A Study on the Nostalgia effect of Dance for All Participants during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of participants' nostalgia for the before COVID-19 DFA experience on their future participation continuation intention. To achieve this purpose, nostalgia, cognitive emotion regulation (CER), coping �exibility (CF), resilience, and participation continuance intention (PCI) were set as major variables and the structural in�uence relationship between them was explored. Methods: A survey was con-ducted on 557 “dance for all” participants (DFAP’s) who joined public sports facilities, academies, and clubs in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province in South Korea. Data analysis was performed on Windows PC/SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 ver. frequency analysis, correlation analysis, con�rmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the survey results. Results: First, all sub-factors of the nostalgia of DFAP’s has a statistically signi�cant effect on CER. Second, CER of DFAP's has a statistically signi�cant effect on CF. Third, CER of DFAP's does not have a statistically signi�cant effect on resilience. Fourth, CF and resilience of DFAP's has a statistically signi�cant effect on PCI. Conclusions: Therefore, this study’s novelty is that it provides practical implications for the application of nostalgia as an alternative to satisfying the desire to participate in physical activities such as DFA during the “post COVID-19”era.


Introduction
After the WHO declared a "COVID-19 Pandemic" in March 2020, the world was faced with an unprecedented and complex crisis, spreading anxiety and fear.As COVID-19 has been prolonged, our daily lives have been restricted with the result that in addition to physical symptoms such as fatigue and lethargy, psychological symptoms such as stress, depression, and anxiety explode into annoyance and anger.In the early days of COVID-19, potential anxiety and fear of a new disease were the main emotions, but as the long-term spread continued, it expanded to stress overload and anger [1].
According to a recent OECD study (2021) [2], on the impact of Corona 19 on mental health, the number of people with depression and anxiety disorders in major OECD countries (15 countries) has increased by more than three times (Depression level 6.8%→21.8%,anxiety level 8.4%→28.0%)on average (Fig. 1).In addition, when we checked Google search history prior to the COVID-19 lockdown, searches for suicide anxiety, negative thoughts, and sleep disorders signi cantly increased [3].As such, it can be seen that the severance of 'relationships' and 'communication' in daily life due to COVID-19 has a great impact on individual happiness and well-being In this situation, people instinctively form a series of emotional changes, or nostalgia, in which they miss and reminisce about their daily lives before COVID-19.Nostalgia is an emotional longing for the past or a strong attachment [5] to miss the past, which usually appears when there is vague anxiety and worry about the future when one cannot adapt to the present situation [6].Among those who felt lonely after the pandemic, those who experienced nostalgia had decrease of happiness was low than those who did not [7], and in a situation where mortality salience is high, nostalgia plays a role in reducing thoughts of death and loneliness by restoring social connectedness [8][9].This means that nostalgia presupposes a di cult situation such as COVID-19 and acts as an important psychological factor that helps overcome it.In particular, nostalgia is closely related to social experience because it forms feelings about the past through the ve human senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell) [10].Looking at previous studies related to this, they are mainly limited to studies related to advertisements [11][12], studies on purchase intentions [13], studies on viewing intentions [14], and studies on behavior types [15], and studies on the relationship and continuity of nostalgia, physical activity, and mental health is markedly lacking.
In this context, DFA is a physical activity that uses the human ve senses, and it is appropriate to apply the concept of nostalgia because it allows the emotions suppressed inside to be freely expressed through the body, and natural social relationships are formed in the process.DFA is a physical activity that aims to improve welfare by enhancing individual health, aesthetic education, and quality of life through the concepts of "social dance" and "popular dance".It is also a useful leisure activity that can easily be enjoyed by people of all ages, and is a source of healthy physical training, beauty enhancement, con dence, self-regard, and authentication of others, and is highly effective in relieving the stress caused by COVID-19 [16].
Nevertheless, the physical activity experience of the participants was limited due to the closure of the physical activity space where people were concentrated in the same space due to the spread of Corona 19 infection, making face-to-face activities di cult.As a result, the life dance eld, which was based on face-to-face contact in a closed space, faced a serious economic crisis, and participants predicted that due to restrictions on physical activities, they would highly recognize the nostalgia of DFA participated before COVID-19.In other words, it is time to make efforts to minimize the mental health side effects that occur in the COVID-19 situation through physical activity.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of participants' nostalgia for the before COVID-19 DFA experience on their future participation continuation intention.To achieve this purpose, nostalgia, cognitive emotion regulation (CER), coping exibility (CF), resilience, and participation continuance intention (PCI) were set as major variables and the structural in uence relationship between them was explored.
Therefore, this study's novelty is that it provides practical implications for the application of nostalgia as an alternative to satisfying the desire to participate in physical activities such as DFA during the "post COVID-19" era.

