DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2564242/v1
Anterior cervical spine surgery to C2 (ACSS-C2) is a challenging procedure that often results in postoperative persistent dysphagia or dyspnea due to injury to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN) or the relatively narrow and soft oropharynx. This study aimed to describe surgical outcomes of our modified approach with temporary infrahyoid muscle detachment during ACSS-C2 in a case series of patients.
Patients who underwent ACSS-C2 at two institutions between June 2015 and January 2022 were prospectively enrolled. Intraoperatively, we performed temporary detachment of the infrahyoid muscle from the hyoid bone to improve laryngeal mobility and accessibility to C2. This procedure also allowed for the easy identification and preservation of the iSLN. We retrospectively investigated the surgery-related complications and outcomes of bony fusion.
Twelve patients were enrolled in this study; five and seven patients underwent single- and multi-level fusion surgery, respectively. Intraoperative preservation of the iSLN and proper visualization of C2 were achieved in all cases. Subsequent decompression and instrumentation were successfully performed. Two elderly patients (78 and 81 years, respectively) who underwent multi-level fusion experienced transient postoperative dysphagia. None of the patients required unplanned reintubation or revision surgery because of instrumentation failure. Solid bony fusion was achieved in all cases.
Our modified approach with temporary infrahyoid muscle detachment during ACSS-C2 reduces the incidence of postoperative persistent dysphagia and dyspnea. However, in elderly patients at high risk for postoperative dysphagia, multi-level fusion should be avoided, and alternative procedures should be considered.
Anterior cervical spine surgery to C2 (ACSS-C2) is a challenging procedure that often results in postoperative dysphagia or dyspnea due to neurovascular injury of the specific regional anatomy around the upper cervical levels [1–3]. The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN), which courses at the C3–4 level and provides innervation to the laryngeal mucosa, can be injured or accidentally ligated during dissection, which may lead to postoperative persistent swallowing dysfunction [4, 5]. The oropharynx, which is located at the C2–3 to C3–4 levels, is a relatively soft and narrow tissue that is not protected by skeletal structures [6]. Surgical exposure of C2 by placement of blade retractors could cause retropharyngeal edema, physical airway stenosis, and consequent respiratory failure [3, 7]. To our knowledge, few studies have described the methods for anterior access to C2, with even less information describing the efficacy and risk of ACSS-C2 especially in cases of multi-level fusion. The aim of this study was to describe our modified approach for ACSS-C2 and investigate its surgical outcomes and complications.
Written informed consent was obtained from all patients involved in this study. Data of patients who underwent ACSS-C2 in our two institutions with a minimum 12 months of follow-up were prospectively collected from June 2015 to January 2022 and retrospectively reviewed.
We collected the patients’ baseline and surgical procedural characteristics, including age at the time of surgery, sex, preoperative diagnosis, preoperative symptoms, follow-up period (last visit or telephone interview), previous surgery, fused vertebral levels, type of surgical procedure, operation time, and estimated blood loss. We also investigated surgery-related complications and bone fusion outcomes.
We reviewed the surgery-related perioperative complications. Distinct postoperative dysphagia was defined as a condition requiring nasogastric tube feeding due to difficulty swallowing food after one week postoperatively. Dyspnea was defined as a condition requiring unplanned reintubation due to upper airway obstruction within one week postoperatively.
Bony fusion was evaluated on computed tomography scans obtained > 6 months postoperatively. To determine whether complete fusion was achieved, the continuity of the trabeculae on the sagittal and/or coronal view was examined independently by two surgeons.
