Investigation of structural and microbial properties of samarium-doped nickel-strontium ferrite nanoparticles prepared via the sol-gel route

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2594085/v1

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Investigation of structural and microbial properties of samarium-doped nickel-strontium ferrite nanoparticles prepared via the sol-gel route

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2594085/v1

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published 19 Jun, 2023

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Nickel and Samarium-doped strontium ferrite nanoparticles were synthesised using the sol-gel auto-combustion method. The micro-structural characteristics of the ferrite were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The particle size was determined to be between 30 and 60 nm. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) revealed a strong magnetization with paramagnetic behaviour, and the existence of all elements was verified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). According to the BET adsorption isotherm, total surface area ranges from 13.77 m²g^-1 to 28.49 m²g^-1. At P/Po (0.99), the total pore volume ranges from 0.02 cm³g^-1 to 0.04 cm³g^-1. The average pore width ranged from 3.5 nm to 6.5 nm, and the isotherm demonstrates type III with an H₃ hysteresis loop. The material shows 84% thermal stability and these synthesized nanoparticles are showing activity against both Gram Positive and Gram-Negative bacterial pathogens.

Optical band gap

Magnetic Hysteresis

dielectric loss

Microbial activity

Recent studies of matter at dimensions ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena provide innovative applications towards the physical and chemical characteristics of nanoparticles, are extremely dependent on their size and form, or morphology. In nanomaterials, previous efforts focused on various techniques for synthesising nanoparticles with controllable size and shape, allowing them to be tailored in terms of their characteristics [1–3].

Many researchers have been drawn to spinel ferrite over the last few decades due to their cubic crystalline structure, greater magnetization, and opto-electric capabilities [4]. Spinel ferrites are beneficial for industrial applications due to their high electrical conductivity and minimal eddy current losses. Electrical characteristics are heavily influenced by doping materials, ambient conditions, and synthesis procedures. Because of the mobility of oxygen ions at their lattice sites, the resistivity of semiconducting spinel ferrites rises with increasing temperature. The synthesis of nanoparticles reveals high resistivity and reduced eddy current losses, nano-sized ferrites have superior catalytic, electric, and magnetic characteristics. These materials characteristics are extremely sensitive to preparation conditions such as sintering temperature, time, and additive type [5–9]. In the addition of a modest number of larger ions, such as rare earth, can result in significant changes in both structural and magnetic characteristics due to the fact that rare-earth ions play a significant role in determining magneto-crystalline anisotropy in 4f–3d intermetallic compounds. Rare earth ions are known to have unpaired 4f electrons, which have the function of causing magnetic anisotropy due to their orbital structure. The impact of several rare earth metal substitutions on ferrites was diverse [10, 11].

Rare earth oxides are emerging as interesting additions for improving ferrite characteristics [12, 13]. Spinel ferrites' increased nano-magnetism is due to their high surface-to-volume ratio. Controlling the characteristics of nano-ferrites may be accomplished by controlling the distribution and types of cations. The electromagnetic characteristics of the nano-spinel structure may be easily adjusted by replacing different cations. Because of its very broad applicability, the doping of rare earth ion replaced spinel ferrite nanoparticles has achieved substantial more prominence. In previous a remarkable change in the structural, magnetic, and electrical characteristics of ferrite due to rare earth ion substitution, some of which are on La, Gd, Eu, Dy, Er, Tb, Ce, and Y [14–16].

In the development of appropriate coating is required to maintain the stability of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles [17–20]. The essential characteristics of strontium ferrite were improved by doping it with several ions of varying valences. On the one hand, substituting unfamiliar ions for Fe³⁺ ions may alter the magnetic characteristics. Some new chemical linkages or phases were most likely produced [21–24]. Permanent magnet applications, high density recording medium, electromagnetic wave absorption, loudspeakers, home appliances, super capacitors, data storage permanent magnets, and motors are all possible. Ferrites have also been included in inductors, choke coils, recording heads, and magnetic amplifiers. These properties, together with its high chemical stability and mechanical hardness, make it suitable for electronic industries such as magnetic spin filters, data storage, microwave absorbers, and biomedical areas, where they are very useful for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bio-magnetic separation, tumour treatment by hyperthermia, drug delivery and release, catalysis and drug targeting [25–31].

The production of SmO₂ by Sm³⁺ doping lowered the relative density of ferrites. During sintering, this SmO₂ often stimulates grain expansion. Increased grain growth promotes permeability expansion. The replacement of rare-earth ions for Fe in ferrite causes lattice strain and structural disorder, allowing the dielectric and electrical characteristics to be modified. These characteristics can be improved based on the distribution of cations between A-and B-sites. To summarise, the electrical and magnetic characteristics of ferrite materials are significantly influenced by the nature of the ions [32, 33]. The synthesised methods that involve high-temperature calcinations using Various techniques to achieve microstructure, crystallography, magnetic, optical, and dielectrical properties, including sol-gel auto-combustion, micro-emulsion method, mechanical and ball-milling, hydrothermal synthesis and co-precipitation, thermal decomposition, citrate-nitrate-assisted, electrospinning, reverse micelle, and ultra-sonication [34, 35].

