Simulation evaluation of virtual reality in interior design effect display and practice mode innovation

With the continuous improvement and promotion of new technologies in the information age, virtual reality technology has been widely used. Virtual interaction technology has also begun to penetrate into the application market. At present, virtual reality technology has been widely recognized in the field of interior design, which can be used for target display based on virtual exhibition halls, so it is sought after by many users. This form is different from the previous rigid scene reproduction methods such as images and videos. Customers do not have to be in the actual scene, as long as they can run and watch through the network, and get a sense of reality. This paper develops a kind of virtual interior design system based on VR technology and divides it into two categories: One is virtual reality based on software technology and the other is virtual reality based on virtual hardware technology. The technical principle is based on the following four steps: preprocessing, model transformation, image fusion, and registration, which are tested by simulation experiments. The algorithm proposed in this paper can determine whether the Cu is continuously divided in advance, so as to improve coding efficiency, accelerate the effect display of interior design, and improve customer experience. The intended task of the system design is to bring immersive experience to the target users, so that they can get the most real perception at anytime and anywhere. This paper introduces the virtual reality technology into the interior design to carry out the system application analysis and effect display.


Introduction
Virtual reality technology, known as VR technology, is a computer graphics technology that integrates various technologies, including network technology, multimedia technology, graphic three-dimensional display technology, simulation technology, human-computer interaction technology, etc. (Bamodu and Ye 2013). It is also an interdisciplinary comprehensive technology, including the ideas of many disciplines, such as mathematics, esthetics, mechanics, and kinematic optics. This technology can create a virtual reality that can bring immersive feeling and experience to users by using computer and other media (Cutting 1997).Virtual reality can enable users to interact with targets in virtual space, so as to meet their needs of immersion and interactivity and reasonably demonstrate the multi-dimensional form of human-computer interaction (Bhagat et al. 2016). Today, virtual reality technology continues to develop, and the field of games and video is the main application area of the technology. As a popular form of entertainment, games are the easiest to impress experienced people. Good interactivity and interesting playing methods will naturally attract users' attention first, and panoramic video is the first project developed (Brivio et al. 2021). The reason is that its low power consumption characteristics can reduce the hardware cost, which plays an important role in the early adoption of VR by the public and the formation of VR habits (Zare et al. 2016). However, VR technology is not only simply applied in the field of games and video applications, but also widely used in other fields such as animation, tourism, navigation, teaching, medicine, real estate transactions, theme parks, sports, and social activity platforms (Guttentag 2010, Sangaiah et al. 2021. Among them, the application value of VR interior design has begun to appear. The new interior design model based on VR has brought a new and unique concept to the very old original design and marketing road, and the experience of using virtual scene technology is also exciting and appreciated (Kalantari and Neo 2020). This paper develops a kind of virtual interior design system based on virtual reality technology, which can perfectly integrate VR technology into the interior project design process, aiming to improve the user's visual and other sensory experience, achieve immersive effect display, and create an independent and interactive display environment, and it shows the effectiveness of using virtual reality technology in interior design process and summarizes the general process of using virtual reality technology to complete interior design and subsequent optimization. Finally, through the simulation experiment, the superiority of VR technology in the design of interior decoration system is obtained, which can help designers and customers to carry out design work and display, thus providing reference and reference for interior design. In conclusion, the research and use of virtual interior design system has broad development prospects.