We previously reported the details of the original ACSS-C2 method [8]. Preoperative assessment of lateral cervical radiographs is essential. The relationship between the mandible and C2–3 disc height was evaluated. If the mandible was lower than the C2–3 disc height in the extended position, the anterior approach would not be suitable. In such cases, the posterior approach should be considered. Nasal intubation is preferred to oral intubation because it allows full jaw closure to maximize access to C2 (Fig. 1). The patients were placed in the supine position with a shoulder roll to facilitate cervical extension and elevation of the mandible. A 5–6 cm wide transverse incision was made at the level of the hyoid bone, slightly to the left of the midline of the neck. The skin and platysma were incised horizontally followed by full longitudinal release of the inferior fascia. The submandibular gland, hyoid bone, and omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles, which were all located beneath the platysma, were identified (Fig. 2a). The submandibular gland was bluntly dissected and retracted cranially. The omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles, which are part of the infrahyoid muscles, were detached from the inferior edge of the hyoid bone and reflected caudally. The thyrohyoid membrane between the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage was exposed deep to the infrahyoid muscles (Fig. 2b). Subsequently, surgical access to the vertebrae was performed in a plane along the lateral edge of the thyrohyoid membrane. Infrahyoid muscle detachment improved laryngeal mobility and helped in the identification of the iSLN, which traverses the C3–4 level and pierces the thyrohyoid membrane (Fig. 2c). Superior laryngeal vessels, which usually run along the iSLN, should be ligated. Additionally, the hypoglossal nerve traverses towards the tongue from the carotid sheath; dissecting this nerve is not necessary as it runs more cephalad to the C2–3 disc. The prevertebral fascia was carefully incised while undermining the longus colli. Surgical exposure was facilitated by placing two self-retaining blade retractors beneath the longus colli muscle on both sides. In one- or two-level fusion, blade retractors were placed inferior to the hypoglossal nerve and superior to the iSLN. In cases of more than three-level fusion, both the hypoglossal nerve and iSLN were retracted superior to the blade retractors. Continuous retractor placement in the longitudinal direction should be avoided to prevent pressure-induced trauma to these neural structures. After adequate exposure of the vertebrae, subsequent corpectomy and/or discectomy was performed during the normal procedure (Fig. 2d). A tricortical autologous iliac bone graft and/or cage was fixed with an anterior cervical plate system (Fig. 2e). We repaired the omohyoid and sternohyoid muscle attachments to the hyoid bone using sutures before wound closure (Fig. 2f). Figure 3 shows schematic images of the infrahyoid muscles and the operative field dissection.
In each case, the judgement of whether immediate postoperative endotracheal extubation was suitable was performed by an anesthesiologist using a cuff leak test. Postoperatively, the patients were positioned with the head elevated at 20°, and oxygen saturation and subjective symptoms were monitored carefully in the intensive care unit for two days. On postoperative day 1, all patients were encouraged to resume intake of water and oral medications. Patients who were able to drink without difficulty gradually resumed eating solid food the next day. Furthermore, a rigid cervical collar was maintained for three months postoperatively.
Twelve patients were enrolled in this study. The baseline and procedural characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. The mean age of the patients was 63 years (range: 20–84 years). The mean follow-up period was 39.8 months (range: 12–90 months). Five patients were treated for degenerative pathologies, six patients for traumatic disease, and one patient for neoplastic metastasis. Two patients had previously undergone cervical laminoplasty. The fused levels were C2–3 in five cases, C2–4 in two, C2–5 in four, and C2–6 in one. In all patients, the iSLN was identified and successfully preserved intraoperatively, and wide adequate exposure, including visualization of C2, enabled precise decompression, iliac bone grafting, and instrumentation.
