Abstract

Objectives

Data is lacking on the effect of continuous intravenous sildenafil treatment in preterm infants with early- and late-pulmonary hypertension (PH), especially in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants.

Patients and Methods

Preterm infants (<37 weeks of gestational age) with intravenous sildenafil treatment and diagnosis of PH between 01/12 and 12/21 were retrospectively screened for analysis. The primary clinical endpoint was defined as response to sildenafil according to the improvement of the oxygenation index (OI), the saturation oxygenation pressure index (SOPI) and PaO₂/FiO₂-ratio. Early-PH was defined as diagnosis <28 day of life (DOL), late PH ≥28 DOL.

Main Results

60 infants were finally included, with 47% ELBW infants. Early-PH was diagnosed in 97% and the primary endpoint was reached in 58%. The likelihood to die during in-hospital treatment was more than three times higher (72 vs 20%, p<0.001) in infants without response to sildenafil. The echocardiographic severity of PH and right-ventricular dysfunction (RVD) decreased significantly from baseline to 24 h (p=0.038, and p=0.009, respectively).

Conclusion

Sildenafil treatment leads to significant improvement of the oxygenation impairment in 58% of the preterm infants, with similar response rates in ELBW infants. Intravenous sildenafil treatment is associated with a significant decrease of the PH-severity and RVD.

Introduction

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in preterm and term newborns is a major contributor for short and long term morbidity and mortality in this cohort [1–6]. Mortality rates remain still high despite the development of new promising drugs for PH treatment over the last two decades. According to the updates and new classification system of PH on the 6th World Congress on Pulmonary Hypertension (Nice, 2018) PH in preterm and term infants is frequently related to: 1) Persistent PH of the newborn syndrome (PPHN, class I, group 1.7) and 2) PH due to lung disease; mostly in presence of BPD associated PH (BPD-PH, class III) [7]. Early-PH is defined according to the occurrence in the first weeks of life (< 28 day of life-DOL). The incidence of early-PH in preterm infants was calculated with 24% in a recent Meta-analysis.[8] In contrast, in many preterm infants PH is diagnosed at later stages (diagnosis > 28 DOL) and the incidences of late-PH (including BPD-PH) are ranging between 5–25% [9–11].

One candidate drug for the treatment of PH in preterm and term newborns is sildenafil. Sildenafil acts via the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway and as phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitor, inhibiting PDE 5, which normally breaks down cGMP in the smooth muscle cells and therefore increases cytoplasmatic cGMP levels. This leads to a calcium-efflux and induces a smooth muscle cell relaxation, leading to pulmonary vasodilation[12].

Sildenafil is available as intravenous (continuous and intermittent) and oral (sildenafil-citrate) form of administration. In recent years, several studies evaluated sildenafil as treatment for PH (BPD-PH, PPHN) in preterm and term infants in prospective trials [13–15]. The majority of the studies published to date and included in the Cochrane review of sildenafil treatment for PH (2017) were exclusively enrolling neonates with a GA > 34 weeks[16]. Despite the effort done by the studies conducted in the past, data on intravenous sildenafil treatment in preterm infants < 34 weeks and especially in ELBW infants are still lacking. Data from retrospective trials on sildenafil treatment in preterm infants are available, but predominantly focusing on oral drug administration [17, 18]. More data is warranted analyzing data of intravenous sildenafil therapy in preterm infants in larger cohorts.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the data on continuous intravenous sildenafil treatment in preterm infants (< 37 weeks of GA) with diagnosis of early PH and late-onset PH over the last decade (2012–2021), to generate more insight in the effect of intravenous sildenafil treatment for PH.

Material And Methods

Study population 

Infants treated at the NICU of the University Children´s Hospital of Bonn, Germany, during the study period 01/2012-12/2021 were retrospectively screened for study participation. Inclusion criteria: echocardiographic verification of PH, continuous intravenous sildenafil treatment, <37 weeks of GA. Exclusion criteria were as follows: ≥37 weeks of GA, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (a study analyzing continuous intravenous sildenafil treatment in this subgroup was previously published[19]), oral sildenafil treatment prior to intravenous treatment or exclusive oral treatment, primary palliative care, congenital heart defect requiring surgical repair. 

