This study investigated the potential effect of adding mustard oil cake as a replacer of soybean meal and a mixture of both sources on dry matter (DM) intake, body growth measurements, and blood metabolites of dairy calves. Calves were fed a commercial starter (control), a starter containing mustard oil cake (MOC), soybean meal (SM), and a mixture of MOC and SM as MOCSM. The feeding of calf starters started when calves aged 21 days and was carried out for the next 63 days. Data was recorded for DM intake, growth measurements and blood metabolites. Calves consumed greater DM with MOC, which was 22.5% more than that of the control-fed but the second highest was for a mixed protein source MOCSM. The body weight gain (BWG) of calves increased significantly (p<0.01) in calf starters feeding groups. Blood glucose levels did not vary among the calves fed the control, MOC, SM, and MOCSM diets. MOC had higher serum albumin, urea, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations than the other treatments. Calcium and phosphorus concentration was lower in the control group compared to the other dietary groups. The outcome showed that mustard oil cake might be a useful option for calves' diets when soybean meal is not always available for feeding.
Research Article
Effect of adding mustard oil cake and soybean meal alone or in combination in calf starter on growth and blood metabolites of dairy calves
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2477984/v4
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Calf starter
body weight
heart girth
glucose
albumin
urea
Due to the shortage of agricultural land and rising feed market prices, particularly for maize and soybean, the production of tropical livestock has been challenged. Similar results are seen in Bangladesh, where a shortage of high-quality feeds and fodder is thought to be a major contributor to dairy cattle's underwhelming productivity (Khandaker et al., 2011). The proper nutrition of young dairy calves is essential for their growth and development as a replacement, and they have unique nutrient requirements in terms of calories, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. Intensified feeding practices in pre-weaning dairy calves have drawn attention due to the long-term significant impact on future performance (Gelsinger et al. 2016). Well-nourishment at the earlier age of dairy heifers helps to get pregnant on time, higher milk yield and promote longevity (Khan et al. 2007a). The early transition from simple gastric digestion to ruminal digestion in dairy calves is essential for their health, growth, and development (Khan et al. 2007b). This transition involves several anatomical and physiological changes in their forestomach. Ruminal development in pre-weaned calves is affected by solid feed intake and types of ingredients used (Khan et al. 2007c; VI et al. 2004). For instance, calf starter being dry feed, could not pass through the esophageal groove and thus flows from the esophagus into the reticulo-rumen, where the digestion commences. Feed concentrates have been formulated for calves to maximize DM intake, average gain, and volatile fatty acids production (Suárez et al. 2006).
Through ruminal fermentation of concentrate, feed produces abundant volatile fatty acids as end products, mostly butyrate and propionate. These metabolic products play a vital role in ruminal epithelium differentiation and papilla development (Shen et al. 2004; Mentschel et al. 2001). Therefore, calves fed a high-concentrate diet may stimulate rumen development and improve animal performance by increasing ruminal propionate production (Roth et al., 2008; Liu et al. 2010). In contrast, calves fed more milk can lower their intake of starters could result in weight loss once they are weaned (Terré et al. 2007; Budzynska and Weary, 2008) and eventually reduce some of the growth benefits (Huuskonen and Khalili, 2008). More than a few studies have recently investigated the effects of the physical form of calf starters (Omidi-Mirzaei et al. 2017; Quigley et al. 2019), type and level of hay (Gasiorek et al. 2017; Poier et al. 2021), grain processing (Makizadeh et al. 2020; Lesmeister et al. 2004), and starch contents (Quigley et al. 2017; Laarman et al. 2012) on the calves’ growth and rumen development. However, few studies reported the influence of different plant protein sources in calf starters, for example, replacing soybean meal with canola (Sharma et al. 2007). In addition, Burakowska et al. (2021) documented the impact of canola and soybean meal and Dolatkhah et al. (2020) reported the impact of cottonseed protein in calf starter. On the other hand, mustard oil cake is a byproduct during mustard oil production which is a good quality protein source and has a well-balanced essential amino acid and rich in methionine. Moreover, mustard oil cake is also the most prevalent component in Bangladesh (Ahmed, 2023) and the tropics and is highly degradable in the rumen. On the contrary, soybeans import forecast is 2.4 million MT, on Bangladesh rebounding from its current economic slowdown, while local soybean production remains flat (Ahmed, 2023). Soybean meal is a well-recognized protein source in animal’s diet, almost total quantity for this purpose entirely depends on importing from other countries which makes the ration more costly. Hence, authors tried to find out any potential effects of adding mustard oil cake in the ration of calves on the performance. Moreover, the literatures on the effects of adding mustard oil cake as protein source in calves’ ration are poor. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the protein source, mustard oil cake as a replacer of soybean meal and a mixture of both sources might enhance DM intake, body growth measurements, and blood metabolites.