| Case | Gender | Age (Year) | Diagnosis | Symptoms | Previous surgery | Fused level | Surgical procedure | Operative time (min) | EBL (mL) | Complications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | F | 54 | Hangman’s fx | Neck pain | C2–3 | ACDF | 183 | 10 | ||
| 2 | F | 65 | Hangman’s fx | Neck pain | C2–3 | ACDF | 134 | 50 | ||
| 3 | F | 84 | C2/3 traumatic spondylolisthesis | Myelopathy | C2–3 | ACDF | 104 | 5 | ||
| 4 | M | 52 | OPLL | Myelopathy | C2–5 | ACCF | 293 | 100 | ||
| 5 | M | 20 | Hangman’s fx | Neck pain | C2–3 | ACDF | 147 | 10 | ||
| 6 | M | 71 | C3 Metastasis | Neck pain | C2–4 | ACCF | 204 | 50 | ||
| 7 | F | 78 | OPLL | Myelopathy | LP | C2–6 | Hybrid | 355 | 150 | Dural tear, C5 palsy, dysphagia |
| 8 | M | 69 | Deformity | Myelopathy | C2–5 | ACCF | 220 | 100 | ||
| 9 | M | 58 | OPLL | Myelopathy | C2–5 | ACCF | 243 | 100 | ||
| 10 | M | 82 | Hangman’s fx C3 vertebral fx | Neck pain Dysphagia | C2–4 | ACCF | 169 | 10 | Pharyngeal perforation, dysphagia | |
| 11 | F | 74 | OPLL | Myelopathy | LP | C2–5 | ACCF | 229 | 15 | Surgical site infection |
| 12 | M | 49 | Hangman's fx | Neck pain | C2–3 | ACDF | 113 | 50 | ||
| ACSS, anterior cervical spine surgery; EBL, estimated blood loss; fx, fracture; OPLL, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament; LP, laminoplasty; ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; ACCF, anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion; Hybrid, combined ACDF and ACCF | ||||||||||
The surgery-related complications are shown in Table 1. Incidental intraoperative dural tear and retropharyngeal perforation occurred in cases 7 and 10, respectively. Postoperative C5 palsy also occurred in case 7, with paralysis subsiding within six months after surgery. Ten of twelve patients were able to resume eating any solid food from postoperative day 2 or 3. Distinct dysphagia requiring temporary nasogastric tube feeding was observed in two patients; the symptoms improved gradually and resolved after two weeks and two months postoperatively, in cases 7 and 10, respectively. In all patients, successful extubation was performed immediately after surgery. None of the patients experienced dyspnea, upper airway obstruction requiring re-intubation, or postoperative hoarseness. One patient (case 11) required revision surgery for surgical site infection.
Bony fusion was achieved in all patients. None of the patients required revision owing to instrument failure or graft dislodgement.
Case 10
An 82-year-old man was diagnosed with Hangman’s fracture and C3 vertebral fracture and was referred to our hospital after a one-month history of neck pain and gradual development of dysphagia. Preoperative images indicated severe C2–4 kyphotic deformity due to C2 anterolisthesis and C3 vertebral collapse (Fig. 4). Manual reduction and temporary halo vest immobilization were performed one week before surgery. He then underwent C2–4 anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion. Intraoperative preservation of the iSLN was successful; however, incidental pharyngeal wall perforation occurred due to post-traumatic adhesion around the pharynx, resulting in postoperative dysphagia. His symptoms gradually subsided within two months postoperatively.
Case 11
A 74-year-old woman who underwent laminoplasty for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) seven years ago experienced recurrent myelopathy for one year. Preoperative imaging indicated OPLL progression with loss of cervical lordosis (Fig. 5). She underwent C2–5 anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion. Intraoperative preservation of the iSLN was successful, and precise decompression and instrumentation were performed. There was marked recovery from myelopathy without postoperative airway compliance or swallowing difficulty; however, deep surgical site infection occurred two months after surgery. She was treated with one-time debridement and postoperative antibiotic therapy. During revision surgery, the omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles, which were reattached to the hyoid bone in the initial surgery, were well-repaired without dehiscence or remarkable atrophic changes. The lateral border of the repaired omohyoid muscle is a good indicator of access to the retropharyngeal space.
Due to the anatomical challenges of performing ACSS-C2, this procedure poses high risks of postoperative dysphagia and dyspnea in patients. In this study, we described our modified approach for ACSS-C2 with temporary infrahyoid muscle detachment from the hyoid bone and investigated its surgical outcomes and complications in a case series of 12 patients. Adequate exposure of C2 and preservation of the iSLN were achieved in all cases. None of the patients experienced upper airway obstruction or underwent revision surgery due to instrumentation failure or graft dislodgement; however, two patients experienced transient dysphagia.
