From Table 10 and Fig. 1, it can be seen that the network relationship of landscape elements in “Three Hundred Tang Poems” can be divided into 8 cohesive subgroups: the first is composed of mountains, water and flowers; the second house and willow/poplar; the third land, hall/palace, gate, and city/market; the fourth tree/wood, window, pond, garden, peach, branch, house/residential, pavilion and grass; the fifth river, spring, platform, sea, road, wave; the sixth leaf, hill, lotus/hibiscus, well, moss, and stone; the seventh pine, forest, peak, stream, field/idyllic, lake, courtyard/court and boat; the eighth trail, river, temple, cave and sand/desert. At the same time, the density of each cohesive subgroup is relatively high, and each cohesive subgroup can also be regarded as a common landscape scene in Tang poetry. It can be seen here that private gardens, such as the second and fourth groups, are closely related to plants and buildings; in the second and third groups, public gardens are inseparable from private gardens and royal gardens, and there is a situation of mutual influence; natural gardens, such as the first The five and seven groups of landscape elements are diverse and of high importance. Highlight the corresponding correlation within each garden type.
3.5 K-kernel analysis of landscape elements related to the characteristics of Tang Dynasty gardens in “Three Hundred Tang Poems”
3.5.1 K-core analysis of landscape elements of royal gardens in Tang Dynasty in “Three Hundred Tang Poems”
Table 11
Landscape elements corresponding to the range of K-core values in Royal Gardens in "Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty"
K-value range | Landscape elements |
31 | Hall/Palace/Palace, Mountain, Flower/Do, Pavilion/Building, Road/Road, Gate, City/City/Market, River, Water, Que, Home, Willow/Poplar, River, Branch, Lotus/Lotus/ Nymphaea/Hibiscus, Pond/Pond, Court, Leaf, Grass, Hall, Spring, Peach, Room/House, Sea, Pear, Appendage, Pepper, Garden, Wutong, Bamboo/Yuhuang, Zephyr, Slope |
11–20 | Temple/Temple, Stone, Pine, Tree/Wood, Mountain, Cave/Cave, Cypress, Mound, Courtyard/Garden, Sand/Desert, Peak, Wave/Wave/Waves, Forest/Forest, Moss, Lake, Cliff, Waterfall/Cascade, Plug, House, Rowan, Hen, Pavilion |
1–10 | Pillar, maple, terrace, wall, house/house, boat/boat, gate, smiling, countryside/village, fir, pavilion, acacia, pagoda, imperial garden, window, shore, well, stream |
It can be seen from Table 11 that there are 72 landscape elements related to royal gardens in “Three Hundred Tang Poems”, of which the highest K-core is 31, and there are 32 landscape elements, accounting for 44.4%. Among the 31-core, There are 11 buildings (respectively: hall/palace, pavilion, gate, city/market, home, garden, hall, house, and garden), and 11 plants (respectively: : flower, willow/poplar, branch, lotus/hibiscus, leaf, grass, peach, pear, pepper, phoenix and bamboo), there are 7 water bodies (respectively: river, water, ponds, springs, seas and lakes), 2 rocks (mountains and slopes), and 1 road (road), showing that the network structure of Royal Gardens landscape elements is relatively stable.