Conceptual Background And Hypothesis Setting
2.1.The relationship between SA (social aspect) and CER (cognitive emotion regulation) SA is when humans feel nostalgia from social experiences in the past [17][18].In other words, the theory is established that nostalgia can be maximized whenever one thinks of interpersonal relationships such as leaders, partners, and fellow participants who form social experiences through DFA.Cho [19] revealed that university students can exibly control their emotions about stress when they experience a sense of belonging.In addition, Cho [20] reported that they felt high emotional stability and comfort when participating in DFA with fellow participants, and Hong & Hong [21] also reported that support for interpersonal relationships can increase cognitive emotional regulation.

The relationship between ME (Memorable Event) and CER (cognitive emotion regulation)
ME is feeling nostalgia through surprising experiences that we do not experience in our daily lives or events that cause emotional awakening [22].Cialdini [23] de ned it as the 'Law of scarcity', which states that psychologically people attach higher value to rare things that are di cult to experience than to everyday things that happen frequently and remember them for a long time.In other words, in DFA, the moment of complete immersion in performance and physical activity of physical activity, and the moment of feeling that the skill of physical activity has improved correspond to ME. Holak & Havlena's [17] study, it was found that in the process of remembering past experiences, a positive emotional response of pleasure was generally shown, and Wildschut et al. [24] demonstrated that stimulating the experience of nostalgia for speci c situations appears as a positive evaluation as a function of cognitive emotion regulation.

The relationship between SI (Sensory Inputs) and CER (cognitive emotion regulation)
SI is to feel the nostalgia that is formed through the experience of human ve senses [24].Humans accept phenomena through sensory experiences, which are stored in the brain as experiences and become factors that stimulate nostalgia.In other words, sensory experiences in DFA are nostalgic experiences perceived through sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell through physical activities.Bass [25] reported a study result that the sensory experience of physical activity and emotion are positively correlated, and Lee [26] said that participation experience of DFA gives a positive synergistic effect in terms of physical, psychological, and social aspects.

The relationship between CER (cognitive emotion regulation) and CF (coping exibility)
CER is a concept to explain the individual's unique coping ability to cognitively deal with negative emotions caused by the COVID-19 situation [27].Ciccgetti et al. [28] explained that emotion regulation is an essential process in preventing maladaptive behaviors after an individual's stressful experience, and Garnefski et al. [29] explained that through cognitive processes Emotional regulation reported a study result that changes the property of emotional experience itself or reduces or strengthens the intensity of emotional experience during stressful events to CF.

The relationship between CER (cognitive emotion regulation) and Resilience
Regarding the effect of CER on mental health, Linehan [30] reported a study result that the lower the tolerance for emotional pain and the ability to regulate emotions, the more suicidal-like behaviors appear.In addition, when resilience is high, cognitive emotion regulation ability to respond exibly by perceiving the situation as controllable and devising alternative explanations and solutions for the incident is also high [31][32].

The relationship between CF (coping exibility) and PCI (participation continuance Intention)
CF is an individual's attempt to maintain a psychologically stable state, and refers to cognitive and behavioral efforts that appropriately control the interaction between the individual and the environment [33].In other words, if efforts to lower an individual's psychological anxiety or stress level in the COVID-19 situation, that is, coping behaviors work well, it can be of practical help in overcoming the current situation [34].Chang & Lee [35] revealed that leisure sports participants with high coping exibility gained psychological comfort by establishing social relationships with people through continued physical activity participation even in situations where physical activity was restricted due to COVID-19.Also, Lesser & Nienhuis [36] and Stanton et al. [37] revealed that people with high exibility in coping with stressful situations before COVID-19 participate in physical activities more actively after COVID-19.

The relationship between Resilience and PCI (participation continuance Intention)
Resilience is a phenomenon of adapting with a positive attitude by effectively coping with situations that hinder psychological well-being due to COVID-19.Masten [39] suggested that resilience is an approach for athletes to positively solve situations when faced with stressful situations or adversity, and Fischbacher [40] suggested that resilience is reported a study result that it had a positive effect on improving the performance of the students and enhancing the motivation that led to successful exercise performance.This is the basis for establishing the hypothesis that resilience will have a positive effect on the continuous physical activity of athletes.