Animals, management, and diets
Animal management procedures and sample collections were approved by the Animal Welfare and Experimentation Ethics Committee, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh [AWEEC/BAU/2020 (41)]. The current study was carried out at Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm (24°43'46.5"N, 90°25'22.8"E). Twelve crossbred calves (50% Holstein Friesian × 50% Sahiwal, BW=31.0 ± 1.54 kg) were enrolled in this study immediately after birth. Then the calves were weighed and moved in a naturally ventilated barn with individual pens (1.2 m ×2.4 m) with rice straw bedding which was changed daily. All calves received 2.0 L of fresh colostrum (average brix= 26.26 ± 1.04 %) through the nipple milk-feeding bottle within 3 hours after calving, and the second feeding of 2.0 L colostrum was received after 12 hours, which was continued up to 3 days of age for all calves. Afterwards, calves were fed fresh whole milk by 10% of calves’ body weight twice daily at 08:00 and 17:00 hours via bottle feeding. All the calves had unlimited access to clean and fresh water. Milk feeders were cleaned manually daily at 07:00 and 15:00 hours before and after feeding. Calves of 21 days aged were divided into four groups where three calves in each group were assigned to a completely randomized design. The calves were dewormed by a broad-spectrum anthelmintic (A-Mectin plus vet injection, The ACME Laboratories Limited, Veterinary Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh). Calves were selected randomly and assigned to one of the three calf starters as mustard oil cake (MOC), 88 % DM; soybean meal (SM), 87 % DM, and a mixture of MOC and SM as MOCSM, 877 % DM as protein sources including a commercial starter (control). These three dietary starters were isonitrogenous (21.38 % CP) and isoenergetic [11.65 ME (MJ/kg DM)]. The calf starters feeding trials was started at day 21 of calves’ age and considered as initial day (day 1) of the experiment. Thereafter, starters feeding to calves was carried out for the next 63 days. German grass leaf (Echinochloa polystachya) was supplied to all calves at ad-libitum, due to the unavailability of good quality hay. All the calves had ad libitum access to the starter feed. Daily adjustments were made to the amount of supplied feed to obtain 5 to 10% orts. All the groups received mixed mineral supplements (di-calcium phosphate 90%, magnesium sulphate 2%, sodium chloride 6%, and trace elements 2%) from Opsonin Pharma Ltd, Agrovet Division, Bangladesh. All the calves were also supplied with Vitamin Es-ADE (A-100000 IU, vitamin D3-20000 IU & vitamin E-20 mg), manufactured by Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh. The ingredients and chemical composition of the diets are shown in Table 1.
Sampling, measurement, and laboratory analysis
Feed sampling and analysis
The feed ingredients for making starter feeds were purchased from the local market. Then the calf starters were formulated according to our research objectives. From the formulated starters, the starter samples were collected and dried in a convection oven (60°C for 48 hours). Dried feed samples were grounded properly to pass through a 1-mm screen and stored at -20°C until chemical analyses. The feeds were assayed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), and ash (AOAC, 2000). The nitrogen-free extract was calculated by the equation as 100 - (% CF + % CP + % ether extract + % ash).
Measurement of dry matter intake and growth performance
The daily feed provided and the orts from each animal were recorded daily to estimate the DM intake. Body weight (kg), wither height (cm), body length (cm), and heart girth (cm) of calves were measured weekly for 9 weeks duration by using a digital weighing balance (Zhunsheng scale, Motor car brand, China), and measuring tape, respectively.