Relevant work
Based on the shortcomings of traditional projection algorithms, such as too much calculation and complex formula application, a class of improved projection algorithms, namely cylindrical projection and back projection algorithms based on plan form, are proposed (Tejada et al. 2003). This paper discusses the registration process based on the optimization algorithm and discusses the feature matching and gray image in the process of image registration algorithm, and then, based on the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the fusion algorithm (Ashburner 2007), the panoramic image mosaic algorithm is quoted in view of its shortcomings such as feature extraction ambiguity and poor registration effect (Shum and Szeliski 2000;Wang et al. 2016). The algorithm is implemented by rectangular positioning blocks. Then, the Hough transform is used to locate the feature rectangle to achieve image registration, and then, the cylindrical panoramic image is stitched to solve the above shortcomings (Kim et al. 2003). The literature proposes an optimized panoramic image stitching algorithm, which is based on rectangular positioning block, and can use the gray information of the processed image to perform threshold segmentation for the combined image, and use the characteristics of the rectangular image to obtain its vertices by Hough transform, so as to perform rectangular matching (Li et al. 2019). This optimization algorithm effectively solves the shortcomings of the traditional algorithm, such as the inability to accurately perform image registration and inconvenience in application. Feature rectangles can be obtained according to special vertex information (Ha et al. 2007, Zhang et al. 2022. The cylindrical projection algorithm and the back projection algorithm are obtained based on the plan view in the literature. The projection transformation can be carried out through the projection geometric relationship between the plane and the cylinder, thus effectively reducing the complexity of the algorithm and obtaining better projection results (Xu and Wang 2005;Burgholzer et al. 2007). The literature reviews the consistent action feature set consistent with the user's intuition and arranges the dominant user generated action features. These features can provide a basis for the user's intuition when designing interactive behaviors and help developers and designers to make better system design (Park et al. 2008, Sangaiah et al. 2023).

Virtual reality system
Virtual reality is divided into hardware-based virtual reality and computer-based virtual reality. The latter is also known as software-based virtual reality, which uses computers to create semi-immersive virtual environments, but the former also needs to be controlled using software technology. Figure 1 shows the hardware virtual environment structure.
People often define the technology that needs to wear special equipment such as helmets and gloves as virtual reality technology, and virtual reality also includes various related technologies with natural simulation and realistic experience. Technologies that can achieve or partially achieve this goal can be called virtual reality technology, and most of them are based on software.
Geometric modeling and image modeling are regarded as the most commonly used forms of virtual reality technology based on software implementation. Panorama creation is one of the most representative techniques based on image modeling. The creation of graphics formed by image modeling is panoramic technology, which can be represented by optical observation elements, and the creation of virtual environment can be provided without the representation of geometric elements. Panoramic technology can be realized in various ways, such as computer, panoramic camera, and ordinary camera. The latter needs to be spliced. Panorama is essentially a completely closed view of the environment from the perspective of space. It has different forms of expression, such as columns and spheres. According to different forms of expression, the perspective can be divided into different types, and it has different difficulties in implementation and operation.

Image generation model
The generation form of panoramic image can be expressed as the following brief steps: First, collect discrete images, process the discrete images as the most original image data, then generate panoramic images, and convert the panoramic images into panoramic virtual space form according to the appropriate creation of spatial models; Then, in this panoramic virtual space, users can perform various operations, such as walking, zooming, and navigation. The key point of virtual reality creation in the form of panoramic images is the generation of virtual environment based on panoramic images. This process includes a variety of image technologies, such as image acquisition, projection, image transformation, registration, and fusion, among which mosaic is the most important panoramic image processing technology.
Image preprocessing: Through image preprocessing, the noise of the original image can be significantly reduced so as to improve the original image and make it more suitable for transformation into a target panoramic image. The first step in this process is to locate and then find the overlapping area of the image. On this basis, range matching is performed and the processing speed is improved.
Different camera movements have different effects on scene images. The complex camera motion leads to large spatial differences in the acquired image sequences, especially the overlapping image sequences. Due to the complex motion mode of the camera, a series of coordinate transformation processing is required before image registration.
Image registration: The accuracy of image registration is determined by the quality of image stitching. The main process is to obtain image transformation, transfer the image template or feature to be stitched to the corresponding reference image position, obtain the corresponding parameter value by using the mathematical relationship, establish a mathematical model to obtain the overlapping part of the two images, and convert the image to be connected to the reference coordinate system image to form a complete picture. The key to correct registration is to have a model that can describe the relationship between two images.
Image fusion: Due to the registration error of the image registration result, it is impossible to accurately register each point. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize the impact of residual deformation and brightness difference between images on the fusion effect.
The devices used in this article mainly include a tripod and Canon IXUS 95 IS digital camera. The fixed focal length is about 38 mm, and it is shot at 30 degrees, a total of 12 photographs. The size of the camera horizontal perspective HFOV is determined by formula (1): Based on this, the pixel focal length F of the camera is estimated: Simulation evaluation of virtual reality in interior design effect display and practice mode innovation 8373 where W is the real image width taken by the camera. According to Eq. (3), the relationship between the original image coordinates (x, y) and the deformation graph coordinates (x 0 , y 0 ) can be obtained: where T is the parameter, and the equation of the cylindrical surface can be expressed as: Simultaneous equations can be obtained: Dimension conversion method is: The parametric equation of the straight line connecting the viewpoint O and the point Q can be expressed as: Under the camera coordinate system OXYZ, the equation of the viewing plane is: The combination gives: Order: By combining the above formulas, we obtain: Set the radius of the cylindrical surface ON = r, where r is the distance from the digital camera to the physical image, To sum up, the cylindrical projection and back projection formulas based on the plan are simpler and easier to understand than the traditional cylindrical projection and back projection formulas, eliminating the complicated and inaccurate calculation process.