Hypothesis setting and research model
Based on the results of previous studies, the following hypotheses and models were established [Figs.2].
H1-1: The SA, a sub-factor of nostalgia will have a signi cant effect CER. H1-2: The ME, a sub-factor of nostalgia will have a signi cant effect CER.
H1-3: The SI, a sub-factor of nostalgia will have a signi cant effect CER.
H2-1: The CER, will have a signi cant effect CF. H2-2: The CER, will have a signi cant effect resilience.H3: The CF, will have a signi cant effect on their PCI.H4: The resilience, will have a signi cant effect on their PCI.

Participants
In 2021, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of South Korea, Seoul published the National Sports for all Participation Status which stated that Seoul and the Gyeonggi-do region had the highest number of sports club members out of 17 cities and provinces nationwide [41].Based on this, 557 DFAP's who had joined public sports facilities, private academies, and clubs in the city or region area were judged to re ect the various personal characteristics of the research participants and were selected as the sample group.The sample size is the number of completion responses that you receive in the survey, which is called a sample because it represents only a part of a group of people, and you want to know their opinions or behavior [42] A survey designed to measure the nostalgia, CER, CF, Resilience, and PCI of DFAP's was conducted.Participants were limited to those who had continuously participated in DFA before the COVID-19 pandemic.To identify participants, the purposive sampling method used among nonprobability sampling (random sample), and the participants used the self-administration method where they completed the questionnaire and then handed it directly back to the researcher.To increase the understanding and reliability of the survey, researchers visited the site directly and conducted a face-to-face survey in which the questionnaire was is tributed and retrieved.All participants provided informed consent and this research was approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Committee of Gangneung-Wonju National University and complied with research ethics.Committee of Gangneung-Wonju National University and complied with research ethics.Committee of Gangneung-Wonju National University and complied with research ethics.Questionnaires was distributed to a total of 557 participants, and 524 questionnaires were selected and analyzed as nal valid samples, excluding 33 that provided incomplete answers such as missing entries, double entries, and biased entries (Table 1).
Looking at the demographic characteristics of the participants, 59.9% of 'female' was higher than 40.1% of 'male'.In terms of age, '20s' showed the highest rate among the total participants at 26.7%, while 'over 50s' participants showed the lowest at 14.3%.The DFA in which all Participation eld the most was 'K-POP dance' with 33.0%, and the participation frequency was highest in 'every other week' with 38.9%

Measurement tool
This study used a questionnaire that consisted of questions used and veri ed through previous studies.
The questions for measuring the nostalgia of DFAP's were based on the scale developed by Batcho [43] and reused by Hyun & Jun [44] were modi ed and supplemented to match the purpose and subject of this research.The detailed measurement questions consisted of four items about SA, four items about ME, three items about SI.The questions that CER for DFAP's considered of four items by based on the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire scale developed by Garnefski [45] modi ed and supplemented to match the purpose and subject of this research.The questions to measure COVID-19 CF and resilience were composed of three items developed by Vriezekolk et al. [46] and four items based on Luthans's scale [47], modi ed and supplemented to match the purpose and subject of this research.Also, questions for measuring the PCI of DFAP's were based on the scale used three items by Choi [48] modi ed and supplemented to match the purpose and subject of this research.All questions, except for the Demographic characteristic of participants, were measured using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = strongly agree).

Validity and Reliability of Measuring
A group of ve experts, consisting of a professor in Sports Pedagogics, DFA (dance for all) professor, Sport Pedagogics Ph.D., and DFA Ph.D, veri ed the validity of the questionnaire's contents.The content validity veri cation is conducted to con rm the appropriateness and representativeness of the question, and to verify whether each question is appropriate for the evaluation of the purpose as well as whether the content of the question faithfully represents the content to be measured [49].In addition, a con rmation factor analysis (CFA) was performed to present the contents of the questionnaire and to verify the discriminant validity thereof (Table 2) using the AMOS program, which was also used to implement the structural equation model.The number of factors and the measurement variables comprising them are speci ed prior to analysis based on prior studies.Therefore, in the CFA, it was assumed that speci c measurement variables are necessarily affected only by related factors and are not related to other factors based on strong theoretical background or previous research.In other words, con rmatory factor analysis can verify the discriminant validity that the correlation with other variables except for the measurement variable should be low [50].According to Bagozzi and Dholakia [51], the best model was evaluated when CFI, NFI, and TLI were 0.8 ~ 0.9 or more, and RMR and RMSEA were 0.05 or 0.08 or less.As a result of conducting con rmatory factor analysis based on this rationale, the model t of this study was χ²=678.414,df = 254, CFI = 0.958, NFI = 0.934, TLI = 0.950, RMR = 0.038, and RMSEA = 0.057 which satis es the acceptance level suggested by Bagozzi and Dholakia indicating that it is a relatively good model.Also, the construct reliability (C.R) of all variables was 0.835 ~ 0.922 indicating that the t criteria suggested were (eigen value > 0.5, C.R > 0.7).Each variable was found to have concentrated validity by satisfying the values.Kim [49] explained that there was no problem with reliability if the alpha coe cient is .5 or more when the reliability test was carried out for all questions.As a result of using the internal consistency reliability analysis method with Cronbach's α value for reliability veri cation, it was found that Cronbach's α value was 0.818-0.914with relatively high reliability.

