Ethnopharmacology and Species diversity of Pteridophyta in Cyathea Park, Bali: A Field study and Literature Review

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2497775/v1

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Ethnopharmacology and Species diversity of Pteridophyta in Cyathea Park, Bali: A Field study and Literature Review

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2497775/v1

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Pteridophyta has been studied and conserved at the botanical garden. However, few have found and documented the medicinal properties of Pteridophyta species. The study identified species diversity and ethnopharmacology of Pteridophyta collected in Cyathea Park, Bali. Field exploration research and literature review were used in this study. The research was conducted by directly exploring the species of Pteridophyta collected in Cyathea Park, Bali and literature studies on the benefits and ethnopharmacology of Pteridophyta species are used as candidates and raw materials for traditional medicine. Data search is carried out systematically by utilizing databases and keywords. All the data is examined qualitatively and descriptively. The study's findings indicate nine species: Cyathea contaminans (Wall.ex Hook) Copel, Asplenium nidus L., Asplenium sp., Selaginella sp., Diplazium esculentum., Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm, Cyathea sp., Nephrolepis hirsutula (Forst), and Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) Moore. The leaves and shoots are the most frequently used raw materials in medicine. At the same time, the roots, stems, and hair are utilized in planting mediums, crafts, games, and food production. Pteridophyta species treat fever, cough, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antidiuretic, antioxidant, insecticide, larvicide, diabetes, and anti-retroviral.

Botany

Medicinal Chemistry

Natural Product Chemistry

Conservation Biology

Integrative & Complementary Medicine

Tropical Medicine

Preventive Medicine

Clinical Pharmacology

Chemical Biology

Cyathea

Diversity

Ethnopharmacology

Pteridophyta

Traditional medicinal agents

Regions with high rain intensity tend to have abundant flora diversity, one of which is Indonesia (Atho et al., 2020). Tropical rain forests in the country can produce thousands of plants, including ferns (Pteridophyta)(Nabila et al., 2021). Pteridophyta generally lives in humid environments with temperatures ranging from 21–27^oC at varying altitudes and habitats in aquatic, terrestrial, and epiphytic areas (Lestari & Nindira, 2021; Nabila et al., 2021). Pteridophyta have kormus, spore bags on parts of their bodies, and do not have seeds, so they are classified into the Cryptogamae (Silalahi, 2014; Yudianto, 1992).

The high diversity of nail plants in Indonesia has an essential role in the environment and humans (Jones et al., 2019). Pteridophyta for the environment has an ecological role, such as covering soil, protecting the soil from erosion, mixing litter for soil nutrient formation, and acting as producers in the food chain. Meanwhile, the role of Pteridophyta for humans as a source of germplasm, including for consumption needs, raw materials for traditional medicine, ornamental plants, handicrafts, and fertilizers for soil improvement (Ciawi et al., 2022; Sirichai et al., 2022; Tungmunnithum et al., 2018). The existence of nail plants indicates that the environment is still in good condition (Darma et al., 2018; Taslim et al., 2019; Wu et al., 2020).

Exploration and identification of Pteridophyta in various regions of Indonesia have been widely carried out (Darma et al., 2018; Nabila et al., 2021; Nikmatullah et al., 2020). It is included in the technical implementation unit of the Eka Karya Botanical Garden Plant Conservation Center, Bali. This botanical garden has duties and functions as a cultural heritage, including a center for biodiversity research and plant conservation in eastern Indonesia. Cyathea Park covers an area of 2 ha, which is used for the conservation area of Pteridophyta and likofita plants (LIPI, 2022).

Exploration conducted by previous research is only limited to identifying the current types, quantities, identities, and conditions of Pteridophyta available to update collection data (Darma et al., 2018, 2021; Lestari & Nindira, 2021). However, not many studies have explored the benefits of Pteridophyta species in a botanical garden area being used as a traditional medicinal agent. This study seeks to bring about species diversity and the benefits of Pteridophyta Cyathea Park Collection, Eka Karya Botanical Garden, Bali as a traditional medicine agent through the study of literature on appropriate species.

