Influence of feeding mustard oil cake and soybean meal in calf starter on growth and blood metabolites of crossbred dairy calves

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2477984/v1

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Influence of feeding mustard oil cake and soybean meal in calf starter on growth and blood metabolites of crossbred dairy calves

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2477984/v1

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The study was designed to envisage the changes in growth measurements and blood metabolites of crossbred dairy calves in response to calf starters feeding with different protein sources. All calves up to three days of age were kept on colostrum feeding. Then, calves were given 2.5 L of fresh whole milk for up to 10 days and 3 L of fresh whole milk for up to 56 days. Calves were fed a farm starter (control), other dietary groups starter containing mustard oil cake (MOC), soybean meal (SM), and a mixture of MOC and SM as MOCSM protein sources. Starting on day 21, all of the calves received starter feeds. On day 56, they were weaned, and the study included calves until day 70. Data were recorded on dry matter intake, growth measurements and blood nutrients profile. Calves consumed greater DM when MOC in the starter was supplied, which was 22.5% more than that of the control-fed group. Calves feeding with SM and MOCSM consumed almost similar quantities of DM at 220.87 and 224.87 g/head/day, respectively. The BWG of calves increased significantly by 5.04 and 4.06% more in the MOC-fed group than in the SM and MOCSM groups. MOC, SM, and MOCSM-fed calves had similar (p > 0.05) BLG; however, the control diet had significantly lower BLG. Blood glucose levels did not vary among the calves fed the control, MOC, SM, and MOCSM diets. Significantly higher serum albumin, urea, and BUN concentrations were found in MOC diet-fed calves than in others. Calcium and phosphorus concentration varied significantly among dietary groups and was noticeably lower in the control group compared to the other dietary groups. The results revealed that calf starters endowed with MOC as a protein source and in combination with SM were found advantageous in improving body growth and development.

Calf starter

body weight

heart girth

glucose

albumin

urea

The proper nutrition of young dairy calves is essential for their growth and development as a replacement, and they have unique nutrient requirements in terms of calories, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. Intensified feeding practices in pre-weaning dairy calves have drawn attention due to the long-term significant impact on future performance (Gelsinger et al. 2016). Well-nourishment at the earlier age of dairy heifers generally helps to get pregnant in time, higher milk yield, and promote longevity (Khan et al 2011). The early transition from simple gastric digestion to ruminal digestion in dairy calves is essential for their health, growth and development (Khan et al. 2007a). This transition involves several anatomical and physiological changes in their fore-stomach. Ruminal development in pre-weaned calves is essentially affected by solid feed intake and types of ingredients used (Khan et al. 2007b; Baldwin et al. 2004). For instance, calf starter being dry feed, could not pass through the esophageal groove and thus flows from the esophagus into the reticulo-rumen, where the digestion commences. Feed concentrates have been formulated for calves to maximize dry matter intake (DMI), average gain, and volatile fatty acids production (Suárez et al. 2006).

Through ruminal fermentation of concentrate, feed produces abundant volatile fatty acids as end products, mostly butyrate and propionate. These metabolic products play a vital role in ruminal epithelium differentiation and papilla development (Shen et al. 2004; Mentschel et al. 2001). Therefore, calves fed a high-concentrate diet may stimulate rumen development and improve animal performance by increasing ruminal propionate production (Roth et al., 2008; Liu et al. 2010). In contrast, calves fed more milk can lower their intake of starters could result in weight loss once they are weaned (Terré et al. 2007; Budzynska and Weary, 2008) and eventually reduce some of the growth benefits (Huuskonen and Khalili, 2008). More than a few studies have recently investigated the effects of the physical form of calf starters (Omidi-Mirzaei et al. 2017; Quigley et al. 2019), type and level of hay (Gasiorek et al. 2017; Poier et al. 2021), grain processing (Makizadeh et al. 2020; Lesmeister et al. 2004), and starch contents (Quigley et al. 2017; Laarman et al. 2012) on the calves’ growth and rumen development. However, few studies reported the influence of different plant protein sources inclusion in calf starters, for example, replacing soybean meal with canola (Sharma et al. 2007). In addition, Burakowska et al. (2021) documented the impact of canola and soybean meal and Dolatkhah et al. (2020) reported the impact of cottonseed protein in calf starter. We hypothesized that the protein sources (mustard oil cake, soybean meal and a mixture of both sources) from plant origin and their interactions might enhance DMI, body growth measurements, and blood metabolites. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of protein sources in calf starters on growth performances and the blood metabolites profile of dairy calves.

