Effect of self-curing admixture and nature of the sand on the mechanical and microstructural properties of concrete in hot climate condition

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2454057/v1

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Effect of self-curing admixture and nature of the sand on the mechanical and microstructural properties of concrete in hot climate condition

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2454057/v1

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Hot climates predominate in many countries of the world. The average summer temperature in hot and desert areas is around 40 to 50°C. Concreting in these regions creates different difficulties in the fresh and hardened properties of the concretes due to the rapid loss of the mixing water by evaporation. In this study, the effects of hot climate and formulation parameters on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete in hot weather were investigated. Three types of sand (calcareous sand, silico-calcareous sand and siliceous sand), presence or not of the superplasticizer and the curing compound were used on fresh concrete surface. The hot weather concrete test parameters are the temperature of the dry materials and the water (50°C) at the time of mixing, thus the air velocity and humidity were set at 12 km/h and 10%, respectively. The properties tested were workability and compressive strength. in addition, the microstructural analysis of the concrete was examined by SEM and XRD. The results showed that the concrete containing calcareous sand revealed a higher compressive strength than the concrete with siliceous or silico-calcareous sands. However, a high fluidity was obtained by concrete based on siliceous or silico-calcareous sands. In hot weather, by using a curing compound and a superplasticizer, the compressive strength of concrete was increased especially for concrete with calcareous sand. This study helps concrete technologists determine the optimum formulation to achieve concrete with desired hot weather properties.

Hot weather

nature sand

consistence

compressive Strength

microstructure properties

The mechanical and physical properties of concrete are complex compared to other materials, as these are influenced by the environment, especially hot conditions (Belkadi et al. 2022a) (Khan et al. 2021). Placing concrete in warmer climates and conditions presents additional challenges (Ibrahim et al. 2013). In summer the temperature in some hot regions can reach 50°C. The aggressiveness in these regions is also indicated by the variation of the temperature of 50°C in one day, a humidity lower than 15%, a wind speed of 6 m/s, and a solar radiation of 600 w/m2 (Ibrahim et al. 2013). These factors increase the temperature of the concrete surface to 80°C on a summer day (Nasir et al. 2020). Consequently, this high temperature causes an increase in water evaporation which negatively affects the properties of concrete (Al-Amoudi et al. 2007) (Zeyad et al. 2022) (Xu et al. 2020). Thus, the hot climate leads to increased mixing water demand, considerable loss of slump, increased plastic shrinkage, decreased setting time and difficulty in finishing (Madi et al. 2017). In addition, concreting in hot weather causes a decrease in the strength and durability of concrete (Nasir et al. 2017). Mouret et al. (Mouret et al. 1997) studied the effects of aggregate temperature between 20 and 70°C on the properties of concrete. They concluded that the high temperature of the aggregates causes an increase in the water demand and a decrease in the compressive strength of the concrete by 15%. Hasanain et al.(Hasanain et al. 1989) studied the impacts of the use of shaded and unshaded aggregates on the characteristics of fresh concrete. The results indicate that shaded aggregates reduce mix water loss by 50% compared to unshaded aggregates. Thus, Al-Negheimish et al. (Al-Negheimish and Alhozaimy 2008) were showed that keeping the evaporation rate of the mix water below 0.2 kg/m2 can decrease the development of plastic shrinkage. Almusallam (Almusallam 2001) was fabricated concrete samples in a special chamber at a temperature of 30°C to 45°C. He concluded that concreting at 45°C increases the compressive strength of concretes at an early age. However, it will decrease after a while. W Yahiaoui et al. (Yahiaoui et al. 2017) (Liu et al. 2020) were showed that the incorporation of silica fume, fly ash and ground slag improves the durability of concretes produced in a hot climate. Khan et al. (Khan et al. 2021) proposed regression models indicating that wet hardening and high temperature (25°C to 45°C) of concrete in situ have a positive impact on concrete strength and impulse rate, while both factors have a negative effect on water absorption. In addition, the mineralogical composition of the sand has an influence on the properties in the fresh and hardened state of the concrete. For example, the use of calcareous sand in concrete reduces workability and increases long-term strength compared to concrete based on siliceous sand (Lothenbach et al. 2007). Thus, the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete with calcareous aggregates are slightly higher than those found in the case of quartz aggregates (Naderi and Kaboudan 2021; Güçlüer 2021; Al-Dulaijan et al. 2021). Moreover, Ortiz et al. Alhozaimy et al. (Ortiz et al. 2009; Alhozaimy 2009) showed that the workability of the mortar is decreased depending on the temperature of the sand. The above review indicated that past research has mainly focused on evaluating the effect of hot weather on the properties of concrete under laboratory conditions which do not represent the situation in the field. In addition, previous studies were evaluated the effect of aggregate temperature, mineral additions (silica fume, slag, etc. (Belkadi et al. 2022b)), hardening cure on the behavior of concrete made in a hot climate. However, very few studies have been conducted on the effect of the mineralogical nature of the sand and the chemical product for the cure on the behavior of concretes in the short and long term. Therefore, this article aims to study the effect of the nature of the sand (calcareous, silico-calcareous and siliceous sand), the chemical additions (superplasticizer and curing products) on the physical and mechanical behavior of concretes made in a hot climate (Temperature: 50°C, air velocity: 12 Km/h, humidity: 10%). Fresh state performance (fluidity), mechanical properties (compressive strength) and microstructural properties (SEM and XRD) were studied for ordinary concretes, taking into account different curing periods 2, 7, 28 and 180 days. Ultimately, the authors believe that the results of the present study can help concrete technologists determine the optimal formulation to achieve concrete with desired hot weather properties.