In ACSS-C2, the anatomical landmark of the skin incision is the hyoid bone. On the upper cervical levels, the mobility of the laryngopharynx and hyoid bone is more restricted by the supra- and infra-hyoid muscles attached to the hyoid bone as compared with the mid-lower cervical levels. During anterior access to C2, the cervical spine must be extended to reduce mandibular interference. However, neck extension elevates the location of the hyoid bone, increasing infrahyoid muscle tightness. Therefore, to adequately expose C2, forceful medial retraction of the laryngopharynx, including the infrahyoid muscles, is required. However, pressure-induced trauma of neural structures, connective tissues, and muscle fibers can cause severe retropharyngeal edema, which may lead to postoperative dysphagia.
Several other anatomical features at the upper cervical level may be responsible for the high complication rates of the ACSS-C2 procedure. First, the oropharynx, which is a relatively soft tissue without skeletal protection [6], is located at the C2–3 to C3–4 levels. Thus, when C2 is exposed, retropharyngeal edema, physical airway stenosis, and consequent respiratory failure is more likely to occur [3, 7]. Second, the iSLN, which courses at the C3–4 level and pierces the thyrohyoid membrane, is more likely to be injured when approaching the upper cervical levels [5, 9]. Palsy of the iSLN is one of the reasons for the higher incidence of postoperative dysphagia in upper cervical level surgery [10, 11]. To decrease the risk of dysphagia, it is essential to have adequate anatomical knowledge of the iSLN and to correctly identify it during surgical field dissection [1, 12]. However, infrahyoid muscles overlapping the thyrohyoid membrane sometimes makes it difficult to identify the iSLN.
In our modified approach, we detached the omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles from the hyoid bones, which would increase mobility of the laryngopharynx, including the hyoid bone, and provide better access to C2 without forceful medial retraction. Furthermore, our procedure revealed the thyrohyoid membrane, which is pierced by the iSLN, enabling easy identification of the iSLN. Therefore, temporary detachment of the omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles may decrease the risk of postoperative dysphagia and dyspnea after ACSS-C2.
In otolaryngology, infrahyoid myotomy, which is usually performed in combination with other procedures, reportedly improves swallowing [13]. The infrahyoid consists of four muscles: the omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid; these muscles are responsible for positioning the hyoid bone along with the suprahyoid muscles (Fig. 3a). All infrahyoid muscles, except for the thyrohyoid muscle, depress the hyoid bone. Infrahyoid myotomy can assist in elevating the hyoid bone and larynx during the swallowing phase. Hence, infrahyoid muscle detachment from the hyoid bone would not negatively affect swallowing function. Repairing the infrahyoid muscle attachment on the hyoid bone may not be essential; however, we recommend doing so. If revision surgery is required, the lateral border of the repaired omohyoid muscle would be a useful landmark for accessing the retropharyngeal space.
To our knowledge, previous case series studies of ACSS-C2, including multi-level fusion cases, have shown that the incidence of dysphagia is 21.4–77.8% [3, 14–19], although the operational definitions of dysphagia varied in each study. Of these studies, two case series included cases of persistent dysphagia (symptoms were prolonged until the final follow-up) [3, 16] and cases of dyspnea that required unplanned reintubation. The authors reported that the incidence of reintubation was 14.4% (3/16 cases), which was significantly higher than that from lower-level fusion cases performed during the same period [3]. In this study, 16.7% (2/12) of patients experienced transient dysphagia, which is relatively low compared to that in previous studies. Additionally, none of our patients had persistent dysphagia or upper airway obstruction. Thus, our technique is relatively safe.
Both patients who experienced distinct dysphagia (cases 7 and 10) were elderly (78 years and 81 years, respectively) and underwent multi-level corpectomy and fusion. A cadaveric study demonstrated that the developing space between the hypoglossal nerve and the iSLN may sufficiently expose C2–3; however, an approach to C2–3 from a more caudal level may not be performed without injuring the iSLN, which traverses the C3–4 level [20]. Our approach was advantageous in facilitating the identification of the iSLN, thus avoiding incidental ligation. In contrast, a limitation of our approach was the unavoidable stretching of the iSLN, which may result in injury when it was retracted cranially or caudally in multi-level fusion cases.