3.5.2 K-core analysis of landscape elements of private gardens in Tang Dynasty in “Three Hundred Tang Poems”
Table 12
Landscape elements corresponding to the range of K-core values in Private Gardens in "Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty"
K-value range | Landscape elements |
31 | Home, Mountain, Flower/Do, River, Road/Route/Road, Water, City/City/Market, Gate, Grass, Temple/Palace/Palace, Pavilion/Lou, Sea, Leaf, River, Spring, Garden, Pond/Pond, Bamboo/Yuhuang, Hall, Willow/Poplar Flower, Lotus/Lotus/ Nymphaea/Hibiscus, Room/House, Peach, Pear, Branch, Que, Appendage, Court, Ze, Pepper, Wutong, Slope |
21–30 | House/house, boat/boat, tree/wood, sand/desert, countryside/village, forest/forest, pine, wave/wave/wave, cave/cave, stone, courtyard/garden, terrace, river, maple, pluvial, lake, mansion, peak |
11–20 | Stream, field/field, well, cypress, reed/reed/jia, lane, beach, shore, boat, grain/valley/miao, mountain, waterfall/cascade, cliff, mountain range, window, moss, pillar, plum, bridge, rowan, tung, haphazard, date, pavilion |
1–10 | Thatch, Elm, Gable, Path, Hen, Chrysanthemum/Chrysanthemum, Diamond, Laurel, Grape, Quay, Shore, Ridge, Fruit, Pavilion, Gallery |
Table 12 shows that there are 89 landscape elements related to private gardens in “Three Hundred Tang Poems”, of which the highest K-core is 31, and there are 32 landscape elements, accounting for 35.96%, indicating the network structure of private garden landscape elements Good stability, in 31-core, there are 10 buildings (respectively: home, city/market, gate, hall/palace, pavilion, garden, hall, house and garden), 10 plants (respectively: grass, leaf, bamboo, willow/poplar, lotus/hanli/hibiscus, peach, pear, branch, pepper and sycamore), and 6 water (respectively: river, water, sea, spring, pond and swamp), 2 rocks (respectively: mountain, slope), and 1 road (road). When the landscape elements of royal gardens are compared with those of private gardens, it can be found that their landscape elements are quite similar, which once again proves that Royal Gardenss are keen to imitate private gardens in the construction process.
3.5.3 K-core analysis of landscape elements of Monastic Gardens in Tang Dynasty in “Three Hundred Tang Poems”
Table 13
Landscape elements corresponding to the range of K-core values in Monastic Gardens in "Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty"
K-value range | Landscape elements |
12 | Temple/Temple, Mountain, Stone, Temple/Palace/Palace, Road/Road, Tree/Tree, Pine, River, Peak, Water, Forest/Forest, Path, Gate, Hall, Pavilion/Building, River, Countryside/Village, Wave/Wave, Mound, Branch, Cypress, Sand/Desert, Leaf, Sea, Eaves, Moss |
4–11 | Stream, ridge, banana, pavilion, boat/boat, pillar, mountain, wall, pond, flower/do, house/house, spring, xuan, fir, platform, acacia, pagoda, field/field, pavilion, city/city/city, maple, courtyard/garden, lotus/lien/nymphaea/ hibiscus, bamboo/yellow bamboo |
From Table 13, it can be seen that there are 50 landscape elements related to temple gardens in “Three Hundred Tang Poems”, of which the highest K-core is 12, and there are 26 landscape elements, accounting for 52%, indicating the network of temple garden landscape elements. The structural stability is good. In 31-core, there are 7 buildings (respectively: temple, hall/palace, gate, hall, pavilion township/village, eaves), and 6 plants ( Respectively: tree/wood, pine, branch, cypress, leaf, moss), 5 water (respectively: river, water, wave, sea), 4 rocks (respectively: mountain, stone, peak, hill), 2 roads (respectively: road, trail), and 2 topography and land use (respectively: forest, sand/desert). Although there are few landscape elements in temple gardens, they are quite recognizable. For example, landscape elements such as pine, cypress, mountains, stones, and peaks can directly outline the scene of temple views in mountains and forests, showing that temple gardens are more and more similar to private gardens. In addition, the "tower", a common element of temple garden landscape in the early stage, has gradually disappeared, further indicating the achievement of the secularization of temple gardens.