2.1. Materials

2.1.1 Aggregates

Three different types of sand were used in this study namely: calcareous sand (C), silico-calcareous sand (SC) and silica sand (S) (Fig. 1).

Chemical compositions and physical characteristics of the various sand types are given in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Calcareous sand presents a continuous particle size distribution ranging from 0.08 to 5 mm with a fraction of smaller grains (less than 0.08 mm) equal 12% (Fig. 2). Moreover, SC and S have a continuous particle size distribution with a maximum grain diameter of about 5 mm, but the proportion of fine grains (less than 0.08 mm) is equal to 3% and 5%, respectively (Fig. 2). which is conforms to the standard NF P 18–540 (18–540 1997). Table 2 presents the physical properties of the aggregates. This table shows that the sand equivalent and absorption coefficient values are higher for C, which can be justified by the high percentage of fine particles close to 10%. Coarse aggregates exhibit continuous particle size distribution curves and ordinary physical properties.

Table 1

Chemical analysis of used sands (%).
Oxide (%)	SiO2	Al2O3	Fe2O3	Cao	MgO	SO3	K2O	Na2O	P2O5	TiO2	LOI
C	2.99	0.17	0.14	93.93	0.31	0.12	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01	2.29
SC	42.85	2.07	2	45.69	1.57	0.1	0.4	0.04	0.05	0.14	5.09
S	97.12	0.83	0.3	0.67	0.07	0.02	0.09	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.83

Table 2

Physical properties of aggregates.
Physical characteristics	C*	SC**	S***	Coarse aggregates
Specific density (g/cm3)	2.56	2.56	2.6	2.67
Apparent density (g/cm3)	1.50	1.72	1.69	1.48
Fineness modulus	2.80	2.20	2.10	-----
Piston sand equivalent (%)	62.34	82.82	85.00	------
Absorption coefficient (%)	9.32	6.44	4.20	1.00
Flatness Coefficient (%)	-----	----	----	12.40

2.1.2. Cement

The cement used in this study is a Portland cement 42.5 CEM II / A. It has a specific weight of 3.05 g/cm3 and a Blaine specific surface area of 3746 cm2/g. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of the cement are given in Table 3.

Table 3

Chemical properties of cement used (%).
Oxyde	SiO2	Al2O3	Fe2O3	CaO	MgO	SO3	K2O	Na2O	CaO l	Cl-	In	P.f
Cement	19.96	4.82	3.05	61.75	1.41	3.22	0.64	0.16	1.10	0.01	2.34	4.61
Compound composition (Bogue (%))
C3S	C2S	C3A		C4AF
56	19	08		10

2.1.3. Admixtures

The superplasticizer was based on modified polycarboxylate where the percentages relative to the weight of the cement are limited to 1%, according to standard BS EN 934-2 (EN-934-2 2009). The curing compound used was ANTI SOL E40, Granitex with a dosage of 200 g/m2.