Field exploration research and literature review were used in this study (Darwin et al., 2021). The research was conducted by directly exploring the species of Pteridophyta collected in Cyathea Park (-8.2759165, 115.1511926), Eka Karya Botanical Garden, Bali, which is located at Jalan Botanical Garden Eka Karya number 2, Candikuning, Baturiti, Tabanan Regency, Bali 82191. Cyathea Park, plot code XI.E, is located at an elevation of 1,250–1,450 meters above sea level, with temperatures ranging from 18–20°C and humidity ranging from 70–90%. Furthermore, literature studies on the benefits of Pteridophyta species are used as candidates and raw materials for traditional medicine. Data is collected from databases such as PubMed MeSH terms, Sciencedirect, Emerald, Nature, and Google Scholar. The keyword used is "Cyathea contaminans AND C.contaminans", "Asplenium nidus L.", "Asplenium sp.", "Selaginella sp.", "Angiopteris evecta AND A. evecta", "Dicksonia blumei AND D. blumei", "agent", "traditional medicine", "health", "benefits". The instruments in this study include data recording sheets, Cyathea Park plans, stationery, and devices for documentation.

Collection of Pteridophyta species identities in this study by recording based on "plaque" or board identity consisting of access number "E" and tagging number. Species validation is done through (http://www.worldfloraonline.org/) to determine classification, habitat data, and synonyms. Data collection is carried out for one month, and all data is analyzed descriptively based on the data collected. The data is presented in narrative and table-supported documentation (Pteridophyta species image) during the study.

3.1 Species Diversity Pteridophyta Cyathea Park Collection

Nail plants (Pteridophyta) are closely related to cormofita-sporous plants and are classified as "vascular plants" (Tracheophyta) due to their true roots, stems, and leaves. They reproduce asexually by the use of spores. Nine Pteridophyta species were discovered during field searches in the Cyathea Park Collection at Bali's Eka Karya Botanical Garden. These plants are dominant and beneficial as traditional medicine agents. Table 1 and Figure 1 lists the Pteridophyta species discovered in Cyathea Park.

Table 1. Data collection on Pteridophyta species at Cyathea Park

Species	Family	Sample code	Habitus	Figure
Cyathea contaminans (Wall ex Hook) Copel	Cyatheaceae	XI.E.01	Terrestrial	Fig. 1A
Asplenium nidus L.	Aspleniaceae	XI.E.02	Terrestrial and epiphytic,	Fig. 1B
Asplenium sp.	Polypodiaceae	XI.E.03	Terrestrial	Fig. 1C
Selaginella sp.	Selaginellales	XI.E.04	Xerophytes and epiphytes	Fig. 1D
Diplazium esculentum	Athyriaceae	XI.E.05	Terrestrial	Fig. 1E
Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm.	Martiaceae	XI.E.06	Terrestrial	Fig. 1F
Cyathea sp.	Cyatheaceae	XI.E.07	Terrestrial	Fig. 1G
Nephrolepis hirsutula (Forst) C. Presl	Davalliaceae	XI.E.08	Terrestrial and Epiphytic,	Fig. 1H
Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) Moore	Cyatheaceae	XI.E.09	Epiphytes and hydrophytes	Fig. 1I

3.2 Benefits of Pteridophyta species collected in Cyathea Park

The benefits of Pteridophyta species collected in Cyathea Park, Eka Karya Botanical Garden, Bali are summarized in Table 2 based on the type of treatment, the sections used, the chemical content, and the degree of use, and other designations by the community with the ethnopharmacology approach.

Table 2. Ethnopharmacology of Pteridophyta species collected in Cyathea Park, Bali

