Nearshore terminal fan and seismic sedimentology response characteristics: A case study of the first member of the Shahejie Formation in the Suning area of Raoyang Sag

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2590065/v1

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Nearshore terminal fan and seismic sedimentology response characteristics: A case study of the first member of the Shahejie Formation in the Suning area of Raoyang Sag

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2590065/v1

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This study investigates the first section of the Shahejie Formation in the Suning area. Based on three-dimensional seismic, logging, drilling core and other data, and on the principle of seismic sedimentology, the difficulty in accurately characterizing thin sand bodies is resolved. Moreover, the study area is clearly defined as sediment from the western provenance, along with the identification of the nearshore terminal fan facies. This study aims to determine the seismic characteristics of sand body based on 90° phase optimization processing and frequency division interpretation processing to judge the relative isochronous seismic event, and a 45-Hz seismic data body is selected for stratum slice to realize the fine characterization of channel sand body. Finally, a high-precision sedimentological interpretation of stratigraphic slices reveals the seismic response characteristics and evolution rules of the nearshore terminal fan deposits.

Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences/Geology

Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences/Sedimentology

Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences/Seismology

Nearshore terminal fan

Seismic sedimentology

Sedimentary evolution

Raoyang Sag

Shahejie Formation

Seismic data can be used to examine the lateral distribution of and changes in a reservoir and can depict the horizontal distribution of reservoir. Furthermore, seismic sedimentology can better characterize the plane distribution of sediments when constrained by well point data. In 1998, the term “seismic sedimentology” was first coined^{1, 2}. Seismic sedimentology can utilize longitudinal seismic section information and horizontal seismic attribute slice information to comprehensively explain the lithology, sedimentation processes, sedimentary characteristics, and physical characteristics of strata or geological bodies, which is the primary method for fine description and quantitative description of oil and gas reservoirs^{3, 4, 5}. The fundamental technologies of seismic sedimentology are formation slicing, 90° phase transformation, and frequency division interpretation; moreover, its groundbreaking advantage is the use of seismic data to identify thin deposits in a plane that are difficult to identify vertically as well as inclination and reflection structures along the same phase axis^{6, 7}.

In recent years, the development of high-precision, three-dimensional (3D) seismic technology has aided the advancement of seismic sedimentology. Domestic and international scholars have applied the concepts and techniques of seismic sedimentology to the oil and gas exploration of various sedimentary types in various types of basins, and the resulting geological knowledge has been validated with practical applications^{8, 9, 10}. International researchers use the combined feedback of high-precision seismic data, modern sedimentary environment, and outcrop paleo-sedimentary environment model to determine the 3D geometry, internal structure, and sedimentary process of a sedimentary unit, and thus advancing seismic sedimentology¹¹. Domestic researchers have completed the description of the plane distribution of sediments, which is based on well-established data and the distribution and variation of seismic data in the lateral direction of a reservoir¹². Prediction of sandstone diagenetic facies using conventional 3D seismic data in the Qingshankou Formation in the Qijia area of the Songliao Basin was reported¹³. Seismic data have been used in the past to study various sedimentary facies types; however, few studies have been conducted on the nearshore terminal fan sedimentary system using seismic sedimentology, which has great advantages for predicting thin and small sedimentary sand bodies^{14, 15}. Nearshore terminal fan is a type of sedimentation in a distributive fluvial system (DFS)^{16, 17, 18}. DFS is a new concept and refers to the sedimentary system where the river enters the basin from a particular apex and distributes radially. Its development is influenced by the basin structure, climate, basin size, source rock property, and other factors. It contributes to the further elucidation of the sedimentary system overall and provides a novel method for predicting more favorable facies belt sand bodies¹⁹. The Arman Formation of the Permian Rotliegen Group in the northeast of the Netherlands comprises a massive DFS sedimentary system. Using high-resolution seismic imaging technology, researchers have accurately described the subsurface sedimentary characteristics of DFS²⁰. However, at present, the seismic characterization of DFS is primarily based on the traditional seismic attribute method, and actual research cases focusing on seismic sedimentology are scarce²¹. Seismic sedimentology has become an effective method for studying the geometric shape of underground river sand bodies and the formation of sedimentary river systems, providing a crucial theoretical foundation for advancing the study of terminal fan sedimentary systems in China, where less research has been conducted in this field of study. For the first time, the sedimentary facies model of terminal fan facies was studied systematically in Dongpu Sag. The sedimentary characteristics of the upper Es2 submember in the Pucheng area were analyzed in depth based on a summary of international research. The terminal sedimentary facies were categorized into proximal, central, and distal subfacies, followed by the development of a terminal fan sedimentary facies model²².