2.2. Mix proportions

Three different families of concrete were prepared based on Dreux formulation method (Dreux and Festa 1998). mix proportions are shown in Table 1.

Table 4

Mix proportions.
Mixed with (kg/m3)	N-C-SP	N-SC-SP	N-S-SP
Sand	787.1	693.5	735.8
Gravel (3/8)	888.6	1039.4	1022.3
Cement	350	350	350
Superplasticizer	3.50	1.05	1.05
W/ C	0.50	0.50	0.50

2.3. Specimen preparation, curing and testing

Before mixing, aggregates were placed in an oven for 24 hours at 50°C when a constant mass was achieved. Then the aggregates and cement were mixed dry for 3 minutes. The water was poured slowly for a further 3 minutes until a homogenous mix was achieved. Specimens were cast in steel molds of dimensions 40 mm x 40 mm x 160 mm. Specimens were then subjected to the hot curing using a controlled chamber (temperature, relative humidity, and air speed were 50°C, 10% and 12km/h respectively) for 24 hours, further details are given elsewhere (Nabil et al. 2011).

After demolding, the specimens were cured in water (temperature 20 ± 2°C) until the time of mechanical tests 2, 7, 28 and 180 days. For normal curing the temperature and relative humidity were 20°C and 60% respectively. At the specified curing age, specimens were tested for their compressive strength according to NF EN 12390-5 (P18-455 2003).

2.3.1. Controlled chamber

In order to simulate the hot weather conditions, a controlled chamber was realized; in which three parameters can be controlled temperature, relative humidity, and airspeed. An electric resistance heater was used to generate heat and a thermocouple was used to control the temperature. concerning the wind speed, two electric mounts coupled at each end with a fan of diameter 20 cm. a mini station was used to adjust the wind speed (Fig. 3). A digital controller with a humidity sensor was used to adjust the relative humidity.

3.1 Consistence

Figure 4 shows the influence of the type of sand on the flow time of the concrete according to the absorption coefficient of the aggregates (standard NF P 18–555 (NF 1990)) and the climatic condition. According to Fig. 4, it can be seen that the flow time of concretes made under hot conditions decreases compared to those made under normal curing conditions. This is in line with the findings of Mouret et al. (Mouret et al. 1997), who reported increased water evaporation in hot weather concreting negatively affecting the wet properties of concrete. Moreover, other researchers Hasanain et al (Hasanain et al. 1989) were concluded that the high temperature of the aggregates causes an increase in the water demand and a decrease in the compressive strength of the concrete by 15%. In addition, concrete based on calcareous sand causes an additional reduction in consistency compared to silico-calcareous and silica sand concretes of 15% and 13% respectively. This can be explained by the higher absorption of limestone sand (9.3%) compared to silico-calcareous (6.4%) and siliceous (4.6%) sands.

In order for the concrete to have the specified technical properties, its loss of consistency must be compensated for in some way on the construction site so that the concrete can be placed and compacted correctly. In this case a quantity of superplasticizers has been added in order to reach the desired consistency.

The influence of the nature of the sand and the presence of the superplasticizer on the workability of concrete is shown in Fig. 4. The results suggest that the use of superplasticizer leads to a substantial improvement in consistency (about 40%) for concretes made under normal conditions regardless of the nature of the sand. In addition, a remarkable reduction in the flow time is observed for concretes containing a superplasticizer and manufactured under hot conditions. no doubt that the extent and tendency of the loss of consistency of the concrete varies according to the ambient temperature, the level of the initial workability and the adsorption capacity of the admixtures of the cement used (Ortiz et al. 2009).

3.2 Effect of superplasticizer and curing compounds on compressive strength of concrete

3.2.1. Effect of the nature of the sand

Figure 5 shows the effect of the nature of sand on the compressive strength of concrete made under two climatic conditions (hot and ambient weather). It is observed for all the conditions and the compositions that the concrete based on limestone sand has a higher compressive strength compared to the concretes based on silico-calcareous or siliceous sand.