Blood collection and analysis of serum
Blood samples (10 mL) were collected 3 hours after the morning feeding on day 1 (initial day of the feeding trial), day 29, and day 63 from the jugular vein of each calf. The samples were collected in the anticoagulant-free tube. The samples were allowed to clot by keeping them undisturbed for 45 minutes at room temperature. Then the serum was harvested by centrifugation (EBA 21 Hettich Zentrifugen, Germany) at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes at 25°C and stored at -20°C in 5 mL tubes until further analysis.
Blood glucose concentration was measured by using a quantitative colorimetric kit (In-vitro Diagnostics, Vitro Scient, Egypt). Albumin was measured through an enzymatic quantitative colorimetric kit (cypress Diagnostics, langdorp steenweg 160, B-3201 langdorp, Belgium). Urea concentration was determined using a quantitative colorimetric kit urea-Liquor by urease-GLDH kinetic liquid method (CHEMELEX, S.A. Pol. Ind. Can Castells, Barcelona, Spain). Urea nitrogen was determined by dividing the value by a factor of 2.14. The concentration of blood calcium and phosphorus were measured by using a quantitative colorimetric kit calcium arsenazo III (CHEMELEX, S.A. Pol. Ind. Can Castells, Barcelona, Spain) and an in vitro inorganic phosphorus reagent (Chema diagnostic, Italy), respectively. The URIT-810 automated chemistry analyzer (URIT Medical Electronic Company Limited, China) was used for instrumental analysis. The spectral wavelengths were employed: 550, 630, 340, 578, and 675 nm for the estimation of glucose, albumin, urea, calcium, and phosphorus, respectively.
Statistical analysis
Repeated measures analysis of variance in completely randomized design was performed using SPSS software (IBM SPSS statistics 20) to investigate the effects of dietary groups on DM intake, growth performance and blood metabolites of calves.
For DM intake, growth performance and blood metabolites data with repeated measures, the model was represented as follows:
Here, Yijk represents the response variable and μ is the overall mean. The fixed effects included , dietary groups (Control, MOC, SM and MOCSM, n = 3); , time point (day1 to day 63 for DM intake; week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 for BWG, WHG, BLG and HGG; day 1, 29, 63 for glucose, albumin, serum urea, BUN, calcium and phosphorus) and is the interaction between dietary groups and time point. is the random effect of calves nested within treatment was also included in this model and is the error term, representing random variability or unexplained variation. Tukey's HSD test was performed to compare the dietary group means.
Dry matter intake and growth measurements
The results of DM intake, growth measurements and blood nutritional status are summarized in Table 2. No differences in DM intake (p=0.93) were found among the dietary treatment groups in the preweaning period (Table 2). However, calves that consumed calf starters had higher DM intake compared to the control group. Greater DM intake was observed with MOC, and the intake was 22.5% more than the control group. Calves fed mixed protein source (MOCSM) had the second highest DM intake, which 224.27 g/head/day, respectively. Advancement of time significantly (p<0.01) increased DM intake of dairy calves feeding calf starters (Table 3). Furthermore, time significantly (p<0.01) influenced DM intake in different groups in both linear and quadratic patterns (Table 4). The body weight gain was found significantly different (p=0.02) in the control group than in the other three groups (Table 2). Feeding MOC improved BWG more significantly and was 1.73, 0.13, and 0.10 kg/day more than the control, soybean meal and mixture of protein sources. But it was noteworthy that the weekly body weight gain resulted from feeding starter with protein mix was almost resemble to the gain of feeding mustard oil cake and soybean meal alone. Body weight gain significantly increased over time (p≤0.01) on BWG (Table 3) both linearly (p<0.01) and quadratically (p=0.005) (Table 4). No effect was found on HGG among the groups (p=0.17), but a higher weekly gain (2.06 cm) was observed in the MOC group which was 0.48 cm and 0.12 cm more than the control and SM fed groups, respectively. However, combination of two proteins impacted more on heart-girth gain than the soybean meal alone. In is indicated that HGG was increased significantly (p=0.001) with the increment of time which was linearly influenced (p=0.023). The dietary effects of three calf starters on BLG were found unchanged but significantly differed from the control diet (p≤0.01). However, the highest weekly BLG was found in SM group which was 1.23 cm, 0.18 cm, and 0.09 cm higher than the control, MOC and MOCSM groups. Time and the interaction of time and group had no significant effects on BLG (Table 3). We found a significant difference (p=0.05) in WHG among the diets with different protein sources but calves that consumed the combination protein sources (MOCSM) had the highest WHG (1.82 cm). The wither height gain was significantly increased with the advancement of period (p=0.03) (Table 3) and the increased in linear pattern (p=0.03) (Table 4).