Species	Traditional medicine agents	Parts used	How to use	Chemical content	Other uses	Source
Cyathea contaminans (Wall ex Hook) Copel	Antimicrobials (B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans) Antifungal Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant Anti-seizure Cold medicine Hypocholesterolemia	Leaf Young Leaves (Shoots) Trunk Seed Stem hair Root	Taped to the affected area Boiled by consuming boiled starch juice, Pounded and affixed to the wound/swelling Simple maceration	Saponins Alkaloids Flavonoids, Tannins Anthraquinones	Ornamental plants Media planting Handcrafts Vegetables, Traditional game Carbon filters and ceramic materials Orchid support	(Ahmad Faizal et al., 2020; Amoroso et al., 2014; Ciawi et al., 2022; Gultoma et al., 2015; Mustacisa-Lacaba et al., 2021; Suryana et al., 2018; Wardani, 2018)
Asplenium nidus L.	Fever Reliever Overcoming dandruff It relieves open wounds. Post-Delivery Tonic Analgesic Treating ulcers Antibiotics Antimicrobial Immunostimulator Depurative and sedative	Leaf Leaf shoots Trunk	Ground, smoothed, affixed, used on the head area Ground and pasted on the ulcer area Taped to the area experiencing swelling Boiled and consumed starch juice two times a day	Saponins Alkaloids Flavonoids Tannins Polyphenols Kaempferol Quercetin	Stimulate spore growth	(Amoroso et al., 2014; Faral et al., 2019; Heo et al., 2021; Lai et al., 2009; Mannan et al., 2008; Nikmatullah et al., 2020; Ravi et al., 2015; Zeng & Lai, 2019b)
Asplenium sp.	Fever reliever Burns Medicine Skin disease Melanoma antikemotactic Antioxidant Monoamine oxidase inhibitor	Leaf Root	Pounded and affixed to wounds, fever sufferers, and areas of the skin	Flavonoids Tannins Polyphenols Luteolin glycosides kaempferol glucopyranosyl caffeic acid	Ornamental Plants Planting media	(Andrade et al., 2014; Atho et al., 2020; Ekici & Sisman, 2020; Zeng & Lai, 2019a)
Selaginella sp.	Antidiabetic Anti-inflammatory Antivirus Anti-mutagenic, Anti-nosyeptif Anti-spasmodic, Anti-cancer Anti-Alzheimer's Anti-parasite	Leaf Trunk	Ground, boil and drink water starch juice regularly	Flavonoids Alkaloids Lignans Tannins Saponins Pigments Terpenoids Phenylpropanoids Steroids Quinoids Coumarins Biapigenin	Ornamental plants	(Adnan et al., 2021; Menezes & Diederich, 2021; Reduction et al., 2021; Rindita et al., 2020; Setyawan, 2009; Xu et al., 2015)
Diplazium esculentum	Respiratory diseases Cough Urinary tract infection (UTI) Gonorrhea Topical dermatitis Head pain Body odor Antibacterial Antifungal Immunomodulator Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Larvicides and insecticides Antidiabetic Overcoming hematuria and dyspepsia	Leaf Young Shoots Root Stem	Ground, boil, and drink water starch juice regularly three times a day Dried leaves and stems are burned and used as a mosquito repellent, which results from burning as a larvacide. Ground and taped to the skin that has swelling	Flavonoids Polyphenols Alkaloids Terpenoid Saponins Phytosterols Leucoanthocyanins Glycosides Diterpenes Triterpenes	Vegetable Ornamental plants	(Balangcod & Balangcod, 2018; Halimatussakdiah et al., 2020, 2018; Nikmatullah et al., 2020; Roy et al., 2013; Roy & Chaudhuri, 2020; Semwal et al., 2021; Sirichai et al., 2022; Thomas & Bindu, 2021; Tongco et al., 2014; Zannah et al., 2017; Zuhri et al., 2016)
Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm	Anti-bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) Anti-HIV agents	Leaf Leaf shoots	Ground, boil and drink water starch juice regularly	Alkaloids Phenol Flavonoids Tannins Saponins Triterpene Steroids	Ornamental Plants	(Rindita et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020)
Cyathea sp.	Antiretroviral Fever reliever Stab Wound Reliever	Leaf Leaf shoots	Ground, and taped to the head and legs	β-naphthoflavone Phenol kaempferol Flavonoids	N/A	(Larson et al., 2014; Silalahi et al., 2015)
Nephrolepis hirsutula (Forst) C. Presl	Treating diarrhea Smoothing Breast Milk antimicrobial Anti-inflammation Antivirus Anticancer Healers of sores, coughs, and ulcers	Leaf Leaf shoots	Ground, boiled, and drink water starch juice regularly Ground and taped to the area of the wound/ulcer	Eugenol β-Ionone Thymol Anethole Cinnamaldehyde Methyl palmitate	N/A	(El-Tantawy et al., 2016; Popovici et al., 2018; Renjana et al., 2021; Rindita et al., 2020; Sajeev et al., 2015)
Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) Moore	Fever reliever Antibacterial Analgesic	Leaf Leaf shoots Trunk	Pounded, boiled, and drink regularly	Flavonoids Tannins Saponins	Planting Media Ornamental Plants Craft	(LIPI, 2022; Muhyi et al., 2020; Suryana et al., 2018)

Abbreviations : N/A = Not applicable.