Experimental analysis
Let the corresponding pixels of two images (i, j) be R (i, j) and F (i, j), respectively, and the image size be m 9 N. The mean square error is the difference between the fused image f and the original image R. The root mean square error after fusion and before fusion is solved.
Let R(i, j) be the original image and F(i, j) be the mixed image. The higher the signal-to-noise ratio, the better the fusion effect and quality.
Peak signal-to-noise ratio is: where M 9 N is the image size, f (I, j) is the composite image, and g (i, j) is the original image. After the rectangular positioning block is obtained, different results can be obtained by using different image fusion algorithms, as given in Table 1.
For Cu and QP of different depths, a maintains a relatively small variation range. About b, different Cu depths have a significant effect on threshold selection, as shown in Fig. 2.
Select one of the test sequence frames without threshold statistics, and calculate the original hm16.16 and the Cu division result of the proposed algorithm. Table 2 shows that the similarity of the proposed algorithm is greater than 90% compared with the traditional HM6.16 partition.
4 Virtual indoor design effect display system design

System requirements analysis
The essence of interior design can be understood as ''decoration,'' because the large framework (room layout) of the house was completed in the process of designing the house. The interior design can modify the visual color design of the room, the hydropower layout, the home decoration, and the decoration design. In today's society, people are satisfied with food and clothing and began to pursue more life feelings. In addition, buying houses in big cities itself is not easy. For wealth, people do their best to make the house more comfortable and warmer the home, not the replica of other people's homes. Current problems Poor sense of substitution: The rendering form is a little behind the conventional 3D application. With the rapid development of science and technology, people have higher and higher requirements for the display effect of interior design software. Because these two kinds of applications cannot meet the sense of immersion, they are eliminated.
Inaccurate Although 3D rendering has a good visual effect, it cannot accurately and completely present the scene to the customer due to the limitation of still frames (non-real time). In addition, in some cases, the designer does not pay attention to the authenticity, but blindly looks for the most eye-catching visual sensory stimulation, resulting in serious inaccuracy in the scene presentation, which is not conducive to finding problems and losses.
The overall sense is not strong The current VR interior design application can only travel from the first person perspective, and the display of local details is not satisfactory, unable to show the overall appearance of the house, and unable to meet all needs. Therefore, it will cause the loss of interior design in the overall planning of users, and it is necessary to avoid these problems.
In view of the shortcomings of the current virtual interior design, the virtual interior design is effectively optimized from three aspects of the sense of substitution, accuracy, and integrity.
Binocular overlap It refers to the binocular overlap of the human visual system, which usually represents the visual part obtained by both eyes, rather than the visual part image obtained by monocular. The images seen by the left and right eyes of the human body will be slightly different due to the difference in perspective, and the brain will perform image overlapping processing on this part, so the processed image will have a stereoscopic sense. This Simulation evaluation of virtual reality in interior design effect display and practice mode innovation 8375 process is extremely important for depth perception and can greatly enhance the sense of substitution of the virtual reality image. Panoramic view: Virtual reality has a 720°panoramic view for the user to rotate and can check some hidden corners to avoid forgetting the key points.