Effects of diets on blood metabolites
Table 2 shows the effects of feeding different calf starters on blood metabolites of calves. The calves fed the control, mustard oil cake, soybean meal, and a mixed protein source added diets had no influence on blood glucose concentrations (p=0.63), but lower glucose concentration was observed in the MOC-diet fed calves (5.34 mmol/L) than the SM (6.95 mmol/L) and MOCSM (5.34 mmol/L)-fed calves. Serum albumin level was noticeably (p=0.01) higher (4.72 g/dL) in the mustard oil cake group than in the control group and was statistically like soybean meal (4.37 g/dL) and mixed protein groups (4.07 g/dL). The within-subject’s effects on albumin exposed that time had a significant (p<0.01) impact on albumin concentration in calves (Table 3) and time increased albumin concentration in both linear (p=0.001) and quadratic (p=0.01) patterns. However, serum albumin level was not influenced (p>0.05) by the interaction effects of time and diets.
Serum urea and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly (p<0.01) lower in the control group (15.42 and 7.21 mg/dL) than that of MOC (20.35 and 9.51 mg/dL), SM (18.87 and 8.82 mg/dL), and MOCSM (18.58 and 8.68 mg/dL) fed calves. The concentrations of serum urea and BUN increased in calves’ blood both linearly (p=0.001) and quadratic (p<0.01) manners with the advancement over time (Tables 3 and 4). The time and diet interaction effect (p=0.02) significantly increased urea and BUN concentrations but in quadratic pattern (p=0.01). Blood serum calcium concentrations of dietary groups (MOC, SM, and MOCSM) varied significantly (p=0.02) from 2.18-2.84 mg/dL from the control group. In the case of phosphorus, treatment groups, MOC, SM, and MOCSM dietary groups variation was 0.67-0.81 mg/dL from the control group (Table 2). The within-subjects test revealed that time has a statistically significant (p<0.01) effect on the calves' serum calcium levels. Likewise, the effect of time and diet interaction on increasing the calcium levels was linearly significant (p<0.01, Tables 3 and 4). The time and time and diet interaction increased blood serum phosphorus concentration. There was a linear (p=0.004) interaction effect of dietary groups over time on calf phosphorus values (Table 4).