This has been confirmed by the results reported in the work of (Aquino et al. 2010). The limestone fines (CaO) in the sand participated in the hydration of the cement (De Larrard and Belloc 1999). This fills in pores improving the compactness and strength of the mix. Thus, Aquino Carlos et al (Aquino et al. 2010) showed that the presence of limestone fines in the sand increases the resistance and decreases the drying shrinkage of concrete. They explained this increase in strength by the higher density and hardness of limestone fines than river sand. In addition, the sharp shape of the calcareous sand particles (Fig. 1) improves the bond with the cement paste compared to the grains of the silico-calcareous and siliceous sands which are rounded.

3.2.2. Effect of superplasticizer

Figure 6 shows the effect of the superplasticizer on the compressive strength of concretes based on different types of sand produced in a hot climate.

From Fig. 6 it can be seen that the presence of the superplasticizer improves the compressive strength in hot weather compared to the strength of concrete without superplasticizer. The rate of increase at 180 days is 5%, 10% and 8.6% for calcareous, siliceous and silo-calcareous concretes, respectively. This increase is due to the interaction between the cement and the chemical admixture improving the rheological properties of the fresh concrete. This reveals ease of placement and good compaction of concrete with superplasticizer which essentially reflects an increase in concrete strength as a result (Erdoǧdu 2005).

3.2.3. Effect of curing compounds

Figure 7 shows the effect of the curing compound on the compressive strength of concretes based on different types of sand produced in a hot climate.

The use of a curing agent improves the compressive strength in hot weather compared to the strength of concrete without a curing agent. The rate of increase at 180 days is 32% for limestone concrete, 25% and 23% for siliceous and silo-calcareous concrete, respectively.

This improvement in resistance was found by the researchers (Rizzuto et al. 2020) who made a comparison between the cure in water and that with the product of the cure. They found that concrete with cur admixture is better than that cured in water.

3.4 X-ray diffraction and microstructure analysis

In this study, XRD analysis was conducted on concrete samples subjected to simulated hot climate. The analysis was carried out on powdered concrete passing an 80-microns sieve hardened to 180 days.

Figure 8 shows the XRD spectra for concretes based on different sands formulated in hot weather. For the H-C there were several calcite peaks, which is expected for a sample containing limestone sand. Thus, a significant peak which corresponds to portlandite. This is due to the contribution of calcite from limestone sand fines to the production of calcium hydroxide (Lothenbach et al. 2008b; Menéndez et al. 2003).

There were a few Ettringite peaks in the XRD spectrum, which represent primary Ettringite (3CaO.Al2O3.3CaSO4.32H2O). Its results are derived from the reaction of gypsum added to clinker during manufacture.

For sand-lime concrete subjected to a hot climate for 180 days. Several peaks of Calcite, Quartz and the appearance of Dolomite CaMg (CO3)2 were observed. This is due to the presence of silica in the sand. In addition, the presence of the crystallized (or semi-crystallized) CSH gel peak is noted. The amount of CSH appears to be lower than that of concrete containing calcareous sand. For concrete with silica sand, we see that there are peaks of quarters in the XRD spectrum as well as some peaks of calcite and dolomite.

3.5. SEM observation

Figure 9 shows the SEM analysis of different concretes formulated in hot weather at 180 days. It can be observed in Fig. 9 that the paste of the cement hardened in the concrete based on calcareous sand was very compact because there were hydration products called plate-shaped CSH laminated, which can be crystallized or partially crystallized like this is confirmed by XRD (Fig. 8). In addition, C3A reacts with CaCO3 in the limestone to form both a tricarbonate "hexagonal prism" phase C3A.3CaCO3.30H2O and a monocarbonate "hexagonal plate" phase C3A.3CaCO3 11H2O.

The presence of CH (Ca (OH)2), in hexagonal form was noticed. This confirms that the presence of calcareous sand in the concrete leads to the formation of a high amount of Ca (OH)2 (Lothenbach et al. 2008b). In hot climates, concrete is subject to a high rate of water evaporation, which leads to capillary pores. On the other hand, the presence of limestone fines in the sand absorbs the temperature of the water increasing subsequent hydration. In addition, limestone acts as nucleation sites for hydration products (Soroka 1976) (Lothenbach et al. 2008a). Therefore, the compressive strength is relatively high of this concrete (about 48 MPa).

