.223	−0.019	−0.444, 0.435
SMBG	−6.559	1.334	−4.915^***	−9.184, − 3.933	−0.902	0.443	−2.035^*	−1.773, − 0.030
PR	−0.449	0.067	−6.732^***	−0.580,−0.318	−0.132	0.023	−5.811^***	−0.177, − 0.088
Stigma					0.282	0.018	16.034^***	0.247, 0.317
Eprowerment	0.449	0.072	6.234^***	0.307, 0.591	−0.085	0.024	−3.499^***	−0.133, − 0.037
PR×Eprowerment	−0.016	0.003	−5.364^***	−0.022, − 0.010	−0.001	0.001	−0.816	−0.003, 0.001
Stigma×Eprowerment					−0.003	0.001	−2.870^**	−0.006, − 0.001
R²			0.271				0.638
F			23.955				80.788
: P < 0.05, : P < 0.01, **: P < 0.001. SMBG, Self Monitor Blood Glucose; PR, Psychological resilience; QoL, Quality of Life.

Figure 2 visually shows how the impact of PR on stigma is moderated by empowerment. A simple slope test showed that for high-empowered diabetes patients (Z = 1), there was a significant downward trend in stigma as the level of PR increased (β=−0.157, P < 0.001). One standard deviation increase in PR was associated with a 0.157 standard deviation decrease in total stigma. The higher the level of PR, the lower the level of stigma. However, PR did not predict stigma in low-empowerment diabetes patients.

Figure 3 shows how empowerment moderates the relationship between stigma and QoL. The simple slope test showed that for high-empowered diabetes patients (Z = 1), there was a significant upward trend in the QoL scores (β = 0.237, P < 0.001) as the level of stigma increased, and one standard deviation increase in stigma was associated with a 0.237 standard deviation increase in QoL scores, the higher QoL score, the worse quality of life. For low-empowerment diabetes (Z = − 1), QoL scores increased significantly with the increase in stigma (β = 0.327, P < 0.001), and an increase of one standard deviation in stigma was associated with a 0.327 standard deviation increase in QoL scores, larger than the increase in high-empowerment diabetes.

This study constructed a moderated mediation model to certify that PR affects QoL through stigma, and empowerment moderates the first half of the mediated pathway by which PR affects QoL through stigma; Empowerment moderates the second half of the mediated pathway by which PR affects QoL through stigma. Moderating analysis showed that PR significantly impacted stigma at high-level empowerment of diabetes patients, and stigma significantly impacted QoL at high or low empowerment of diabetes patients.

4.1 Mediating Role of Stigma

This study found that after controlling variables, PR still had a significant negative predictive effect on the QoL scores of diabetes patients. The higher the PR level, the lower the QoL scores, which was consistent with the conclusions of previous studies. Studies have shown that PR is related to individual social adaptability and the QoL, has many positive effects on maintaining the function, subjective well-being, and improving QoL, and plays an important role in defense against negative events[39, 40]. Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires ongoing medical management to reduce the risk of acute and chronic complications and improve QoL[41, 42]. However, patients with diabetes may be deeply affected by poor blood sugar control, long-term diet and drug control symptoms, and a variety of complications of physical damage, so that patients feel physically and mentally exhausted, QoL seriously decreased, easy to cause negative emotions[43–45]. A study has shown that PR is an important predictor of QoL, reducing anxiety and depression and enabling individuals to achieve a higher QoL[46]. Therefore, it is of great significance to improve the QoL of diabetes patients to improve PR level.

This study found that stigma mediated the relationship between PR and QoL in patients with diabetes. The impact of PR on the QoL of patients with diabetes is realized through a direct path on the one hand and an indirect path through influencing stigma on the other hand. Studies had shown that PR was an essential predictor of post-stress growth[47]. If people can maintain good PR after the illness. They are more inclined to face the disease positively and optimistically, thus showing less stigma experience, weakening the negative impact of the disease, and improving the QoL[48]. At the same time, the stigma of patients with diabetes also affects blood sugar control. When blood sugar is not controlled, patients will feel anxious, the stigma will be increased, and the QoL will be decreased[49, 50]. In addition, such diseases are often considered to be the result of unhealthy lifestyles, such as poor diet and lack of exercise, and are susceptible to social prejudice and discrimination, leading to reduced contact with the outside world and severely reducing the QoL of patients[51, 52]. Therefore, to improve the QoL of patients with diabetes, attention should be paid to the direct impact of PR on QoL and the indirect impact of PR on QoL through stigma.