4.1 Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex Hook) Copel

Cyathea contaminans (Wall. ex Hook) Copel is a tribe of Cyatheaceae and has synonyms including Polypodium contaminans Wall. Cat., Alsophila contaminans Wall. ex Hook., Alsophila acuta Presl, Alsophila smithiana Presl, and Alsophila clementis Copel (Mustacisa-Lacaba et al., 2021; Warseno, 2015). This nail is known as a "treenail" by some people in Indonesia. The local names of these nails in Indonesia are pehon nails, board nails, Tihangbodas nails (Sunda), Pole nails (Bali), Bagedor (West Java), and Tree ferns (North Sumatra) (Gultoma et al., 2015). These nails' characteristics that stand out are fronds that resemble coconut trees, having a high stature, and growing in groups with other types of nails. It thrives on mountain slopes and sheltered places at 1,060–1,600 meters above sea level. Morphologically, the roots of the fibers protected by calyptra are black and slender and covered with rough roots; they are tight and thick, and there are shallow indentations of the petiole marks attached. The height of the stem reaches 6–7 m. The location of the leaves is paired. The leaf bones are purplish and equipped with sharp spines. The leaves are 150 × 30 mm in size. These spikes are equipped with sorus near the edges of the leaves. There is no indusium. It resembles an umbrella and grows terrestrially (Ciawi et al., 2022; Wardani, 2018). The community widely uses this type of nail for crafts, ornamental plants, and raw materials for traditional medicine (Ahmad Faizal et al., 2020; Ciawi et al., 2022; Mustacisa-Lacaba et al., 2021).

4.2 Asplenium nidus L.

Asplenium nidus L. It is a tribe of Aspleniaceae and has the synonym Asplenium nidus, syn. with A. ficifolium Goldm., Thamnopteris nidus (L.) C. Presl., Neottopteris rigida Feé). This nail is known as the "bird's nest nail" by the people of Bali (Lestari & Nindira, 2021). Asplenium nidus L. species grows in terrestrial and epiphytic areas, many of which are found in the mountains at 1,700–2,500 meters above sea level. These spikes are identical to the elongated morphology of the leaves, which are bright green and darken as they approach maturity. The length of the leaves is 150 cm long by 20 cm wide. The edges of the leaves are choppy, the leaves are lanceolate and arranged circularly, and the tips of the leaves are tapered. The petioles are sturdy, black in color, and have a length of 5 cm. The texture of the leaves resembles paper. The short rhizome is covered with smooth and dense scales. Sorus is located on the lower surface of the leaves and is arranged following the venation. The sori are narrow and located above the veins of the leaves (Nabila et al., 2021; Supiandi et al., 2019). Asplenium nidus L. is utilized by the community as an ornamental plant because of its unique shape and has benefits as a restorative material, especially anticonvulsant, skin disease drugs, and antichemotactics, which have been widely researched (Andrade et al., 2014; Faral et al., 2019; Heo et al., 2021; Zeng & Lai, 2019a).

4.3 Asplenium sp.

Asplenium sp. is a tribe of Polypodiaceae that belongs to the herbaceous nail. The habitat is terrestrial and has the local name of a land nail (Bali), which helps the bird's nest. These spikes are found in moist and terrestrial areas and are classified as terrestrial. The morphology of the leaves on these spikes is single-shaped, with fine serrations on the edges of the leaves, a pinnate shape, and a dark green to dark green coloration that suggests the presence of delicate feathers above the leaf surface. There are different types of sporophylls, anglophiles, and fertile leaves. There are also spores on the enthalpy and stiff. The stem is long and slender, measuring 1-2 cm with a 60 cm–1 m. The stem is blackish-brown and has branching. The roots are fibrous, coarse, and dark brown. The sporangium is in an annulus-shaped dun of 3-5 mm, yellow in color, with fine spores and sorus surrounded by insidium (Andrade et al., 2014; Heo et al., 2021; Nabila et al., 2021). Asplenium sp. leaves have been known to contain essential oils used in traditional medicine (Hammami et al., 2016; Rai et al., 2017). It has analgesic benefits (Ekici & Sisman, 2020) and contains isolated chemical constituent for commercial purposes in society (Zeng & Lai, 2019b).