Animals, Management, and Diets

The current study was carried out at Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm (24°43'46.5"N, 90°25'22.8"E), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. Twelve crossbred calves (50% Holstein Friesian cross with 50% Sahiwal, BW = 31.0 ± 1.54 Kg) were enrolled in this study immediately after birth. Then the calves were weighed and moved in a naturally ventilated barn with individual pens (1.2 m ×2.4 m) with rice straw bedding which was changed daily. All calves received 2.5 L of fresh colostrum (average brix = 26.26 ± 1.04%) through the nipple milk-feeding bottle within 3 h after calving, and the second feeding of 2.5 L colostrum was received after 12 h, which was continued up to 3 days of age for all calves. Afterwards, calves were fed fresh whole milk by 10% of their body weight twice daily at 08:00 and 17:00 hours via bottle feeding. All the calves had unlimited access to clean, fresh water. Milk feeders were cleaned manually daily at 07:00 and 15:00 hours before and after feeding. Calves of 21 days were divided into four groups where three calves in each were assigned to a completely randomized design.

The calves were dewormed by a broad-spectrum anthelmintic (A-Mectin plus vet injection, The ACME Laboratories Limited, Veterinary Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh). By the farm’s schedule, calves were vaccinated accordingly. The calves of different groups were selected unbiasedly in terms of body weight and general health condition. The calves were selected randomly and enrolled on any of three calf starters as mustard oil cake (MOC), soybean meal (SM), and a mixture of MOC and SM (MOCSM) as protein sources including a routine farm starter. These three dietary starters were isonitrogenous (20.05 to 21.80% CP) and isoenergetic [11.54 to 11.75 ME (MJ/kg DM)]. All the calves received starter feeds from day 21 and calves were weaned at day 56 and the study included them until day 70. German grass leaf (Echinochloa crus-galli) -was supplied to all calves at ad-libitum, due to the unavailability of good quality hay. All the calves had ad libitum access to the starter feeds. Daily adjustments were made to the amount of supplied feed to obtain 5 to 10% orts. All the groups received mixed mineral supplements (Di-calcium Phosphate 90%, Magnesium Sulphate 2%, Sodium Chloride 6%, and Trace Elements 2%) from Opsonin Pharma Ltd, Agrovet Division, Bangladesh. All the calves were also supplied with Vitamin Es-ADE (A-100000 IU, vitamin D3-20000 IU & vitamin E-20 mg), manufactured by Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh. The ingredients and chemical composition of the diets are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Ingredients and nutrients composition of control, mustard oil cake (MOC), soybean meal (SM), and a mixture of mustard oil cake and soybean meal (MOCSM) dietary groups
Ingredients (kg/100 kg)	Diets
Ingredients (kg/100 kg)	Control	MOC	SM	MOCSM
Maize powder	0	7	30	17
Wheat bran	43.5	40	35	43
Soybean meal	0	0	24	15
Rice polish	39.5	0	0	0
Mustard oil cake	14.5	44	0	15
Molasses	0	5	7	6
Common salt	2	1	1	1
Rock salt	0	1	1	1
DCP	0.4	2	2	2
Vitamin Es-ADE (per calf for consecutive 3 days)	5 ML	5 ML	5 ML	5 ML
Total (Kg)	100	100	100	100
Chemical composition
DM	88.07	88.04	87.56	87.67
CP	15.25	21.80	20.05	21.30
CF	11.25	9.42	6.04	7.63
EE	8.64	6.91	3.85	4.91
ASH	9.17	11.14	9.27	9.99
NFE	55.69	50.73	60.79	56.17
ME (MJ/kg DM)	11.46	11.67	11.75	11.54
DCP (Di-Calcium Phosphate 90%, Magnesium Sulphate 2%, Sodium Chloride 6%, and Trace Elements 2%)-Opsonin Pharma Ltd, Agrovet Division, Bangladesh. Vitamin Es-ADE (A-100000 IU, vitamin D3-20000 IU & vitamin E-20 mg)-Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh. ME was calculated from NRC (2001).