Multiple tectonic movements influence the Shahejie Formation in Raoyang Sag. During the Shahejie Formation sedimentation period, the basin depression did not contain a relatively continuous body of water. The Shahejie Formation in the Suning area is a channel branch system comprised of meandering channels on a large expanse of low slope zone. However, lake sedimentation does not control the radial channel branch system. The primary sedimentary type is the nearshore terminal fan, as opposed to the river delta system, widely distributed branch channels, and overbank deposits. However, its sand body evolved rapidly in both horizontal and vertical directions, along with a large difference in well pattern density in the study area and the absence of well control in some areas, resulting in a poor understanding of the geological conditions between wells, which is difficult to track and compare. Thinly interbedded depositions of sand and mudstone characterize this lithology, and seismic reflection features are dominated by weak amplitude and subparallel discontinuous reflection. Traditional seismic interpretation methods cannot accurately predict sand body targets. Thus, based on previous studies, this paper will guide oil and gas exploration in the study area by establishing a holistic understanding of the sedimentary environment, utilize seismic sedimentology technology to fully leverage the high lateral resolution of seismic data, and discuss the seismic sedimentology characteristics of the nearshore terminal fan in the Suning area.

2.1 Overview of the research area

The Suning area is located in the Raoyang Sag of Jizhong depression in China’s Bohai Bay basin (Fig. 1). As the Sha-3 member of the Shahejie Formation, Raoyang Sag has undergone four stages of fault depression basin expansion, uplift, re-expansion, and contraction, corresponding to the sedimentary period from the Sha-3 member of the Shahejie Formation to the Sha-1 member of the Shahejie Formation, of which the Sha-1 member of the Shahejie Formation sedimentation period is the focus of this study. Under the influence of uplift and denudation deposition of the Sha-2 member of the Shahejie Formation, the early sedimentation of the lower Sha-1 submember corresponds to the re-expansion stage of the fault depression basin. The sedimentary period of the upper Sha-1 submember of the Shahejie Formation corresponds to the uplift and contraction stage of the fault depression basin. Prior to the Dongying Formation, the basin continuously expanded, and the lake basin disappeared^{23, 24}. Therefore, paleogene Sha-1 member of the Shahejie Formation is the target interval in the study. Combining the structural development background and stratigraphic development characteristics of the Sha-3 member of the Shahejie Formation in the Suning area with those of the Sha-1 member of the Shahejie Formation, and taking into account the isochronous sedimentary characteristics of the sequence and the difference in sequence development in the fault depression basin, sequence unit division and comparison are performed (Fig. 2).

2.2 Sedimentary environment

2.2.1 Restoration of ancient landform

The distribution direction of sedimentary facies is controlled by sediment sources, and provenance analysis is the fundamental basis and significant research work, which plays a critical guiding role in determining the location, nature, and migration path of sediment supply and in predicting the distribution characteristics of sedimentary bodies^{25, 26}. The layer flattening method is used in this paleogeomorphology restoration. The layer flattening interpretation technology flattens the marker layer in the seismic interpretation section, which is equivalent to simultaneously restoring the corresponding sedimentary layer to its original sedimentary appearance²⁷. The top boundary (T3) of the Sha-1 member is chosen as the marker layer to restore the ancient landform.

The stratigraphic leveling of a seismic profile can also provide a clear understanding of the paleotectonic features, contact relationship, and sedimentary changes above and below the leveling landform (Fig. 3)²⁸.

The overall structural pattern of the study area is in a gentle transition, which is high in the southwest and low in the east. This study focuses on the Sha-1 member of the Shahejie Formation.