4.4 Selaginella sp.

Selaginella sp. is known as rane nails or moss spikes. This species grows creeping, slightly erect, and herbaceous. In addition, nails of this type can grow at an altitude of 10–1,500 meters above sea level. It grows in a partially moist environment of xerophytes and epiphytes. Morphological single, squawked leaves lined up along the stem resemble a needle with a length of 1-2 mm. The dominant color of the leaves is dark green, with micropile and anisophile leaf types. On upright stems, 15–35 cm high, there are roots on branching, rounded stems, prostrate, and creeping stem types. Furthermore, the sorus in Selaginella sp. is heterosporous, producing microspores composed of strobilus. This species thrives under the dominance of one stem and has many branches (Baskaran et al., 2018; Rindita et al., 2020). Selaginella sp. is a nail rich in secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids, phenols, and polyphenols that are beneficial for health (Reginaldo et al., 2021). Sustainable cultivation and conservation are strongly recommended to increase the number of species and cultivate plants as traditional medicinal agents (Anwar et al., 2021; Oon et al., 2021).

4.5 Diplazium esculentum

Diplazium esculentum is a tribe of Athyriaceae that is generally consumed by the community in the form of vegetables. These spikes belong to homospora, which inhabits habitats in rivers or moist soils, grow at 350–1,600 meters above sea level, and are classified as terrestrial spikes. Morphologically, the leaves of this nail are a type of compound leaf, pinnate, lanceolate shape, the presence of serrations, and pointed ends, with a length of 5–6 sm and a width of 1-2 cm. Young totals are generally covered with dark brown scales. Stalks and stems are green, 50–80 cm long. The roots on these spikes are fat and gathered, the rhizome is short, about 5 mm, and the rhizome propagates to the errect. The elongated sori resemble a crescent moon in the indusia vein. The sorus is ring-shaped, uneven, and follows the direction of the leaf veins. This nail is utilized because it contains various therapeutic benefits, especially in traditional medicine (Halimatussakdiah et al., 2018; Semwal et al., 2021; Zihad et al., 2019).

4.6 Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm

Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) The Hoffm is a Marattiaceae tribe synonymous with the synonyms Polypodium evectum G. Forst and Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.). It grows terrestrially in the tropics at 950–1,200 meters above sea level. With humid soil conditions, optimal temperatures range from 19–27^oC. This nail has the local name of elephant nail, "Bali and Java," and is widely found in the highlands of Bali (LIPI, 2022). This species has three variations at the base of the leaf frond stalk, namely dark green, white waxy, and brown. Leaf morphology in Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm is a pinnate double compound, up to 6 m long, with sporophyte bone leaves and isophilic leaves with a length of 5 cm and a width of 7 cm. The leaves have a dark green color and shallow jagged edges. The stems of these spikes are erect, green, and have cavities. Part of the stem is decorated with hair thorns and rementas. Sori is a lateral annulus and forms a long line. Sori is reddish-brown, resembles a heart, and has an indusium. Sori size ±0.5-1.5 mm from the edges and is classified as homospora (Atho et al., 2020; Warseno, 2015). This nail has been researched and is known to have benefits as an antiretroviral, especially in HIV disease, which until now has not been found to have a cure or vaccine (Rindita et al., 2020). It is essential to encourage the use and cultivation of this nail because tropical diseases have been a problem for many people. This will aid in the quest for novel medication candidates derived from the nail Angiopteris evecta Hoffm (Wang et al., 2020).

4.7 Cyathea sp.

Cyathea sp. It is a tribe of the Cyatheaceae, which is the most prominent family in Cyanthea Park. This nail is included in the nail of a tree with a 20-meter span. These spikes grow terrestrially and include herbaceous spikes because they contain about 80% water in their bodies. It is characterized by a robust stem and rhizome (stick-like dominance). It can reach a height of 15 meters and a diameter of 25–50 centimeters. It has 1-meter-long tripinnatifid leaves with an elongated form and pointy ends. On the shoots, there are serrations. The length of the leaves reaches 7–13 cm, with a width of 4 cm. The surface is paper-like, bright green to dark in color, with the presence of feathers on the fronds and leaves, including anisophiles. Next, the spore type of bean seed monolet and cup monolet is The entire sorus located at the bottom of the leaves, while the roots are all-encompassing and protected by calyptra, and there are serrations at the top (Warseno, 2015). This nail is widely used as a kicker and other nail protectors underneath (LIPI, 2022). In addition, these spikes have been known to be beneficial as antiretrovirals (Larson et al., 2014) and fever drugs.