Ethical approval

Animal management procedures and sample collections were approved by the Animal Welfare and Experimentation Ethics Committee, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh [AWEEC/BAU/2020 (41)].

Sampling, Measurement, and Laboratory Analysis

Feed sampling and analysis

Samples from feeds and orts were dried in a convection oven (60°C for 48 h). Dried feed samples were grounded properly to pass through a 1-mm screen and stored at -20°C until chemical analyses. The feeds were assayed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), and ash (AOAC, 2000). The nitrogen-free extract was calculated by the equation as 100 - (% CF + % CP + % ether extract + % ash).

Measurement of dry matter intake and growth performance

The daily feed provided and the orts from each animal were recorded daily to estimate the dry matter and nutrient intakes. Body weight (kg), wither height (cm), body length (cm), and heart girth (cm) of calves were measured weekly for 9 weeks by using a digital weighing balance (Zhunsheng scale, Motor car brand, China), and measuring tape, respectively.

Blood collection and analysis of serum

Blood samples (10 mL) were collected 3 h after the morning feeding on days 21, 50, and 70 from the jugular vein of each calf. The samples were collected in the anticoagulant-free tube. After each collection of blood, Hemovit (Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, Ferric Ammonium Citrate, Cobalt gluconate and Copper gluconate) injection (Renata Limited, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh) was applied to the caves once. The samples were allowed to clot by keeping them undisturbed for 40-50 minutes at room temperature. Then the serum was harvested by centrifugation (EBA 21 Hettich Zentrifugen, Germany) at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes at 25°C and stored at -20°C in 5 mL tubes until further analysis. Blood serum glucose concentration was measured by using a quantitative colorimetric kit (In-vitro Diagnostics, Vitro Scient, Egypt). Blood serum albumin was measured through an enzymatic quantitative colorimetric kit (cypress Diagnostics, langdorp steenweg 160, B-3201 langdorp, Belgium). Blood serum urea concentration was determined using a quantitative colorimetric kit urea-Liquor by urease-GLDH kinetic liquid method (CHEMELEX, S.A. Pol. Ind. Can Castells, Barcelona, Spain). The blood urea nitrogen was determined by dividing the value by a factor of 2.14. The concentration of blood serum calcium and phosphorus was measured by using a quantitative colorimetric kit calcium arsenazo III (CHEMELEX, S.A. Pol. Ind. Can Castells, Barcelona, Spain) and in vitro inorganic phosphorus reagent (Chema diagnostic, Italy), respectively. The URIT-810 automated chemistry analyzer (URIT Medical Electronic Company Limited, China) was used for instrumental analysis. The spectral wavelengths were employed: 550, 630, 340, 578, and 675 nm for the estimation of glucose, albumin, urea, calcium, and phosphorus, respectively.

Statistical Analysis

Repeated measures analysis of variance in a completely randomized design was carried out to investigate the effects of different dietary groups on DMI, growth measurements, and the nutritional status of calves. To measure the parameters repeatedly on the experimental units (calves), the time period was considered as the within-subjects factor and the different groups (independent measures) were treated as the between-subjects factor. The sphericity test was performed to determine which one was the most appropriate: the MANOVA or the univariate. Tukey's HSD test was performed to compare the dietary group means.

Dry matter intake and growth measurements

The results of DMI and growth measurements are summarized in Table 2. No differences in DMI (p=0.93) were found among the dietary treatment groups in the preweaning period (Table 2). However, calves those consumed calf starters had higher DMI compared to the control group. Greater DMI was observed when MOC in the starter was supplied, and the intake was 22.5% more than the control group. Calves fed SM, and MOCSM found almost similar quantities of DMI, which was 221 and 225 g/head/day, respectively. From the within-subjects test, it is indicated that there was a significant time effect (p<0.01) on the DMI of crossbred calves (Table 3). Furthermore, time significantly (p<0.01) impacted DMI in different groups in both linear and quadratic patterns (Table 4). The average BWG was found significantly different (p=0.02) in the control group than in the other three groups (Table 2). Feeding MOC improved BWG more significantly and was 1.73, 0.13, and 0.10 kg/day more than the control, SM and MOCSM groups. In the within-subjects test, the time effect was found to be significant (p≤0.01) on BWG (Table 3) both linearly (p<0.01) and quadratically (p=0.005) (Table 4).