DM intake and growth measurements
In this study, in calf starters, mustard oil cake, soybean meal, and a mixture of mustard oil cake and soybean meal were used as protein sources. The protein source is an important component of starter diets for the growth and development of calves. As we observed in the current study, the DM intake was numerically similar in all the treated groups, but the calves fed the control diet were observed slightly less starter feed intake. This could be attributed to the higher fat content of starter feed in the control diet that might influence the calves to consume comparatively less amount of DM. The fact agrees with the findings of Litherland et al. (2014) and Hill et al. (2009) who reported a reduced feed intake in calves while fed a diet with higher fat content. Increased fat content could increase the calf starter's energy density and fulfilled the potential energy requirement earlier (Sharma et al. 2020). The identical DM intake of MOC, SM, and MOCSM groups might be due to similar concentrations of fat and protein. In addition, neither mustard oil cake nor soybean meal might affect the palatability of the calf starter. Hence, the calves in these groups showed a parallel DM intake pattern. In terms of weight gain, calves fed the control diet gained much less body weight than MOC, SM, and MOCSM diet groups. The control diet's lower protein content might be responsible for minimal body weight gain. Accordingly, the observed effect is supported by Kim et al. (2022), who claimed that calves offered starter feed with 17.5% CP showed higher weight gain compared to the less-protein diet with 12.5% or 15% CP. In addition, the control diet had a minimum RUP content where soybean meal and mustard oil cakes were excellent sources of RUP (Prusty et al. 2013). As far as the experimental diet is concerned, the MOC, SM, and MOCSM diets had a substantial portion of soybean meal, mustard oil cake, or their mixture, whereas the control diet merely contained 14.5% mustard oil cake. (Table 1). Consequently, the control group entailed the lowest amount of RUP content. Feed consumption and body weight gain are positively correlated with the balanced diet having RUP (Bunnakit and Khampa 2011) which has the potential to increase the amino acid flow from the abomasum to duodenum, which enhanced body weight gains. Therefore, the minor rise in DM intake and a considerable increase in body weight were likely caused brought on by the MOC, SM, and MOCSM groups might be for higher RUP content than the control diet. This outcome is comparable to that of Boorboor et al. (2020) and Tahmasbi et al. (2014), who found that young dairy calves gained more weight when sources with high RUP concentrations were included in the starter feed. Alike body weight gain, BLG, and WHG were also documented as noticeably lower in the control group than in others. The inclusion of a higher amount of protein-rich ingredients in the concentrated diet accelerates the growth measurements rapidly (Strzetelski et al. 2007; Islam et al. 2019). The lower protein content of the control diet decreased the gain of body length and wither height. Tahmasbi et al. (2014) stated that soybean meal is an excellent protein source in calf starter feed. However, mustard oil cake is more affordable, has an adequate proportion of essential amino acids, and has a comparatively high methionine level. (Kumar et al. 2002).
Blood metabolites
Serum glucose concentration was not affected by the calf starter groups and might be attributed to the similar net energy content of all dietary treatments. The blood glucose level was found to less in MOC group compared to SM and MOCSM. These can be explained by the facts that a) both MOC and SM are good sources of protein, and their impact on blood glucose levels is minimal as proteins do not directly raise blood glucose levels b) MOC generally contains a lower amount of carbohydrates compared to SM that directly affects blood glucose levels when consumed c) Feeds/foods with a higher glycemic index (GI) cause a more rapid increase in blood glucose levels but MOC is not commonly included in the GI databases due to its lower GI and carbohydrate content. In contrary, SM is known to have a low to moderate GI. This finding is identical to Mirzaei et al. (2020), who reported unchanged blood glucose levels in all calves during step-down weaning. Calves feeding MOC, SM, or a combination of MOC and SM diets had higher serum albumin concentrations than calves on a control diet. (Table 2). In addition, the MOC, SM, and MOCSM dietary groups contain more CP (21.80, 21.05, and 21.30%, respectively) in comparison to the control diet (15.25 %), which might be the main reason for increasing the concentration of blood serum albumin (Table 1). Moreover, calves fed the MOC diet had increased albumin concentration (4.72%) which is in line with Habib et al. (2018), who mentioned that dietary nitrogen reflects the blood serum albumin concentration in crossbred heifers. That is why serum urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations in this study were remarkably higher in MOC, SM, and MOCSM dietary groups compared to the control group (Table 2). Simultaneously, higher serum urea (20.35%) and BUN (9.51%) concentrations were found in MOC supplied group. BUN has also been considered a rumen development indicator in young dairy calves (Khan et al. 2007c). With higher CP content in the feed and higher milk feeding rates, BUN increased in the calves, indicating a more functioning rumen as described by Khan et al. (2007c) and Kazemi-Bonchenari et al. (2016). In this study, the MOC, SM, and MOCSM dietary groups had significantly greater blood serum calcium (p=0.02) and phosphorus (p=0.01) values than the control group due to the total mineral content in the respective dietary group. Based on the age of these studied calves, the calcium and phosphorus concentration ranges for all dietary groups were within the normal range and comparable to the findings of Mamun et al. (2013).