The seismic response of the lower Sha-1 submember is characterized by high continuous seismic reflection events with high amplitude, indicating a relatively low energy environment with stable sedimentary conditions. The Suning area in this period is dominated by lacustrine facies, with a relatively thin sand body thickness. Many short reflections are skewed toward the lake center in the area of the thickening local stratum. The upper Sha-1 submember’s seismic response has weak amplitude, is subparallel, and has discontinuous reflection, signifying the high-energy unstable sedimentary environment. Based on well data and stratigraphic slices, the distributary channel microfacies at the nearshore terminal fan were determined to be dominant.

The geomorphic pattern in the study area has suitable inheritance based on the development characteristics of ancient geomorphology in the Suning area. The sedimentary period of the Sha-1 member of the Shahejie Formation can be divided into ancient gentle slopes and deep depressions. The Suning area exhibits a gradual pattern of being “high in the west and low in the east” due to the continuous filling of sediments in the southwest. The study area has two major provenances: the western Gaoyang low bulge and the southwest Shenze low bulge. Under such macroscopic tectonic conditions, lacustrine deposits form in the deep depression area. The ancient gentle slope area is the nearshore terminal fan sedimentary system, with extensive flood plains and branch river formations, and a river mouth bar formed at the far end (Fig. 4). The lower Sha-1 submember is a period of fault depression expansion, the primary provenance is the Gaoyang low bulge in the west and the secondary provenance is the Shenze low bulge. Hence, a large-scale lake invasion has formed in the lake basin. The lake basin area peaked during the lower Sha-1 member I oil group period; however, the duration was short, the water depth was shallow, the slope slowed, and the sedimentary accommodation area expanded (Figs. 4a,b). The upper Sha-1 submember’s sedimentation period is characterized by fault depression uplift and contraction with a gentle basin slope. At this point, the water body of the lake basin becomes shallow due to the continuous uplift of the structure, the area decreases, and the accommodation area decreases rapidly. Based on the single well facies of the upper Sha-1 submember and the paleogeomorphology, the nearshore terminal fan is considered the primary region, and the lake facies is primarily developed in the basin’s eastern section (Figs. 4c,d).

2.2.2 Sedimentary facies analysis

The sand ratio of the lower Sha-1 submember in the study area is approximately 15% and that of the upper Sha-1 submember is approximately 25%. Climate, structure, and other factors influence the shape of the nearshore terminal fan. The paleogene climate of the Raoyang Sag’s Shahejie Formation is primarily arid and semi-arid. The river end branches continuously on the nearshore plain with a gentle terrain as the structure evolves. The far end is weakly reformed by basin action, and the sedimentation is primarily a channel branch system and a channel overflow sedimentation.

The lake transgression mainly occurs during the early stage of the lower Sha-1 submember, with a grayish black shale in the eastern depression area; moreover, the sandstone is mainly a gray or grayish green medium-fine sandstone. The limestones are biological, gravelly, and micrite, indicating the presence of lacustrine sediments under the lacustrine transgressive system tract. The logging facies are smooth, toothed box-shaped, and toothed funnel-shaped. The horizontal bedding between the sand and mudstone can be observed at its core. The wavy bedding and cross-bedding indicate that the lower Sha-1 submember primarily forms lacustrine sediments within the shallow water sedimentary background of a shore-shallow lake (Figs. 5a,b). The upper Sha-1 submember’s mudstone gradually changes color from grey to red from bottom to top. Most sediments are exposed to the atmosphere and are oxidized to varying degrees, primarily in an oxidizing sedimentary environment. Sandstone is predominantly light brown, mudstone is predominantly purplish red and light brown, and bedding structure is predominantly trough cross-bedding, parallel bedding, and flow sand bedding, which is an important feature of nearshore terminal fan sedimentation (Figs. 5c,d,f). The overflow sand body is primarily composed of thin siltstone and gray-black mudstone sand interbedding, with obvious small wavy bedding and discontinuous argillaceous vein sand grain bedding, and appears in logging facies as high to medium amplitude, finger-shaped or conical structures. It is classified as far or near channel overflow based on its distance from the river channel (Figs. 5d,e). The lithology of the river mouth dam is primarily argillaceous siltstone with cross-bedding, wavy bedding, and collapse deformation structure (Fig. 5g). The distributary channel is composed primarily of gray siltstone with thin mudstone, along with wavy cross-bedding and a scouring surface structure. The log also shows two logging facies, a toothed bell, and a smooth bell. A combination of medium and weak amplitude reflectors can be seen near the source area in the east, demonstrating the distributary channel (Figs. 5h,i). Thus, the seismic sedimentology analysis method can be used to study sedimentary facies in areas with few or no wells. Internal reflection characteristics of seismic profiles in the study area are primarily oblique progradation, imbricate progradation, and subparallel reflection. Clear lenticular seismic facies can be identified on the east side of the lower Sha-1 submember study area, revealing the point dam beside the meandering channel. A combination of medium and weak amplitude reflectors can also be observed, revealing the distributary channel. The flood plain is widely distributed in the upper Sha-1 submember, and the seismic event axis exhibits low-frequency reflection with low amplitude. An obvious imbricate progradation structure can be seen in the area of local stratum thickening, indicating the sedimentary direction of the nearshore terminal fan (Fig. 6).