4.2 Moderating Role of empowerment

This study found that empowerment significantly moderates the first half of the path by which PR affects the QoL through stigma. The impact of PR on stigma was significant for high-empowered diabetes patients. For low-level empowered diabetes, the impact of PR on stigma was not significant. High empowerment of diabetes patients, better understanding of their own disease and control effect[53]. Furthermore a better empowerment can reduce the disease burden, and protect the physical and mental health of patients, which is conducive to the reduction of stigma level[54]. The findings suggest that while developing a high level of PR, the level of empowerment of patients with diabetes should also be increased.

In addition, the present study found that empowerment significantly modifies the second half of the path through which PR affects the QoL through stigma. Specifically, as stigma increased in low-empowerment diabetes patients, QoL scores increased more than in high-empowerment diabetes patients. The higher the QoL score, the worse quality of life. It can be seen that the quality of life of people with low levels of empowerment diabetes is more affected by stigma and more prone to a reduced quality of life due to increased stigma[55, 56]. The study suggests that when improving the quality of life of people with diabetes, attention should also be paid to the level of stigma and empowerment of patients.

Limitations

There are several limitations to this study. Firstly, we could not make any causal inferences about the observed associations due to the study's cross-sectional design. Future research should use longitudinal studies to better define the pathways in our theoretical model. Secondly, although self-reporting has been widely used in the literature, this data collection method has inherent disadvantages, such as being highly subjective, inevitably leading to some bias in the data. Future research should include multiple data collection methods to cross-check and obtain more objective and accurate data. Finally, future research should explore the mechanisms of influence of different psychological factors to obtain more accurate findings.

This is the first time we have established a mediating model between PR and QoL. Our findings suggest that stigma mediates the relationship between PR and QoL. In addition, empowerment moderated the relationship between PR and stigma, and the relationship between stigma and QoL. Therefore, we should fully understand the relevant information of diabetes patients, screen diabetes patients with psychological abnormalities, and conduct mindfulness interventions to improve their QoL. At the same time, medical staff should regularly carry out public health education lectures on diabetes prevention measures to achieve early screening, diagnosis, and intervention. In addition, diabetes patients should take an active part in social activities, face up to their disease, insist on exercise, maintain a happy mood, and improve their QoL.

CD-RISC, Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale; SSCI, Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness; DQoL, Diabetes Quality of Life Scale; DES, Diabetes Empowerment Scale; CIs, confidence intervals; DM, Diabetes Mellitus; SMBG, Self Monitor Blood Glucose; PR, Psychological Resilience; QoL, Quality of Life; ANOVA, One-way Analysis of Variance; OGTT, Oral Glucose Tolerance Test; 2-h PG, 2-h Plasma Glucose.

Acknowledgments: We thank all participants for their contributions and study members for their cooperation.

Availability of data and materials: The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions: Conceived and designed the research: L Z. Wrote the paper: Y-j M. Analyzed the data: Y-j M and L Z. Revised the paper: Y-j M, L Z, X Y, Y-q L, J-f G, X-y Z,Y W, C-j L. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Funding: The research was supported by the Support Program for Outstanding Young Talents from the Universities and Colleges of Anhui Province for Lin Zhang (gxyqZD2021118); The study was supported by the research on the Creation of International Rules for China's Participation in Global Health Governance and Path Selection" (21yjcgjw006); The study was supported by the National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students (202210368016); The study was supported by the Research Practice of Elderly Nursing (2021shsjkc030).

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Approval for this study was given by the medical ethics committee of Wannan Medical College (approval number 2021–3) and written informed consent was obtained from the participants. All methods were performed following the Declarations of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

*Correspondence: Zhang Lin, [email protected]

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No competing interests reported.

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The Relationship between Psychological Resilience and Quality of Life among the Chinese Diabetes Patients: The Mediating role of Stigma and the The Moderating role of Empowerment

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Journal Publication

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Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

1.2. The Moderating Role of Empowerment

2. Materials And Methods

2.1. Participants and data collection

2.2. Measurements

2.2.1. Psychological resilience

2.2.2. Stigma

2.2.3 Empowerment

2.2.4. Quality of Life

2.3. Statistical analyses

3. Results

3.1. Descriptive statistics

3.2. Bivariate correlation analysis

3.3. Mediation analysis

3.4. The moderation analyses

4. Discussion

4.1 Mediating Role of Stigma

4.2 Moderating Role of empowerment

5. Conclusion

Abbreviations

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