4.8 Nephrolepis hirsutula (Forst) C. Presl

Nephrolepis hirsutula (Forst) C. Presl is a tribe of Davalliaceae that grows terrestrial and epiphytic at an altitude of 900–1,750 meters above sea level. This spike can grow in cuca and extreme temperatures, including deserts and open highland areas. The local name for this nail is pedang nail (Bali, Java, and Sumatra). A particular characteristic of this nail is that it has an elongated enthalpy resembling a sword. These nails have leaf bones that have branching; the tips of the leaves are snaking, and they include microphyl (small) and macrophiles (large). The size of the leaves is 2 cm long by 1 cm wide. The shape of the leaves is pushed with the splitting tip, and the edges of the leaves are jagged. Young leaves roll, green in color, and the leaves have three types: tropophils, sporophylls, and bropophiles. The stems of these spikes are rounded, the height of the stem reaches 0.5 cm, they are brownish, and they have fine hairs. The sporangium is neatly arranged on the leaf vein test and grows to the height of the leaves (LIPI, 2022). This nail is also helpful as an antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and can treat diarrhea in both children and adults (Popovici et al., 2018; Renjana et al., 2021).

4.9 Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) Moore

Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) Moore is a Cyatheaceae tribe known by the local names of paku kidang, lemputu, and lempunah (Bali) (LIPI, 2022). This nail belongs to the nail type of tree with a large trunk and a high stature. These spikes are found at 1.060–1.755 masl altitudes and love moist and watery areas. These plants include epiphytes and hydrophytes but are generally affected. Morphologically, the roots of these spikes are fibers protected by calyptra, and their shape is rough, black, tight, and thick with tapered aids. Slender stem stature with a height of up to 6-7 m. It has a fresh leaf, strands of inscribed leaves, and is located in pairs. The length of the petiole reaches 1 m. The bones of the primary leaves are pale, purplish, and sharply prickly. Children have a size of 34 cm and the presence of rolled vernation on young leaves. This nail has a 1 m long enthalpy, purplish brown, and a rolling enthalpy resembling a violin handle. There is a sporangium in the sorus, which is found on the lower surface of the leaves (Warseno, 2015; Zuhri et al., 2016). Feathers or hair-containing stems are widely used as planting media, and leaves and shoots are traditional medicine (Muhyi et al., 2020).

As many as nine identified species has benefits as traditional medicinal agents, including Cyathea contaminans (Wall ex Hook) Copel., Asplenium nidus L., Asplenium sp., Selaginella sp., Diplazium esculentum, Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm, Cyathea sp., Nephrolepis hirsutula (Forst) C. Presl and Dicksonia blumei (Kunze) Moore. Leaf parts and leaf shoots (buds) are most widely used as medicinal raw materials, while roots, stems, and hairs are used as a medium for planting, crafts, games, and vegetables. In the future, study on the pharmacological, phytochemical, toxicity and efficacy of Pteridophyta components used as traditional medicinal compounds will be necessary.

Ethics approval: Not applicable

Consent for publication: Not applicable

Availability of data and materials: Not applicable

Competing interests: All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding: None, All authors do not receive funding assistance from any party.

Authors' contributions: I.M.D.M., conceptualization, study design, field data collection, writing and manuscript finalization, N.K.A.J. collection, literature validation, data analysis, manuscript finalization.

Acknowledgements: We want to express our gratitude to the head of the Technical Implementation Unit of the Eka Karya Bali Garden Plant Conservation Center and Biology Study Program, Faculty of Information Technology and Science, Hindu University of Indonesia, for granting permission and assisting us in conducting this research, as well as to all those who assisted us.

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Ethnopharmacology and Species diversity of Pteridophyta in Cyathea Park, Bali: A Field study and Literature Review

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1. Introduction

2. Materials And Methods

3. Results

3.1 Species Diversity Pteridophyta Cyathea Park Collection

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