Ethical approval

The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Medical Center of the University of Bonn (local running number 138/22). Informed consent was waived by decision of the ethics committee of the Medical Center of the University of Bonn due to the retrospective design of the study. The methods used for the clinical research were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines/ regulation and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Monitoring Data and Oxygenation Scores 

The following hemodynamic parameters were documented at baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 h, and at day 7 after start of sildenafil treatment: systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, pre- and postductal SpO₂, FiO₂. Arterial blood gas measurements with pH, paO2, and paCO2 were documented when available at baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 h and day 7. The a) Oxygenation Index (OI;  for infants with invasive mechanical ventilation (MV), b) the Saturation Oxygenation Pressure Index (SOPI; )[20] for infants without MV but with continuous positive airway pressure-CPAP or highflow-nasal cannula-HFNC support, and c) PaO₂/FiO₂ (P/F)-ratio (for infants with both, MV or non-invasive support) were calculated at baseline, 12, 24 and 48 h to evaluate oxygenation impairment. The vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) was calculated at the same timepoints according to the formula described elsewhere for estimation of cardiovascular drug support [21].

Diagnostic and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension

PH was defined as evidence of echocardiographic signs of PH and classified as early PH (appearance <28 DOL) and late-onset PH (appearance ≥28 DOL). These definition were adopted from the definition of PH in preterm infants described elsewhere[10,11,22]. Echocardiographic PH assessment is described below in detail. 

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) was used as primary drug therapy when PH was treated. Infants were evaluated for sildenafil therapy when echocardiographic assessment demonstrated moderate or severe PH, FiO₂ was >0.8 despite iNO treatment, and difference in pre- and postductal SpO₂ was >8% (in case of a patent ductus arteriosus-PDA). Sildenafil was administered routinely as continuous intravenous infusion and a dose regime of 1.6mg/kg/d, as described previously [23,24]. A bolus infusion of 0.4mg/kg over a period of 3 h was administered followed by a continuous infusion according to the decision of the attending physician. 

Infants with need for inotropic support were treated with dobutamine and with milrinone. Furthermore, levosimendan was administered in infants with cardiac dysfunction despite high-dose inotropic treatment. In cases of oxygenation failure unresponsive to conventional treatment, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was implemented according to international guidelines and criteria [25,26]. 

Echocardiographic assessment

For echocardiographic measurements a Philips CX50 Compact Extreme Ultrasound system with a S12-4 sector array transducer (Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands) was used. All echocardiographic data at baseline (prior to start of sildenafil administration), at 24 h, and 48 h were retrospectively screened for analysis independently by an experienced neonatal echocardiographers. PH was graded as mild, moderate, or severe, using the following echocardiographic parameters: a) flow pattern of the ductus arteriosus b) intraventricular septum position, and c) tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity. Additionally, the end-diastolic right-ventricular to left-ventricular (RV/LV) ratio was calculated in a standard four chamber directly distal to the tricuspid and mitral annulus as a horizontal line from endocardium of the RV and LV free wall to endocardium of the interventricular septum. Presence of ventricular dysfunction was defined as a) right-ventricular dysfunction (RVD) and b) left-ventricular dysfunction (LVD). For the assessment of ventricular dysfunction a combined approach of quantitative and qualitative measurements was used, based on international guidelines [27,28]. 

Statistical analysis and outcome measures

Infants were classified as sildenafil treatment Responder and non-Responder. A response to sildenafil treatment was defined as: decrease of the OI ≥20% (infants with MV) or the SOPI (infants without MV, but with non-invasive support) or an increase of the P/F ratio ≥20%  (both, infants with and without MV) within the first 12-24 h after sildenafil. The following parameters were defined as secondary outcome measures: decrease of PH severity in the echocardiographic assessment during sildenafil therapy at timepoints 24 and 48 h, duration of MV, days of oxygen supplementation, oxygen supplementation at discharge, diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 36 weeks of GA, survival to discharge.

For this descriptive analysis, continuous variables were described using median and interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables were summarized as absolute number (n) and percentage. For comparison of continuous and non-normally distributed variables, a Wilcoxon-test or Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare continuous variables between timepoints and subgroups (Responder vs non-Responder), as appropriate. For categorical variables the Pearson’s Chi² test and Fisher's exact test was applied, as appropriate.A Kaplan-Meier plot was used to analyze the survival chance after start of sildenafil treatment. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. 