Data analysis process
The questionnaire used for the nal analysis was the result of a data analysis using Windows PC/SPSS 26.0 ver.and AMOS 24.0 ver.after coding and error reviews.First, the general characteristics of the study participants were analyzed using a frequency analysis.Second, con rmatory factor analysis was performed to verify all factors, and reliability was veri ed by calculating the Cronbach's α coe cient to ensure internal consistency reliability.Third, correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between variables, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed to derive a structural model.

Correlation analysis
The correlation was analyzed to con rm the correlation between each variable.As a result of the correlation analysis between each variable, it was found that there was no multicollinearity problem because no variable showed a correlation of .8 or higher in the range of the correlation coe cient value [52] of 0.213 to 0.779 (Table 3).
Table 3. Correlation analysis **p < 0.01, ( ) is the square value of the correlation coe cient, the shaded part is the AVE.
Also, Fornel & Larcker [53] suggested that discriminant validity can be secured if the AVE value is larger than the squared value of the correlation coe cient the largest square value of the correlation coe cient was 0.779 (= 0.607), and the smallest value of AVE was .680,ensuring discriminant validity.

Model veri cation
The of the analysis veri ed the suitability of the structural model established in this research: χ²=738.819,df = 261, CFI = 0.962, NFI = 0.929, TLI = 0.945, RMR = 0.062, and RMSEA = 0.059.According to Kline [54], when the indicators of CFI, NFI, and TLI, which generally evaluate the overall t of a model, are above 0.8 to 0.9, RMR and RMSEA are evaluated as a good model when they are less 0.08 [24].Therefore, it was con rmed that this research model explains the research hypothesis and empirical dataset as a suitable model for adoption relatively well (Table 4).

Discussion
These results propose a discussion based on the results of analyzing the structural relationship between the nostalgia, CER, CF, resilience, and PCI of the DFAP's during the COVID-19 pandemic.First, H1-1, that SA a sub-factor of nostalgia will have a signi cant effect on CER, was accepted.These results are similar to those in prior study.which indicated Cho [19] found that university students can exibly control negative emotions such as stress when they experience a sense of belonging and Cho [20] reported that they felt high emotional stability and comfort when participating in DFA with fellow participants.In other words, in a situation where social activities are restricted due to COVID-19, the social experience of participating in DFA with fellow participants controls anxiety and stress and acts as a substrate for inducing positive emotions [44].In this context, Cheung et al. [55] and Pascal et al. [56] suggest that when people experience and are stimulated by nostalgia, they form positive feelings of warmth, pleasure, and attachment, and have an active attitude toward experiencing and choosing the presence of nostalgia.
Therefore, when operating a DFA program, if the participants' sense of belonging is improved by organizing a program that can im-prove the emotional intimacy between the leader and the participants, when the social atmosphere is stagnant in the COVID-19 situation, DFAP's recover their emotions through positive recognition of SA nostalgia for DFA, thereby provoking stronger CER to DFA.
Second, H1-2, that ME a sub-factor of nostalgia will have a signi cant effect on CER, was accepted.This is Wildschut et al. [24] It is the same result as analyzing the contents of experiences that evoke nostalgia and that important episodes in life nostalgia and evoke positive emotions.In other words, it is necessary to induce a strong nostalgia for daily dance by providing various and differentiated physical activity events to the DFAP's.In addition, if the contents of the physical activity event are recorded as videos or photos and provided to the participants, it will be possible to relieve the desire for physical activity, at least psychologically, in a situation where physical activity is limited, such as COVID-19.
Third, H1-3, that SI a sub-factor of nostalgia will have a signi cant effect on CER, was accepted.A related study by Bass [25] reported that there was a positive correlation between sensory experience and emotion in physical activity, and Gibbs & Egermann [57] found the number of people who music related to speci c memories or related content has also increased after COVID-19.It is because they depend on the emotions of happiness and stability that are lacking in the present through nostalgia formed by past sensory experiences and it is the basis for theoretically supporting the results of this study.Therefore, it is important to strongly stimulate the SI of participants' nostalgia by actively utilizing the clean spatial environment, beautiful interior decoration, music, atmosphere, and props that DFA participants perceive sensuously.This will be effective for mental health in relieving anxiety related to COVID-19 just by listening to memorable music or wearing props.
Fourth, H2-1, that CER will have a signi cant effect on CF, was accepted.These results are similar to those in prior research which indicated Garnefski et al., [29] reported a research result that emotion regulation through cognitive processes gives CF.Also, Bonanno, Rennicke, & Dekel [58] suggested that residents of downtown New York who suffered post-traumatic stress related to September 11 attacks increased resiliency and recovery by more than 35% and 23%, respectively, compared to pre-September 11 attacks, when they chose appropriate coping behavior.As such, appropriate coping behaviors that occur in situations such as COVID-19 are determined by individual cognitive control.In such an unpredictable situation like COVID-19, it is important to independently and actively overcome the emotional anxiety of DFAP's with their own inner strength.
Fifth, H2-2, that CER will have a signi cant effect on resilience, was accepted.Genet & Siemer [31] and Waugh et al. [32] supports the results of this study by revealing that when resilience is high, the CER for the situation is also high.Therefore, it was found that CER is very closely related to mental health, including thoughts of stress, depression, and suicide, and acts as an important factor in determining individual well-being and successful functioning by demonstrating exible resilience according to situational demands.
Sixth, H3, that CF will have a signi cant effect on PCI, was accepted.In a study by Aikens et al. [59], stress caused by disease-related uncertainty often leads to negative emotional states, and at this time, appropriate coping behavior selection has a signi cant impact on emotional well-being.In this regard, Galinsky, Howes & Kontos [60] found that since coaches and colleagues form a close relationship with athletes, their emotional, emotional, and informational services support has a positive effect on CF for unpredictable situations.It was revealed that exercise can be continued, and it was con rmed that the results of this study were quite similar.These results suggest that in a situation like COVID-19, an environment for providing DFA services that can safely meet the needs of the DFAP's away from the threat from the virus should be established.