Digital display demand analysis: (1) The operator can control the virtual character to walk and browse in the virtual room.
(2) The operator can perform automatic roaming navigation.
(3) The operator can use the handle to replace the wall, floor, and furniture. (4) The operator can simply interact with some elements in the scene, such as turning on and off the lights.
The development method of 3D simulation roaming system based on VR technology takes the virtual camera of indoor design as the scene to realize three functional modules: walking roaming, automatic roaming, and furniture interaction.
(1) Loading function: The default loading interface of unity is incompatible with the interior design style design, and the interior design style loading interface needs to be redesigned. (2) Walking and roaming: After wearing VR glasses, users can control walking through the handle. Load and unload the scene model. (3) Automatic roaming: Users can choose the form of automatic roaming. After wearing VR glasses, they can complete the movement in the form of preset path, and load and unload the scene model. (4) Interactive function: The user can use the handle to interact with various elements in the virtual environment, such as changing furniture, switching lights, changing wallpaper, and floor decoration. The above process can only be realized through the interaction between the handle and the virtual reality environment.
Performance analysis: (1) Accuracy: The displayed items shall meet the design requirements as much as possible.
(2) Reliability: The failure rate (such as the occurrence rate of accidents and flashbacks) must be less than 1%.
(3) Ease of use: The operation setting is reasonable, conforms to the basic principles of interaction design, and is convenient to use. (4) Maintainability: After the customer raises an objection, the production personnel can change the scheme.
(5) Portability: This software must be ported to PC, iPhone, and iPad.

System architecture design
The virtual interior design system is mainly composed of display layer (UI) and business logic layer (BLL). The system is generally divided into two parts: virtual roaming and VR interaction, as shown in Fig. 3.

System function design
The function of virtual interior design system is mainly composed of three modules: automatic roaming, walking roaming, and VR interaction, as shown in Fig. 4. The software interface refers to the guidance part of the software specially designed for the operator to control the use and feedback information. UI plays an important role in product image design. The beautiful, humanized, interactive, and simple interface meets not only the visual needs of consumers, but also the emotional needs of consumers. A good interface is easy to use, focused, efficient, and consistent.
In order to create a super real immersive feeling for users, this research focuses on a more detailed study of VR virtual roaming function and improves users' immersive feeling and design integrity through autonomous user roaming. In this study, users wear VR glasses through their mobile phones, turn their heads to control the virtual view, use the special VR handle on their mobile phones to control walking, and interact with specific furniture and interiors.
During the roaming interaction, users will experience the focus of this research-the transformation of furniture and interior decoration. When the user wears VR glasses and walks in the virtual room, when the user's visual center falls on the replaceable furniture, the furniture will be highlighted. When the user clicks the confirm button in front of the handle, the furniture will become the replacement furniture.
If the user hovers the button near a wall or floor and the visual focus falls on the button, the alternative can be highlighted.
Scene conversion mode: It is mainly composed of scene music display and custom scene conversion. By enabling this module, users can use the HTC vive handle to convert different spaces.
Personal color restoration mode: It mainly includes voice guidance and color restoration. Among them, the color restoration part is mainly composed of three functions: color display, color selection, and color replacement.