3.5.4 K-core analysis of landscape elements of public gardens in Tang Dynasty in “Three Hundred Tang Poems”
Table 14
Landscape elements corresponding to the range of K-core values in public gardens in "Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty"
K-value range | Landscape elements |
31 | City/city/municipality, mountain, river, home, water, road/road/road, flower/do, door, grass, sea, temple/palace/palace, pavilion/stairs, river, willow/yang flower, spring, leaf, pond/pond, que, house/house, bamboo/yewang, branch, garden, pear, lotus/lien/nymphaea/hibiscus, garden, peach, hall, appendix, zephyr, wutong, pepper, slope |
21–30 | Tree/wood, countryside/village, boat/boat, forest/forest, house/dwelling, cave/cave, wave/wave/wave, sand/desert, platform, rock, pine, river, lake, peak, stream, well, cliff, mountain range, courtyard/garden, field/field, hill |
11–20 | Mountains, shores, maples, reeds, beaches, boats, lanes, temples, houses, waterfalls, ridge, paths, pavilions, bridges, dates, tung, banks, cypresses, grasses, valleys, seedlings |
1–10 | Tide, window, ditch, eaves, elm, wall, laurel, vine, grape, fir, plum, quay, xuan, chrysanthemum/chrysanthemum, shrine, imperial garden, dogwood |
From Table 14, it can be seen that there are 90 landscape elements related to public gardens in “Three Hundred Tang Poems”, of which the highest K-core is 31, and there are 32 landscape elements, accounting for 35.56%, indicating a network of public garden landscape elements The structural stability is good. In the 31-core, there are 11 buildings (respectively: city/market, home, door, hall/palace pavilion, house, garden, garden, church), there are 11 plants (respectively: flower, grass, willow/poplar, leaf, bamboo, branch, pear, lotus/hibiscus, peach, sycamore, pepper), There are 7 water (respectively: river, water, sea, spring, pond, swamp), 2 rocks (respectively: mountain, slope), and 1 road (road). The landscape elements related to public gardens are relatively abundant. It can be seen that public gardens have appeared at this time and have outstanding social effects, which have attracted widespread attention from poets.
3.5.5 K-core analysis of natural garden landscape elements in Tang Dynasty in "Three Hundred Tang Poems”
Table 15
Landscape elements corresponding to the range of K-core values of natural garden landscape in "Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty"
K-value range | Landscape elements |
32 | mountain, water, river, road/road/road, flower/do, city/city/municipality, tree/wood, door, home, boat/boat, sea, pavilion/building, grass, temple/palace/palace, stone, sand/desert, river, forest/forest, countryside/village, wave/wave/wave, pine, terrace, willow/yang flower, leaf, pond/pond, spring, house/house, temple/temple, lake, cave/cavern, courtyard/garden, bamboo/yewang, lotus/lotus/nymphaea/hibiscus, stream, hall, peak mound, queue, branch, moss, mountain, house/house, peach, pear, zephyr, garden, appendage |
31 | Chuan, Se, Tian/Tian Yuan, Wells, Court, Pepper, Sycamore, Po |
21–30 | cypress, reed/reed/jia, maple, cliff, bank, xuan, pillar, mansion, path, pavilion, range, boat, waterfall/cascade, lane, ridge, bank, eaves |
11–20 | Window, Bridge, Plum, Harvest/Valley/Mowers, Wall, Beach, Laurel, Orchid, Tide, Stream, Diamond, Pool, Melon, Rowan, Hopscotch, Tung, Date, Chrysanthemum/Chrysanthemum, Thatch, Banana |
1–10 | Elm, drain, hibiscus, island, pavilion, palace, vetch, fir, grape, smiling, acacia, fruit, tower, magnolia, fern, imperial garden, artemisia, great wall |
From Table 15, it can be seen that there are 110 landscape elements related to natural gardens in "Three Hundred Tang Poems ", of which the highest K-core is 32, and there are 47 landscape elements, accounting for 42.73%, indicating a natural garden landscape. The structural stability of the element network is good. In the 31-core, there are 15 buildings (respectively: city/market, gate, home, pavilion, hall/palace, township/village, platform, house) There are 12 water (respectively: water, river, boat, sea, river, wave, pool/pond, spring, lake, stream, marsh), 11 plants (respectively: flower, tree/wood, grass, pine, willow/poplar, leaf, bamboo, lotus/ hibiscus, branch, moss, peach, pear), 6 rocks (respectively: mountains, rocks, caves/caves, peaks, mounds, mountains), 2 topography and land use (respectively: desert, forest), and 1 road (road). The elements of natural garden landscape are rich and common in royal gardens, private gardens and temple gardens, and are closely related to them. It can be seen that no matter what kind of garden type is based on natural landscapes. At the same time, some man-made objects appeared in landscape gardens, which proves that people's attitude towards nature at this time has gone beyond the primitive worship of nature, but moved towards closeness to nature, which belongs to the transitional stage of worshiping nature to transforming nature during which people are more harmony with nature.