Seventh, Rutter [61] and Dyer & McGuinness
[62] argued that resilience is a de ned characteristic of an individual and at the same time a complex concept of state, and should be understood in the dynamic interaction between innate and external fac-tors.Accordingly, it was reported that resilience had a positive effect on improving athletes' performance and increasing motivation to successfully perform sports [40].As a result, since the positive emotion on participation in increases resilience through an emotional sharing structure such as transference, the leader increases resilience through praise, support, and encouragement of the participants to encourage continued participation in living dance should be induced.In addition, since the pleasure felt during physical activity is the most important factor in sustaining participation in DFAP's, the importance of operating a program that maximizes the enjoyment of physical activity is emphasized.

Limitations Of The Research
First, since this study was limited the population of DFAP's in Seoul and the Gyeonggi-do region of South Korea, the problem of representativeness of the sample may be raised in the study.
Second, participation in DFA as a physical activity is limited to art dance (Korean dance, ballet, modern) and dance sports, line dance, and K-POP dancing, making it di cult to generalize the results presented in this research to the entire eld of DFA.In addition, there is a possibility that there may be differences between variables depending on the characteristics of the eld of DFA, but this was not analyzed.
Finally, did not extend to an analysis of the contribution according to demographic characteristic of participants (gender, age, eld, experience, and frequency) and the variables set in this study.Therefore, in follow-up research, an in-depth analysis and examination of the in uence relationship according to the demographic characteristics of participants should be conducted.

Conclusions
The reason why COVID-19 is also called 'mentaldemic' is because the number of people who complain of mental pain such as anxiety and depression continues to increase due to social isolation and economic di culties due to the prolonged COVID-19.Therefore, in this study, nostalgia for DFA was set as an important factor to defend against depression, anxiety, and stress caused by COVID-19, and the process leading to continuous participation was identi ed as a structural relationship between CER, CF, and resilience the following conclusions were drawn.First, because of testing the hypothesis that nostalgia of DFA will have a signi cant effect on CER, all sub-factors (SA, ME, SI) have a signi cant effect on CER.
Second, testing shown that the CER of DFAP's have a signi cant effect on CF and resilience to COVID-19.
Finally, the CF and resilience of DFAP's was shown to have a signi cant effect on PCI of DFA.In conclusion, this study shows that in the COVID-19 situation, which is symbolized by social disconnection and isolation, the instinct for physical activity of DFAP's is not easily suppressed, and this instinct for physical activity is expressed as nostalgia of DFA, it has a positive effect on participants' mental health and PCI.

Figure 3 Path
Figure 3