Calves fed the mustard oil cake and soybean meal mix diets had greater body weight gain, heart-girth gain and wither height gain that indicated better skeletal frame size of calves than the other dietary groups. In addition, some blood metabolites like albumin, urea and blood urea nitrogen were found noteworthy in the mustard oil cake added group. From this study, it is concluded that mustard oil cake could be a good option in calves’ diets where soybean meal is limited for feeding. Furthermore, mixed feeding of soybean meal and mustard oil cake in starter diets can be done for minimizing the production cost without altering the health status of calves. However, future research is also needed considering the optimization of MOC and the mix of MOCSM inclusion in calf starters based on ruminal fermentation characteristics in dairy calves.
CREDIT AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Conceptualization: Sarker MAH, Bari MS, Islam MA Siddiki MSR, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E. Formal analysis: Sarker MAH, Hossain N, Sumaiya A, Habib MR. Methodology: Sarker MAH, Hossain N, Sumaiya A, Habib MR, Bari MS, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E. Investigation: Sarker MAH, Hossain N, Habib MR, Bari MS. Writing original draft: Sarker MAH, Sumaiya A, Khandakar MMH. Writing-review & editing: Saker MAH, Habib MR, Islam MZ, Islam MA, Siddiki MSR, Rashid MH, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm, Professor Muhammed Hussain Central Laboratory, and the Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for providing technical support where necessitate.
FUNDING
The project was funded by the Bangladesh Agricultural University Research Systems (BAURES), the project number was 2018/579/AU-GC.
DATA AVAILABILITY
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
Authors declare no conflict of interests for this article.
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Table 1. Ingredients and nutrients composition of control, mustard oil cake (MOC), soybean meal (SM), and a mixture of mustard oil cake and soybean meal (MOCSM) dietary groups
|
Ingredients (kg/100 kg) |
Diets |
|||||
|
Control |
MOC |
SM |
MOCSM |
|||
|
Maize powder |
0 |
7 |
30 |
17 |
||
|
Wheat bran |
43.5 |
40 |
35 |
43 |
||
|
Soybean meal |
0 |
0 |
24 |
15 |
||
|
Rice polish |
39.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||
|
Mustard oil cake |
14.5 |
44 |
0 |
15 |
||
|
Molasses |
0 |
5 |
7 |
6 |
||
|
Common salt |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
|
Rock salt |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
||
|
DCP |
0.4 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
||
|
Vitamin Es-ADE (per calf for consecutive 3 days) |
5 ML |
5 ML |
5 ML |
5 ML |
||
|
Total (Kg) |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
||
|
Chemical composition |
|
|
|
|||
|
DM |
88.07 |
88.04 |
87.56 |
87.67 |
||
|
CP |
15.25 |
21.80 |
20.05 |
21.30 |
||
|
CF |
11.25 |
9.42 |
6.04 |
7.63 |
||
|
EE |
8.64 |
6.91 |
3.85 |
4.91 |
||
|
ASH |
9.17 |
11.14 |
9.27 |
9.99 |
||
|
NFE |
55.69 |
50.73 |
60.79 |
56.17 |
||
|
ME (MJ/kg DM) |
11.46 |
11.67 |
11.75 |
11.54 |
||
DCP (Di-Calcium Phosphate 90%, Magnesium Sulphate 2%, Sodium Chloride 6%, and Trace Elements 2%)-Opsonin Pharma Ltd, Agrovet Division, Bangladesh. Vitamin Es-ADE (A-100000 IU, vitamin D3-20000 IU & vitamin E-20 mg)-Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh. ME was calculated from NRC (2001).