Table 2. Dry matter intake, growth performance, and nutritional status indicators from calves fed control, mustard oil cake (MOC), soybean meal (SM), and a mixture of mustard oil cake and soybean meal (MOCSM) dietary groups

Parameters	Dietary groups							SEM	Between subjects-effects P-value
	Control	MOC		SM		MOCSM
DM intake and growth performance
DM intake (g/d)	195.05		238.98		220.87		224.27	49.43	0.93
BWG (kg) changes weekly	1.57^b		3.33^a		3.17^a		3.20^a	0.36	0.02
HGG (cm) changes weekly	1.58		2.06		1.94		1.97	0.14	0.17
BLG (cm) changes weekly	0.46^a		1.51^b		1.69^b		1.60^b	0.06	<0.01
WHG (cm) changes weekly	0.45^a		1.74^b		1.78^b		1.82^b	0.21	0.05
Nutritional status variables
Glucose (mmol/L)	6.20		5.34		6.95		6.64	0.91	0.63
Albumin (g/dL)	3.56^b		4.72^a		4.37^ab		4.07^ab	0.19	0.01
Serum urea (mg/dL)	15.42^b		20.35^a		18.87^a		18.58^a	0.43	<0.01
BUN (mg/dL)	7.21^b		9.51^a		8.82^a		8.68^a	0.19	<0.01
Calcium (mg/dL)	10.85^b		13.63^a		13.03^ab		13.69^a	0.55	0.02
Phosphorus (mg/dL)	5.03^b		5.70^a		5.84^a		5.80^a	0.15	0.01

DM, dry matter; BWG, body weight gain; HGG, heart-girth gain; BLG, body length gain; WHG, wither height gain; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; SEM, standard error of the mean. This means in a row with different superscripts (^{a, b}) is statistically different.

Table 3. Tests of within subjects’ effects (sphericity assumed) on DM intake, growth performance and nutritional status of calves

Parameters

Source

F-value

P-value

DM intake

Time

Time × Group

47.57

0.47

<0.01

1.00

BWG

Time

Time × Group

8.35

1.35

<0.01

0.18

HGG

Time

Time × Group

4.18

1.53

0.001

0.10

BLG

Time

Time × Group

0.56

1.12

0.79

0.35

WHG

Time

Time × Group

2.36

1.29

0.03

0.22

Glucose

Time

Time × Group

2.13

2.04

0.15

0.12

Albumin

Time

Time × Group

16.97

1.99

<0.01

0.13

Serum urea

Time

Time × Group

26.09

3.64

<0.01

0.02

BUN

Time

Time × Group

26.07

3.63

<0.01

0.02

Calcium

Time

Time × Group

16.50

7.27

<0.01

0.001

Phosphorus

Time

Time × Group

17.36

3.27

<0.01

0.03

DM, dry matter; BWG, body weight gain; HGG, heart-girth gain; BLG, body length gain; WHG, wither height gain and BUN, blood urea nitrogen.

Table 4. Tests of within subjects’ contrast on DM intake, growth performance, and nutritional status

Parameters	P-value for time		P-value for time × dietary group
Parameters	Linear	Quadratic	Linear	Quadratic
DM intake	<0.01	<0.01	0.87	0.87
BWG	<0.01	0.005	0.04	0.58
HGG	0.02	0.57	0.54	0.65
BLG	0.57	0.86	0.58	0.15
WHG	0.05	0.28	0.48	0.94
Glucose	0.34	0.06	0.17	0.22
Albumin	0.001	0.01	0.11	0.33
Serum urea	0.001	<0.01	0.09	0.01
BUN	0.001	<0.01	0.09	0.01
Calcium	0.001	0.15	0.004	0.11
Phosphorus	0.001	0.04	0.02	0.74

DM, dry matter; BWG, body weight gain; HGG, heart-girth gain; BLG, body length gain; WHG, wither height gain and BUN, blood urea nitrogen.

No effect was found on HGG among the groups (p=0.17), but a higher gain (2.06 cm) was observed in the MOC group. The within-subjects test indicated that the time effect was significant (p=0.001) on HGG and linearly influenced (p=0.023) by time. The dietary effects of three calf starters on BLG were found unchanged but significantly differed from the control diet (p≤0.01). Time and the interaction of time and group had no significant effects on BLG (Table 3). We found a significant difference (p=0.05) in WHG among the diets with different protein sources but calves that consumed MOCSM protein source had the highest WHG (1.82 cm).