The Shahejie Formation consists of the nearshore terminal fan and shore-shallow lake deposits from the first member of the Shahejie Formation, according to the well logging facies indicators, seismic facies, and core development indicators of each well area in the study area. The nearshore terminal fan sedimentary microfacies can be employed to identify the estuarine bar, distributary channel, flood plain, channel overflow, and point bar, whereas the lacustrine sedimentary microfacies can be employed to identify the sand bar and shallow lake mud (Fig. 6). The vertical distribution characteristics of sedimentary facies in the first member of the Shahejie Formation are revealed by the cross-well profile along the provenance direction (Fig. 7). The shore-shallow lake subfacies are primarily developed in the lower Sha-1 submember’s oil groups III and II. The lake area is shallow and wide, primarily composed of gray fine sandstone and mudstone interbedding. The lake has begun to shrink at the end of oil group I; the distributary channel has primarily developed east of the study area. The distributary channel continues to extend in the early stage of the upper Sha-1 submember, spot bars, and channel overflow microfacies developed near the meandering channel, but the channel never enters the lake, forming fine sandstone estuary bar deposits near the lake bank. As a result, the lake only developed in the western depression area by the end of the upper Sha-1 submember.

3.1 90° phase conversion

The stratum of the Sha-1 member in the Suning area of Raoyang Sag is thin. The seismic data of the 90° phase have clearly improved the interpretation of the lithology and stratum results. The relationship between the seismic amplitude morphology and lithologic logging curve has been improved, as has the visualization effect. After the 90° phase transformation and considering the sandstone at the top of the Shahejie Formation as an example (Fig. 8), the upper and lower parts of the original seismic profile (Fig. 8a) depict blue-gray events with a weak amplitude, while the middle portion has a strong amplitude. The 90° phase seismic profile (Fig. 8b) allows the horizon to pass through the zero crossing of the amplitude, optimizing a specific relationship between seismic amplitude and lithology. Additionally, the 90° phase seismic profile approximates the wave impedance profile, improving seismic data interpretability and reducing the number of solutions^{29, 30}.

3.2 Spectral decomposition technology

Spectral decomposition technology enables the interpreter to effectively extract the seismic amplitude and phase response of a specific frequency band of a geological body by revealing the frequency composition of the seismic signal, allowing the geological target to be finely displayed. Short window Fourier transform and continuous wavelet transform are two spectral decomposition methods that are commonly used in software³¹.

The 90° phase seismic data in this study are differentiated by their frequencies, and the 3D seismic data in the study area are sampled in 4-ms intervals, with a line spacing of 20 m and trace spacing of 20 m. The quality of seismic data in the study area was assessed using 3D visual browsing technology, spectrum analysis technology, and other methods. The 3D seismic data is of moderate quality. The original seismic data in the study area has a low signal-to-noise ratio and significant noise interference. The effective frequency range is 10–60 Hz. The same cross-well profile is used for data from different frequency bands (Fig. 9). When comparing the matching relationship between seismic events of different frequencies and the response of the sand body logging curve (GR), the matching degree between seismic events and GR is best when the frequency is 40–50 Hz (Fig. 9). The high-frequency attribute body extracted by spectral decomposition technology improves the original resolution of the study area and reduces the comprehensive stacking interference effect of thin sand body interbedding.