Table 2. Dry matter intake, growth performance, and nutritional status indicators from calves fed control, mustard oil cake (MOC), soybean meal (SM), and a mixture of mustard oil cake and soybean meal (MOCSM) dietary groups
|
Parameters |
Dietary groups |
SEM |
Between subjects-effects P-value |
||||||
|
Control |
MOC |
SM |
MOCSM |
||||||
|
DM intake and growth performance |
|||||||||
|
DM intake (g/d) |
195.05 |
238.98 |
220.87 |
224.27 |
49.43 |
0.93 |
|||
|
BWG (kg) changes weekly |
1.57b |
3.33a |
3.17a |
3.20a |
0.36 |
0.02 |
|||
|
HGG (cm) changes weekly |
1.58 |
2.06 |
1.94 |
1.97 |
0.14 |
0.17 |
|||
|
BLG (cm) changes weekly |
0.46a |
1.51b |
1.69b |
1.60b |
0.06 |
<0.01 |
|||
|
WHG (cm) changes weekly |
0.45a |
1.74b |
1.78b |
1.82b |
0.21 |
0.05 |
|||
|
Nutritional status variables |
|||||||||
|
Glucose (mmol/L) |
6.20 |
5.34 |
6.95 |
6.64 |
0.91 |
0.63 |
|||
|
Albumin (g/dL) |
3.56b |
4.72a |
4.37ab |
4.07ab |
0.19 |
0.01 |
|||
|
Serum urea (mg/dL) |
15.42b |
20.35a |
18.87a |
18.58a |
0.43 |
<0.01 |
|||
|
BUN (mg/dL) |
7.21b |
9.51a |
8.82a |
8.68a |
0.19 |
<0.01 |
|||
|
Calcium (mg/dL) |
10.85b |
13.63a |
13.03ab |
13.69a |
0.55 |
0.02 |
|||
|
Phosphorus (mg/dL) |
5.03b |
5.70a |
5.84a |
5.80a |
0.15 |
0.01 |
|||
DM, dry matter; BWG, body weight gain; HGG, heart-girth gain; BLG, body length gain; WHG, wither height gain; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; SEM, standard error of the mean. This means in a row with different superscripts (a, b) is statistically different.
Table 3. Tests of within subjects’ effects (sphericity assumed) on DM intake, growth performance and nutritional status of calves
|
Parameters |
Source |
F-value |
P-value |
|
DM intake |
Time Time × Group |
47.57 0.47 |
<0.01 1.00 |
|
BWG |
Time Time × Group |
8.35 1.35 |
<0.01 0.18 |
|
HGG |
Time Time × Group |
4.18 1.53 |
0.001 0.10 |
|
BLG |
Time Time × Group |
0.56 1.12 |
0.79 0.35 |
|
WHG |
Time Time × Group |
2.36 1.29 |
0.03 0.22 |
|
Glucose |
Time Time × Group |
2.13 2.04 |
0.15 0.12 |
|
Albumin |
Time Time × Group |
16.97 1.99 |
<0.01 0.13 |
|
Serum urea |
Time Time × Group |
26.09 3.64 |
<0.01 0.02 |
|
BUN |
Time Time × Group |
26.07 3.63 |
<0.01 0.02 |
|
Calcium |
Time Time × Group |
16.50 7.27 |
<0.01 0.001 |
|
Phosphorus |
Time Time × Group |
17.36 3.27 |
<0.01 0.03 |
DM, dry matter; BWG, body weight gain; HGG, heart-girth gain; BLG, body length gain; WHG, wither height gain and BUN, blood urea nitrogen.
Table 4. Tests of within subjects’ contrast on DM intake, growth performance, and nutritional status
|
Parameters |
P-value for time |
P-value for time × dietary group |
||
|
Linear |
Quadratic |
Linear |
Quadratic |
|
|
DM intake |
<0.01 |
<0.01 |
0.87 |
0.87 |
|
BWG |
<0.01 |
0.005 |
0.04 |
0.58 |
|
HGG |
0.02 |
0.57 |
0.54 |
0.65 |
|
BLG |
0.57 |
0.86 |
0.58 |
0.15 |
|
WHG |
0.05 |
0.28 |
0.48 |
0.94 |
|
Glucose |
0.34 |
0.06 |
0.17 |
0.22 |
|
Albumin |
0.001 |
0.01 |
0.11 |
0.33 |
|
Serum urea |
0.001 |
<0.01 |
0.09 |
0.01 |
|
BUN |
0.001 |
<0.01 |
0.09 |
0.01 |
|
Calcium |
0.001 |
0.15 |
0.004 |
0.11 |
|
Phosphorus |
0.001 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
0.74 |
DM, dry matter; BWG, body weight gain; HGG, heart-girth gain; BLG, body length gain; WHG, wither height gain and BUN, blood urea nitrogen.