System test
From the experience feedback of experienced people (as shown in Fig. 5), the comfort of the product has reached a high level of existing virtual reality products. For slight dizziness, the experimenter said it was acceptable, and only a small number of users felt very dizzy. In general, most users are very interested in the product and are completely unwilling to take down the VR glasses case.
In order to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the regions, 3 9 5 9 3. The average score of each area in the space is divided into area 1, area 2, and area 3. See Table 3 for the average score of each area. Next, calculate the average value of three interaction types on the three indicators in three sets to analyze interactive preferences under different indicators, as given in Table 4.
It can be seen that pure hand interaction scores more than 60%, and the highest indicator is the highest, more than 70%. Similarly, under the three indicators of no direction, discrete, and no direction, pure eye movement interaction is better than the other three directions. However, among the three indicators of pure manual and pure eye interaction, there are directions, continuity, and direction, and the proportion of composite hand-eye interaction is relatively high. This can to a certain extent be that multichannel interaction is more suitable for complex tasks with instruction, continuity, and direction. It also shows that the hand-eye interaction may replace the three indicators of pure hand exercise and pure eye interaction.
According to the VR new UI design guide, the interface position and size are repeatedly adjusted to reach a comfortable state; check whether the UI collision position and size are correct; the UI texture settings compress it to reduce the excessive use of resources within the operation time.
Through the query of online books and data, you can get more optimized code writing methods. You can optimize some of the previous code, reduce memory occupation to a certain extent, reduce the heating phenomenon of mobile devices, and make the operation smoothly.   Advantages of working mode of VR technology The designer can input different dimensions on the computer through the VR system, or directly adjust the model library to achieve the purpose of simulating the real design scene. Both designers and customers can walk through the virtual space and change the design, which saves not only communication time, but also the cost of making models. The VR system also avoids the problem that the design studio is prone to suffer from occupational diseases when sitting in front of the computer for a long time. It can also communicate with online designers through the Internet to negotiate their own design plans and share network information, so as to expand the design vision and make customers more satisfied.

Analysis of application of virtual reality technology in indoor design effect display
Application of VR technology in intelligent house viewing The effective combination of VR system and interior design helps to effectively save the production cost of model cameras. Many model houses of different styles are designed through VR technology. According to the designed house model and the needs of customers, some changes can be easily made to achieve the purpose of quickly changing the space and the whole space plan and meet the needs of customers. The integration of virtual technology and interior design has been widely applied and popularized in foreign countries and is warmly welcomed by users. In addition, it also includes virtual reality camera navigation, which can download its virtual images to smart phones, saving time and effort, and the images are complete, which is deeply loved by consumers.
Interior design application of VR technology Traditional renderings display, that is, through 3ds Max 3D modeling and Vray rendering, although very beautiful renderings can be obtained, the rendering time is long, the rendering angle is small, and the visible space is limited, so it is impossible to fully display the overall design. And VR technology can fully display the spatial appearance of the scene and all the decorations. Users can immerse themselves in the scene and walk freely in the space, which is very easy. The traditional design scheme cannot let customers see all the projects, such as the construction of hidden projects. In VR technology, the construction process and effect of hidden projects can also be seen at a glance, fully meeting the needs. It can also provide customers with water and electricity wiring required for subsequent maintenance, so as to facilitate maintenance.
The unique interactivity of VR technology creates a three-dimensional virtual environment. It is different from CAD system and 3ds Max system. It is not a static world. It can dynamically display and simulate the real world and has a strong sense of existence; Users can walk freely in this world, appreciate all decorative designs, dynamically pick up objects around, switch lights, and open doors. It integrates vision, hearing, and touch, interacts naturally with the virtual environment, and creates an immersive reality.

Conclusion
Nowadays, interior design schemes are usually presented in the form of renderings. Due to the strong expressiveness and good effect of renderings, most customers prefer this gorgeous image. However, when the design needs to be modified, the whole process is very complex, difficult, and time-consuming. With the development of global scientific research capability, VR technology has made continuous breakthroughs and has been used in various industries. As a marketing product in the service industry, interior design cannot meet the needs of more advanced environment by relying on traditional interior solutions. The interior design system based on virtual reality technology allows users to enter the virtual scene, freely retrieve the design effect, and realize interaction. The display of design is more diverse, so that the customer can participate in the design process of the solution very comfortably. Designers can match materials, lighting, and furniture according to their clients' needs.
Funding The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Data availability Data will be made available on request.

Declarations
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.