3.3 Seismic slice

Seismic slicing methods include time slicing, layer slicing, and stratum slicing. Decent interpolation between the two isochronal interfaces is used to achieve stratigraphic slicing. It provides high-resolution slices and accurate detection of sedimentary interfaces as well as a large number of slices under the control of a sequenced framework, which is useful for analyzing sedimentary evolution³². The sedimentary interpretation of the study area is performed by optimizing the plane attributes that are consistent with the thickness of the well point sand body.

The strata in the study area generally rose during the sedimentation period of the Sha-1 member of the Shahejie Formation; the terrain was relatively flat, the climate was dry, the lake basin gradually shrank, and the lake basin’s range decreased.

The sand body’s thickness is relatively thin during this period. Shoal and bar facies dominate the early sedimentation; while distributary channel and channel overflow sand bodies dominate the middle and late sedimentation. The distributary channel develops primarily in transverse and continuous sections. The Shaxia I oil formation’s horizon is calibrated at the wave trough. The sand body has a good relationship with the wave trough after the 90° phase transformation.

To characterize the plane distribution of sand bodies, the root mean square (RMS) amplitude attribute can be extracted along the lower Sha-1 I oil group’s 90° phase conventional seismic hour window. The RMS, 30-Hz, and 45-Hz seismic bodies are then fused using RGB volume fusion technology, clearly revealing the overflow sand bodies of distributary channels and watercourses³³. In addition, the distributary channel, interchannel bay, and channel overflow can also be identified clearly. The seismic profile is depicted in black, has low frequency, strong lenticular wave peak, and high frequency and weak amplitude abnormal body reflection (Fig. 10).

Shoal and bar facies dominate the sedimentation of the lower Sha-1 submember. According to the seismic sedimentological response characteristics, the lake water is shallow, but the water area is large. The composite channel amplitude anomaly body can be observed in the lower Sha-1 submember amplitude stratigraphic section. The distributary channel is the development area of the backbone and body of the DFS system, with a frequent diversion phenomenon, making horizontal comparison difficult, and with most of them being distributed in a network. The channel-like amplitude anomaly body is the residual channel after migration and diversion. Although these follow the trend of the body, the amplitude generally decreases to the east. The channel generally initiates in the southwest and progresses to the northeast. The amplitude’s strength reflects the superposition of the channel body and sedimentation across different periods. The sedimentation of the estuary bar occurs at the front edge of the nearshore terminal fan. The conventional amplitude slice is stronger than the channel complex; however, the response on the 45-Hz RMS amplitude slice is weaker, and the distribution is unclear (Fig. 11).

The upper Sha-1 submember develops extensive distributary channels, and the nearshore terminal fan shares the lower Sha-1 submember’s progradation direction. The lacustrine facies is only present in the eastern groove area, owing to the ongoing development of the nearshore terminal fan and the retrogression of the lake water body. Owing to the reduction in sedimentary thickness, the seismic profile’s reflection is now dominated by subparallel reflection, with a large number of worm-like amplitude reflections in its stratum slice. In contrast to the lower Sha-1 submember, there are channel bodies with strong reflections in the ordinary amplitude slice, which is thought to be the channel complex superimposed by multiple sedimentation periods. The amplitude characteristics of the estuary and beach bar deposits in the ordinary RMS amplitude are difficult to identify on the 45-Hz seismic amplitude section; however, there is a clear zoning phenomenon observed. Near the lakeshore, there is a high amplitude stack response feature, which is a parallel, subparallel, or oblique reflection of the seismic section. This is inferred from the core and logging facies as a reflection of the estuary dam. The flood plain facies, widely developed in the middle subfacies, are represented by the weak amplitude reflection feature in the middle (Fig. 12).