Effects of diets on blood metabolites

Table 2 shows the effects of calf starters on blood metabolites in calves during the pre-weaning period. The calves fed the control, MOC, SM, and MOCSM diets had no influence on blood glucose concentrations (p=0.63). As depicted in Table 2, serum albumin level was noticeably (p=0.01) higher in the MOC group than in the control group and was statistically similar to SM and MOCSM groups. The within-subjects effects on albumin exposed that time had a significant (p<0.01) impact on albumin concentration in calves (Table 3) and time influenced albumin concentration in both linear (p=0.001) and quadratic (p=0.01) patterns. However, serum albumin level was not influenced (p>0.05) by the interaction effects of time and diets (Table 4).

Overall, serum urea and BUN concentrations were significantly (p<0.01) lower in the control group (15.42 and 7.21 mg/dL) than that of MOC (20.35 and 9.51 mg/dL), SM (18.87 and 8.82 mg/dL), and MOCSM (18.58 and 8.68 mg/dL) fed calves. The concentrations of serum urea and BUN increased in calves’ blood both linearly (p=0.001) and quadratic (p<0.01) manners with the advancement over time (Tables 3 and 4). The time and diet interaction effect (p=0.02) significantly impacted urea and BUN concentrations (Table 3). Blood serum calcium concentrations of dietary groups (MOC, SM, and MOCSM) varied significantly (p=0.02) from 2.18-2.84 mg/dL from the control group. In the case of phosphorus, treatment groups, MOC, SM, and MOCSM dietary groups variation was 0.67-0.81 mg/dL from the control group (Table 2). The within-subjects test revealed that time has a statistically significant (p<0.01) effect on the calves' serum calcium levels. Likewise, the effect of time and diet interaction on calcium levels was linearly significant (p<0.01, Tables 3 and 4). The time and time X diet interaction influenced blood serum phosphorus concentration. In addition, the within-subjects contrast test showed a linear (p=0.004) interaction effect of dietary groups over time on calf phosphorus values (Table 4).

Dry matter intake and growth measurements

In this study, in calf starters, mustard oil cake, soybean meal, and a mixture of mustard oil cake and soybean meal were used as protein sources. The protein source is an important component of starter diets for the growth and development of calves. As we observed in the current investigation, the DMI was numerically similar in all the treated groups, but the calves fed the control diet were observed slightly less starter feed intake. This could be attributed to the higher fat content of starter feed in the control diet that might influence the calves to consume comparatively less amount of DM. The fact is in agreement with the findings of Litherland et al. (2014) and Hill et al. (2009) who reported a reduced feed intake in calves while fed a diet with higher fat content. Increased fat content could increase the calf starter's energy density and fulfilled the potential energy requirement earlier (Sharma et al. 2020). The identical DMI of MOC, SM, and MOCSM groups might be due to similar concentrations of fat and protein. In addition, neither mustard oil cake nor soybean meal might affect the palatability of the calf starter. Hence, the calves in these groups showed a parallel DMI pattern. In terms of weight gain, calves fed the control diet gained much less body weight than MOC, SM, and MOCSM diet groups. The control diet's lower protein content might be responsible for minimal body weight gain. Accordingly, the observed effect is supported by Kim et al. (2022), who claimed that calves offered starter feed with 17.5% CP showed higher weight gain compared to the less-protein diet with 12.5% or 15% CP. In addition, the control diet had a minimum RUP content where soybean meal and mustard oil cakes were excellent sources of RUP (Prusty et al. 2013). As far as the experimental diet is concerned, the MOC, SM, and MOCSM diets had a substantial portion of soybean meal, mustard oil cake, or their mixture, whereas the control diet merely contained 14.5% mustard oil cake. (Table 1). Consequently, the control group entailed the lowest amount of RUP content. Feed consumption and body weight gain are positively correlated with the balanced diet having RUP (Bunnakit and Khampa 2011) which has the potential to increase the amino acid flow from the abomasum to duodenum, which enhanced body weight gains. Therefore, the minor rise in DMI and a considerable increase in body weight were likely caused brought on by the MOC, SM, and MOCSM groups might be for higher RUP content than the control diet. This outcome is comparable to that of Boorboor et al. (2020) and Tahmasbi et al. (2014), who found that young dairy calves gained more weight when sources with high RUP concentrations were included in the starter feed.