Results

In total, 75 infants with documented diagnosis of PH and intravenous sildenafil treatment in the electronic patient´s chart system were screened for inclusion and 60 infants were finally enrolled for the analysis. 15 infants were excluded due to the following criteria: in 6 infants the patients’ charts, and documentation was incomplete, in 9 infants’ sildenafil was administered oral prior to the continuous intravenous infusion.  

Epidemiological data of the cohort are displayed in Table 1. The primary endpoint (response to sildenafil therapy) was reached in 58% (n=35). Sildenafil was administered in median at the 2 (1/3) DOL. Almost the half of the cohort (n=26, 47%) were classified as ELBW infants and 16 (27%) was born with <28 weeks of GA (extremely low gestational age newborns-ELGAN). Early PH was diagnosed in 58 infants (97%) and late-PH only in 2 preterm infants (both ELBW/ ELGAN infants). The primary endpoint (response to sildenafil) was reached in 35 infants (58%), with a response rate of 57% in ELBW infants and 59% in infants with a birth weight >1500g. 

Significantly more infants in the non-Responder group suffered from a lung-hypoplasia (p<0.001) and a lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) or renal congenital disorder (p=0.027) at birth. Lung hypoplasia was defined according to the prenatal diagnosis by the obstetricians or clinical/ radiological signs after birth (severe respiratory insufficiency with X-ray findings as small lung fields, diaphragmatic domes, and a bell-shaped)[29]. The rates of comorbidities after birth were equally distributed between the subgroups. The mortality rate was 42% in the overall cohort, with a significantly higher mortality rate in the non-Responder group (20 vs 80%, p<0.001, see Kaplan-Meier-plot in Figure 1). Baseline characteristics in the first 24 h (APGAR 5 and 10 minutes, CRIP score and lowest FiO2) were similar between the subgroups. 

Oxygenation Scores and Treatment Data

The course of oxygenation according to the oxygenation scores (OI, SOPI and P/F-ratio) and allocation to the Responder and non-Responder group with related statistical significances is displayed in Figure 2 (A-C). 

The mean VIS scores after sildenafil treatment start are illustrated in Figure 3A. In the Responder group, the mean VIS score increased significantly from baseline to 24h (p=0.004), without significant changes in the non-Responder group. The mean arterial pressure (MAP, see Figure 3B) tended to increase during the sildenafil treatment. After commencing sildenafil the median arterial lactate levels decreased significantly from baseline (2.95 mmol/l) to timepoint 48 h (2.14 mmol/l, p=0.028). No difference was found between Responder and non-Responder.

Comparison of outcome and treatment data between subgroups are illustrated in Table 2.  No difference was found regarding the use of concomitant drugs for PH (iNO, bosentan or levosimendan) between Responder and non-Responder. 

Echocardiographic Assessment 

In 44 infants (73%) valid echo data were available at baseline and 24 h. Echo data at all three timepoints (+48h) were available in 36 infants (60%). At baseline, 91% of the infants presented a persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA), with 34% presenting a right-to-left shunt over the PDA. At 24 hours 92% of the infants presented a PDA (21% with right-to-left shunt). The course of PH, RVD and end-diastolic RV/LV-ratio is illustrated in Figure 4 (A-C). In the overall cohort, the severity of PH, RVD and RV/LV ratio decreased significantly from baseline to 24 h (p=0.038, p=0.009, and p=0.036, respectively). Regarding the presence of LVD at baseline, 24 h and 48h no differences were found between the Responder and non-Responder group.

Discussion

The present study summarizes a retrospective data set of 60 preterm infants with continuous intravenous sildenafil treatment and represents the biggest cohort to date of preterm infants with intravenous sildenafil treatment of early-PH and late-PH. According to our results, we could demonstrate that PH severity, the incidence of RVD and the end-diastolic RV/LV ratio decreased significantly during the first 24 h during sildenafil treatment. Sildenafil treatment is associated with a rapid improvement in oxygenation impairment in the mayor part of the infants, illustrated and evaluated with established oxygenation indices (OI, SOPI, and P/F ratio), both shown in ELBW and non-ELBW preterm infants. The mortality rate of infants responding to sildenafil was significantly lower compared to non-Responder. Nevertheless, about 40% of the preterm infants did not demonstrate a response to sildenafil treatment and were classified as non-Responder. 