For the concrete containing silico-calcareous sand, it is observed that the form of Ca(OH)₂ is less dense and not stratified. This is due to the lack of hydration of the cement due to the hot weather and the low amount of limestone. In addition, it is noticed that there is a lot of Etringite in the form of a needle, compared to the calcareous sand concrete.

Thus, the relatively large gel pore diameters (3–5 µm) are observed, possibly due to the acceleration of hydration by temperature, which causes inhomogeneous hydration products (Gmira 2003). In addition, a higher temperature accelerates the evaporation of free water; thus, creating capillary pores and modifying the products of hydration (Portlandite and Ettringite) by hydrodynamic forces according to previous research (Le Roy et al. 2000) (Gallucci et al. 2013). This could explain the low strength of silica sand concrete in hot climates.

It is found that the mixture with concrete with silica sand contains microstructural cracks that may be due to the hot climate (Myers and Carrasquillo 1999) (Al-Gahtani 2010). These cracks can explain the low strength of the mix than other concretes.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three different types of sand on the fresh and strength properties of concrete subjected to hot weather. The following conclusions are based on the results of these studies:

The concrete with siliceous and silico-calcareous sands had the better consistence of any kind climate conditions (normal or hot weather). The use of superplasticizer improved the consistence of all concretes (about 40%) even for concrete exposed to hot weather compared to concrete without superplasticizer.

concreting in hot weather, all the concrete suffered losses in strength compared to normal conditions. However, concrete based on limestone sand shows better compressive strength regardless of the storage medium.

In hot climate, the presence of limestone in concrete shows a high compressive strength of 34.2 MPa compared to H-SC and H-S revealing a strength of 28.6 MPa and 27.7 MPa, respectively.

According to the observation by SEM it is concluded that H-C is has a more compact microstructure than H-SC and H-S due to the reactivity of limestone fines with cement hydration products

The use of a curing agent and a superplasticizer improves the mechanical performance of concrete in hot weather. Indeed, the compressive strength of H-C-SP, H-CS-SP and H-S-SP increases by 32%, 25% and 23%, respectively.

C calcareous sand

S siliceous sand

Sc silico-calcareous sand

N-C normal curing concrete with calcareous sand

N-S normal curing concrete with siliceous sand

N-SC normal curing concrete with silico-calcareous sand

N-C-SP normal curing concrete based on calcareous sand with superplasticizer

N-S-SP normal curing concrete based on siliceous sand with superplasticizer

N-SC-SP normal curing concrete based on silico-calcareous sand with superplasticizer

H-C hot curing concrete with calcareous sand

H-S hot curing concrete with siliceous sand

H-SC hot curing concrete with silico-calcareous sand

H-C-SP hot curing concrete based on calcareous sand with superplasticizer

H-S-SP hot curing concrete based on siliceous sand with superplasticizer

H-SC-SP hot curing concrete based on silico-calcareous sand with superplasticizer

H-C-C hot curing concrete based on calcareous sand with curing compound

H-S-C hot curing concrete based on siliceous sand with curing compound

H-SC-C hot curing concrete based on silico-calcareous sand with curing compound

Acknowledgments

The authors are very thankful to the University of Bordj Bou Arreridj laboratory sympathetic staff and the Bechar University.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known financial competitors personal interests or relationships that may have appeared to influence the study conducted in this article.

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No competing interests reported.

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Effect of self-curing admixture and nature of the sand on the mechanical and microstructural properties of concrete in hot climate condition

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Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Experimental Study

2.1. Materials

2.1.1 Aggregates

2.1.2. Cement

2.1.3. Admixtures

2.2. Mix proportions

2.3. Specimen preparation, curing and testing

2.3.1. Controlled chamber

3. Results And Discussion

3.1 Consistence

3.2 Effect of superplasticizer and curing compounds on compressive strength of concrete

3.2.1. Effect of the nature of the sand

3.2.2. Effect of superplasticizer

3.2.3. Effect of curing compounds

3.4 X-ray diffraction and microstructure analysis

3.5. SEM observation

4. Conclusion

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1