From a pathophysiological perspective, elderly patients are more likely to develop dysphagia due to weak oropharyngeal muscles and impaired pharyngeal sensitivity secondary to the normal aging process [21, 22]. Several studies have demonstrated that older age is a significant predictor of postoperative dysphagia following ACSS [23–25]. In this study, the low tolerance of neural, muscular, and mucosal tissue against pressure of blade retractors in elderly patients could have also contributed to the development of dysphagia. Therefore, we do not recommend multi-level ACSS-C2 in elderly patients, and alternative procedures, such as posterior decompression and fusion, should be considered instead.
This study has several limitations. First, the number of patients was small because the surgical indications for ACSS-C2 were limited. The incidence of dyspnea requiring reintubation, which is relatively rare, may have been underestimated. Second, we could not compare surgical outcomes and complications between cases with and without infrahyoid muscle detachment. Third, we could not perform a quantitative analysis on how pressure to the pharynx is reduced via infrahyoid muscle detachment during medial retraction in animal or cadaveric experiments. Further studies with more cases are required to determine the surgical value of our technique and the incidence of dysphagia and dyspnea after ACSS-C2.
Our modified approach to ACSS-C2 with temporary infrahyoid muscle detachment from the hyoid bone may improve laryngeal mobility and facilitate easy identification of the iSLN, subsequently decreasing the risk of postoperative persistent dysphagia and dyspnea. Multi-level fusion in elderly patients should be avoided because of the high risk of postoperative dysphagia; hence, alternative procedures should be considered.
anterior cervical spine surgery to C2, ACSS-C2; internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, iSLN; ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, OPLL
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee (Institutional Review Board of the Clinical Research Support Center of Japanese Red Cross Saitama Hospital and Yaizu City Hospital) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent for publication
We obtained written informed consent from all the patients involved in this study.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by NO, RO and SA. The first draft of the manuscript was written by NO and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Editage for English language review.
|
Table 1. Baseline and surgical procedural characteristics of 12 patients treated with ACSS to C2 |
||||||||||
|
Case |
Gender |
Age |
Diagnosis |
Symptoms |
Previous |
Fused |
Surgical |
Operative |
EBL |
Complications |
|
1 |
F |
54 |
Hangman’s fx |
Neck pain |
C2–3 |
ACDF |
183 |
10 |
||
|
2 |
F |
65 |
Hangman’s fx |
Neck pain |
C2–3 |
ACDF |
134 |
50 |
||
|
3 |
F |
84 |
C2/3 traumatic spondylolisthesis |
Myelopathy |
C2–3 |
ACDF |
104 |
5 |
||
|
4 |
M |
52 |
OPLL |
Myelopathy |
C2–5 |
ACCF |
293 |
100 |
||
|
5 |
M |
20 |
Hangman’s fx |
Neck pain |
C2–3 |
ACDF |
147 |
10 |
||
|
6 |
M |
71 |
C3 Metastasis |
Neck pain |
C2–4 |
ACCF |
204 |
50 |
||
|
7 |
F |
78 |
OPLL |
Myelopathy |
LP |
C2–6 |
Hybrid |
355 |
150 |
Dural tear, C5 palsy, dysphagia |
|
8 |
M |
69 |
Deformity |
Myelopathy |
C2–5 |
ACCF |
220 |
100 |
||
|
9 |
M |
58 |
OPLL |
Myelopathy |
C2–5 |
ACCF |
243 |
100 |
||
|
10 |
M |
82 |
Hangman’s fx |
Neck pain |
C2–4 |
ACCF |
169 |
10 |
Pharyngeal perforation, dysphagia |
|
|
11 |
F |
74 |
OPLL |
Myelopathy |
LP |
C2–5 |
ACCF |
229 |
15 |
Surgical site infection |
|
12 |
M |
49 |
Hangman's fx |
Neck pain |
C2–3 |
ACDF |
113 |
50 |
||
|
ACSS, anterior cervical spine surgery; EBL, estimated blood loss; fx, fracture; OPLL, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament; LP, laminoplasty; ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; ACCF, anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion; Hybrid, combined ACDF and ACCF |
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