In recent prospective trials intravenous sildenafil treatment was evaluated in neonates with a gestational age >34 weeks , but data on intravenous sildenafil in ELGAN and ELBW preterm infants <28 GA are still lacking[13,14]. Several studies analyzed oral sildenafil treatment and only two recent studies were identified analyzing intravenous sildenafil treatment including ELBW infants with PH [15,17,30,31]. In most of these infants PH was diagnosed secondary to the timepoint of BPD diagnosis (36 weeks of GA). These studies overall report beneficial effects of sildenafil on echocardiographic grading of BPD-PH and oxygenation indices. A prospective multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on preterm infants <29 weeks of GA at risk for PH is ongoing (SILDI-SAFE trial) [32]. Our study adds new insights on preterm and ELBW-infants with sildenafil treatment for primary early-PH in the first days of life, and with almost a third of the population classified as ELGANs and nearly half of the cohort classified as ELBW infants. 

The response to sildenafil according to the improvement in oxygenation indices in our cohort was documented in 58% of the infants, without influence of GA or birth weight on the response to sildenafil. The updated Cochrane review from 2017 on sildenafil treatment for PH in neonates highlighted, that sildenafil is effective in reducing mortality compared to placebo, with a number needed to treat of 3 patients to have a beneficial outcome[16]. Additionally, oxygenation indices improved in the first 24 hours after administration of sildenafil. Nevertheless, these data are summarizing the effect of an oral sildenafil treatment. The most recent trial on intravenous continuous sildenafil was published in 2021 by Pierce et al. The study group conducted a multinational, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, and randomized infants (>34 weeks of GA) with PPHN or at risk for PPHN to receive either intravenous sildenafil (0.1mg/kg bolus infusion over 30 minutes, followed by 0.03 mg/kg/h continuous infusion) or placebo (0.9% saline or 10% dextrose)[13]. All infants were on iNO treatment, which were the same conditions as in our study population. The authors concluded that intravenous sildenafil was not superior to placebo regarding the endpoints: treatment failure rate (need for additional drug for PPHN therapy, need for ECMO, or death prior to discharge, and time on iNO after starting sildenafil in infants without treatment failure). This phase III study raises the question, whether continuous intravenous sildenafil is effective to treat PPHN in preterm and term infants. However, the findings of the study are contrarious to other studies revealing a significant effect of intravenous sildenafil in this population[14,23]. The dose regime of sildenafil used in the phase III trial was half of the dose which was described by Steinhorn et al, using a bolus infusion of 0.4mg/kg over 3h, followed by a maintenance dose of 1.6mg/kg/d [23]. The missing effect between placebo and sildenafil could potentially be biased by lower plasmatic sildenafil levels due to lower concentrations of the bolus and continuous infusion, and in total cumulative half of the dose used in the open-label, dose-escalation trial by Steinhorn et al. 

In our study, infants were treated with the dose regime provided by Steinhorn et al, but a bolus infusion was only administered in 50% of the infants, due to the decision of the attending physician. The severity of oxygenation impairment and PPHN in our cohort is comparable with the before mentioned studies, as the median OI at baseline prior to sildenafil start in our cohort was 26.2 (12.0/47.3) and both studies predominantly included infants with an OI >15 and <60. In 4 infants of our cohort the continuous sildenafil dose was doubled to 3.2 mg/kg/d after cessation of the bolus infusion as rescue procedure in case of severe PPHN or oxygenation failure, without difference in response to sildenafil between subgroups (see Table 2). 

Non-Responder in our cohort suffered significantly more often from lung-hypoplasia, and LUTO or congenital-renal-disorder. Infants with LUTO or congenital-renal-disorder mainly suffer from lung-hypoplasia due to oligo- or anhydramnion. Preterm infants suffering from lung-hypoplasia seem to be prone to respond to sildenafil, which potentially can be explained by a higher degree of structural lung abnormality (vasculopathy: excessive muscularization, intima thickening, rarefaction of pulmonary arteries and vessels) and higher grade of oxygen impairment at baseline. As sildenafil is a rescue-therapy, the use of sildenafil in these infants needs to be evaluated carefully. 