Alike body weight gain, BLG, and WHG were also documented as noticeably lower in the control group than in others. The inclusion of a higher amount of protein-rich ingredients in the concentrated diet accelerates the growth measurements rapidly (Strzetelski et al. 2007; Islam et al. 2019). The lower protein content of the control diet waned the gain of body length and wither height. Tahmasbi et al. (2014) stated that soybean meal is an excellent protein source in calf starter feed whereas mustard oil cake is relatively cheaper and also good (Kumar et al. 2002).

Effects of diets on blood metabolites

The current study revealed that the serum glucose concentration was not affected by the calf starter groups and might be attributed to the similar net energy content of all dietary treatments. This finding is identical to Mirzaei et al. (2020), who reported unchanged blood glucose levels in all calves during step-down weaning. Calves feeding MOC, SM, or a combination of MOC and SM diets had higher serum albumin concentrations than calves on a control diet. (Table 2). In addition, the MOC, SM, and MOCSM dietary groups contain more CP (21.80, 21.05, and 21.30%) in comparison to the control diet (15.25 %), which might be the main reason for increasing the concentration of blood serum albumin (Table 1).

Moreover, calves fed the MOC diet had increased albumin concentration (4.72%) which is in line with Habib et al. (2018), who mentioned that dietary nitrogen reflects the blood serum albumin concentration in crossbred heifers. That is why serum urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations in this study were remarkably higher in MOC, SM, and MOCSM dietary groups compared to the control group (Table 2). Simultaneously, higher serum urea (20.35%) and BUN (9.51%) concentrations were found in MOC supplied group. BUN has also been considered a rumen development indicator in young dairy calves (Khan et al. 2007b). With higher CP content in the food and higher milk feeding rates, BUN increased in the calves, indicating a more functioning rumen as described by Khan et al. (2007b) and Kazemi-Bonchenari et al. (2016). In this study, the MOC, SM, and MOCSM dietary groups had significantly greater blood serum calcium (p=0.02) and phosphorus (p=0.01) values than the control group due to the total mineral content in the respective dietary group. Based on the age of these studied calves, the calcium and phosphorus concentration ranges for all dietary groups were within the normal range and similar to the findings of Mamun et al. (2013).

Calves fed the MOC and MOCSM diets had greater BWG, HGG and WHG, but BLG was numerically more in SM-diet-fed calves. However, the DMI was more in MOC, SM, and MOCSM-diet-fed calves but was statistically similar with control-fed calves. All dietary treatments obtained nearly comparable blood glucose levels owing to similar net energy content. Calves fed the treatment diets resulting in a greater blood albumin content, possibly because these diets included more CP content. Correspondingly, urea and BUN in this study were remarkably higher in MOC, SM, and MOCSM-dietary groups. The dietary protein sources optimized the blood serum Calcium and Phosphorus concentrations. Based on results observed under existing experimental conditions, we concluded that calf starters supplied with MOC as a protein source and in combination with SM were advantageous in dairy calves feeding. However, further research is needed on optimizing the inclusion of MOC and the mix of MOCSM in calf starters, focusing on ruminal fermentation characteristics in dairy calves.

Acknowledgements: The authors acknowledge Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm, Professor Muhammed Hussain Central Laboratory, and the Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for providing technical support.

Funding: The project was funded by the Bangladesh Agricultural University Research Systems (BAURES), the project number was 2018/579/AU-GC.

Authors' contribution:

Conceptualization: Sarker MAH, Islam MA, Bari MS, Siddiki MSR. Formal analysis: Sarker MAH, Hossain N, Sumaiya R, Habib MR. Methodology: Sarker MAH, Hossain N, Sumaiya R, Habib MR, Bari MS. Investigation: Sarker MAH, Hossain N, Bari MS. Writing original draft: Sarker MAH, Sumaiya R, Khandakar MMH. Writing-review & editing: Sumaiya R, Islam MZ, Islam MA, Siddiki MSR.

Data availability: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests

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Influence of feeding mustard oil cake and soybean meal in calf starter on growth and blood metabolites of crossbred dairy calves

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