Prediction of sand distribution using seismic attributes is a widely used method. In this study, a 90° phase transformation of the seismic profiles was performed before extracting seismic attributes and the corresponding relationship between the transformed seismic profiles and lithology was analyzed. Sandstone primarily corresponds to the trough of the seismic section after the 90° phase transition, and an increase in absolute negative amplitude corresponds to an increase in sandstone and mudstone reflection coefficient. Based on this feature, corresponding attributes for the 90° phase-shifted seismic profiles are extracted, where the amplitude fluctuation of attribute slices marks the distribution and overlap pattern of sandstone layers^{34, 35}. After establishing the corresponding relationship between amplitude and lithology, petrophysical relationship analysis is required to interpret the lithology. The relationship between lithology and wave impedance is analyzed by establishing a natural gamma-wave impedance cross-plot. Sandstone and mudstone have high and low wave impedance, respectively (Fig. 13). Next, we examined the rock formation to determine the lithology overlap state that corresponds to the seismic reflection in-phase axis (Fig. 14). When recognizing specific targets, frequency division and fusion can highlight the spatial distribution of the target. Low-frequency seismic data indicates a thicker reservoir and high-frequency seismic data indicates a thinner reservoir. The single-frequency seismic data to be analyzed in the frequency-divided data analysis process must be chosen based on reservoir thickness. The integrated reservoir distribution can be understood only by combining the analysis of several single-frequency data³⁶. Due to frequent channel migrations, well-developed boundary surfaces between superimposed genetic units result in a complex heterogeneous distribution of sand bodies and sedimentary phases^{37, 38, 39}. The seismic characteristics of RGB hybrid spectrum decomposition can only describe the boundary and thickness of the sand body in one direction. When identifying river channels, the following three factors should be considered: special lithological section formed between two periods of continuous and stable sedimentation by longitudinal sedimentary sequence, distinct from the lithology of upper and lower adjacent layers; different second channel sand identification, multi-stage superposition, early depositional topography, undeposited after elevation, and undercut; and corresponding seismic wave responses of stacked sand bodies.

(1) The seismic data body with 45-Hz frequency extracted from 90º phasing in the study area is consistent with lithology and has a high resolution. The sequence interface is optimized by frequency division interpretation, and the boundary of the marker layer is clarified. Stratigraphic slices can reflect the spatiotemporal evolution of the sedimentary characters of each sequence in the Sha-1 member, which demonstrates that the interpretation of sedimentary facies is accurate and reliable. The difficulty in accurately characterizing thin sand bodies has been resolved for the Shahejie Formation based on seismic sedimentology.

(2) According to a comprehensive analysis of the lithological and paleogeographic development characteristics of each well in the study area, the Shahejie Formation was primarily influenced by the western Gaoyang low bulge and the southwest Shenze low bulge during the deposition period. Furthermore, after a comprehensive examination of the core development indicators, logging facies indicators, and seismic facies of each well, it is believed that the Sha-1 member of the Shahejie Formation contains a nearshore terminal fan.

(3) Using seismic sedimentology, seismic events and seismic attributes can be assigned lithological and sedimentological interpretations; consequently, difficult-to-find details can be delineated using high-density slices.

The research shows that the nearshore terminal fan deposits of the Shahejie Formation in the Suning area have a good inheritance and that the seismic reflection characteristics include the following: medium to low frequency, medium amplitude, medium-poor continuity, and a prograding structure. Affected by climate, the branch channel formed under arid climate conditions has a radial feature. Thus, this study demonstrates that the seismic sedimentology technique can be used to effectively interpret and characterize thin sand bodies in nearshore terminal fan.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022MD033).

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from PetroChina Huabei Oilfield but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, whichwere use under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of PetroChina Huabei Oilfield.

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No competing interests reported.

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Nearshore terminal fan and seismic sedimentology response characteristics: A case study of the first member of the Shahejie Formation in the Suning area of Raoyang Sag

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Abstract

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1 Introduction

2 Analysis Of Sedimentary Environment And Sedimentary Facies

2.1 Overview of the research area

2.2 Sedimentary environment

2.2.1 Restoration of ancient landform

2.2.2 Sedimentary facies analysis

3 Seismic Sedimentology Analysis

3.1 90° phase conversion

3.2 Spectral decomposition technology

3.3 Seismic slice

4 Discussion

5 Conclusion

Declarations

Acknowledgements

Data availability

References

Additional Declarations

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