Our results illustrate, that intravenous sildenafil treatment is associated with a significant and rapid reduction of the PH severity. This is in line with previous studies on infants with PPHN and neonates suffering from PH due to congenital lung disease or BPD-PH [15,19,30,31,33]. According to our results, the RVD improves significantly during the continuous sildenafil infusion. Several studies analyzed the relationship between sildenafil treatment and right ventricular diastolic and systolic function, as shown by magnet resonance tomography scans, in right heart catheterization and in animal models for right ventricular dysfunction[34–38]. In summary, sildenafil has afterload-reducing effects with improvement of RV unloading, leads to an improvement of diastolic RVD, improves RV myocardial remodeling due to upregulation of gene-markers for hypertrophy and inflammation, and there are conflicting results regarding the improvement of the RV systolic function. During the sildenafil treatment the RV/LV ratio decreases significantly, potentially illustrating the effect of RV unloading and higher preload of the left-ventricle in preterm infants. The incidence of LVD initially decreased from baseline to 24 h in non-Responder, followed by a significant increase from 24h to 48h after start of sildenafil treatment in non-Responder. Sildenafil possibly can lead to a deterioration of a preexisting LV dysfunction, due to a aggravation of the LV dysfunction caused by a higher LV preload and filling pressures, which is in line with previous findings of sildenafil treatment in infants with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia[19]. On the other hand, results from adult RCT trials revealed beneficial effects of sildenafil on LV function[39].

Limitations

Our data provide important information in these patient population and we hypothesize that continuous sildenafil treatment in preterm infants with early- and late-PH seems to be well tolerated. However, this need to be interpreted carefully, as the frequent use of concomitant vasoactive treatment could have mitigated an arterial hypotension as drug related adverse event during the sildenafil treatment. During the treatment period in 11 infants a severe arterial hypotension (5mmHg <GA for >60 minutes) was identified in the documentation system, but these episodes were not related to the sildenafil treatment, as the episodes occurred unrelated to the start of the bolus or continuous sildenafil infusion. The present study was conducted retrospectively and not designed to evaluate the safety profile of sildenafil. This needs to be considered when planning future prospective randomized-controlled trials. 

A comparator cohort is missing and as mentioned before, prospective randomized trials are warranted. Therefore, it is important to get knowledge from retrospective studies as provided by our results. Furthermore, the interpretation of the echocardiographic data is at risk for bias because echocardiographic assessment is based to some extent on a qualitative grading. Finally, sildenafil treatment was started as rescue-therapy in critically ill infants with a high-degree of preexisting comorbidities. This can have biased the incidence of the response rate of infants to sildenafil treatment. 

Conclusion

Continuous intravenous sildenafil treatment is associated with a significant improvement of the oxygenation impairment in preterm infants, including ELGAN and ELBW infants. Additionally, continuous intravenous sildenafil treatment is associated with an improvement of PH, RVD and RV/LV ratio in the echocardiographic assessment in this population. Nevertheless, a substantial proportion (42%) of preterm infants do not respond to sildenafil, especially infants with prenatal diagnosed lung-hypoplasia. These infants are at high risk for in-hospital mortality. 

Declarations

Author contributions

Lukas Schroeder- Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – Original draft

Paulina Monno – Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – Review and editing.

Brigitte Strizek – Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – Review and editing. 

Till Dresbach – Methodology, Resources, Validation, Writing – Review and editing.

Andreas Mueller – Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review and editing.

Florian Kipfmueller - Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original draft, Writing – Review and editing. 

Additional Information

The author(s) declare no competing interests. 

Data availability statement 

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

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Tables

Table 1: Demographic and treatment data

Data are demonstrated as absolute number with percentage or as median values with IQR. Infants with a decrease of ≥20% of the Oxygenation Index (OI), the Saturation Oxygenation Pressure Index (SOPI) or an increase ≥20% of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P/F ratio) were defined as responder to sildenafil. Parameters with a p-level <0.05 are highlighted in bold. Abbreviations: CRIP: clinical risk index for babies; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation)

Table 2: Treatment data 

Data are presented as median with IQR or absolute number with %. Infants with a decrease of ≥20% of the Oxygenation Index (OI), the Saturation Oxygenation Pressure Index (SOPI) or an increase ≥20% of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P/F ratio) were defined as responder to sildenafil. A p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant and are highlighted in bold letters. (Abbreviations: d: days, DOL: day of life, h: hours, iNO: inhaled nitric oxide, i.v.: intravenous, n: number, NICU: neonatal intensive care unit)