We focused on the new synthesis of Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1) using the sol-gel auto combustion technique, and corresponding studies of various properties such as micro-structural, band energy, size, surface area, magnetic and dielectric constants, dielectric loss, and microbial activities were used to evaluate the resulted synthesis [36–44].

Nanoparticles are playing crucial role in the treatment of various diseases. NPs can attack on the cell membrane of bacterial cells and causes damage, disorganization of cell membrane and death of cell [48]. Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ nanoparticles were subjected for antimicrobial activity against different microbial pathogens which includes bacterial and fungal pathogens. Gram positive Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538), and gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), and fungal species Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were used for study.

2.1 Materials

The required materials for the preparation of Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄are purchased from HI media and used without purification. Nickel nitrate Ni (NO₃)₂·6H₂O, Strontium nitrate Sr(NO₃)₂, Samarium nitrate Sm (NO₃)₃·6H₂O, and ferric nitrate Fe (NO₃)₃·9H₂O were used as sources of La, A1, Y and Fe, with citric acid as a complexing agent and to maintain neutral condition ammonia is used. All of the chemicals are of A.R. quality

2.2 Synthesis of Ni_0.8-xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ nanomaterial

For the new synthesis of Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1), the nitrates of Nickel, Strontium, Samarium and iron was taken in 20 ml distil water. To this beaker after solubility of all nitrate’s, citric acid (1:3) portion was added and reaction continued, stirring at maintained at temperature 80 ^oC. for maintaining the neutral condition the ammonia solution was added in stoichiometric amount. After continuous heating the solution get converted into gel. Again, Gel was completely dried within next 3 h to afford fine powder. This raw powder was calcinated at 1000 ^oC for 7 h to get pure ferrite nanomaterial.

2.3 Procedure for Antimicrobial Activity

Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ nanoparticles tested against both Gram negative and Gram positive and fungal pathogens using agar well diffusion method [49]. The compounds were added in DMSO to reach final concentration 5 mg/ml. Standard antimicrobial drug used for bacteria and fungi were Streptomycin and Clotrimazole respectively. Pathogenic cultures were transferred in to sterile nutrient broth and incubated at 37^oC for 24 hrs. These broths containing pathogens were diluted with sterile saline to reach the turbidly to 0.5 McFarland standards. 200µL diluted suspension of pathogen was spread inoculated on Mueller Hinton agar plates separately. Wells were created on sterile agar plates and 100µL of each compound was added in the well separately. 100µL of DMSO without compound was also added in separate well as negative control. Plates were incubated at 37^oC for 24 hrs. Plates were observed for zone of growth inhibition, absence of growth surrounding the well indicates the positive result. The zone of inhibition was recorded in millimeter (mm).

A series of Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1), has been successfully synthesised by employing the sol–gel technique. A UV–visible spectrophotometer is used to determine the absorption peak and band gap of a series. XRD was used to determine particle size, crystal structure, X-ray density, octahedral and tetrahedral sites, and interplanar distance. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to determine structural morphology (FE-SEM). The elemental analysis of a series, which is provided by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Vibrating sample magnetometer was used to investigate the magnetic characteristics (VSM). The average surface area was calculated using BET analysis as well as dielectric and microbial property studies.

3.1 X-ray analysis

XRD patterns of Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1) ferrites, calcined at 1000º C for 7 h are shown in Fig. 1. The reflections from (111), (220), (300), (311), (222), (400), (411), (422), (511), and (440) planes confirmed a spinel cubic unit cell, and (311) plane shows the spinel phase structure [34, 35]. So, these allowed planes confirmed the formation of single-phase having a cubic spinel structure. The crystallite size was found in the range from 30 nm to 60 nm. The inter planar distance (d), lattice parameter (a), Volume (V) and X-ray density (d_x), Average particle size (D), Hopping lengths ‘L_A’ & ‘L_B’ and crystal structure of all the composition have been calculated and are reported in Table 1.

A graph between the lattice parameter and crystalline size with composition is shown in Fig. 2. The crystalline size was calculated by using Debye Scherrer's equation as,

D = \(\frac{0.9{\lambda }}{{\beta } \mathbf{c}\mathbf{o}\mathbf{s}{\theta }}\)

It illustrates the variation of lattice constant with Sm³⁺ content in ferrite. This is attributed to the replacement of smaller ionic radii Fe³⁺ by larger ionic radii Sm³⁺ ions. Figure 3 shows the X-ray density (dx) and unit cell volume (V) with Sm³⁺ concentration. The X-ray density (dx) is depending on the lattice parameter and molecular weight of the sample.

d_x=\(\frac{8\mathbf{M}}{\mathbf{N}\mathbf{V}}\)

Figure 4 depicts the variation in hopping lengths of octahedral and tetrahedral sites with concentration and are calculated by using following formula’s,

L _A = a\(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\)and L_B = a\(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}\)

Table 1

Inter planar distance (d), Lattice constant (a), Volume (V) and X-ray density (d_x), Average particle size (D), Hopping lengths ‘L_A’ & ‘L_B’ and crystal structure of Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄
Sr. No	X	d(Å)	a (Å)	V(Å)³	d_x (g/cm^− 3)	D (nm)	L_A(Å)	L_B(Å)	Crystal Structure
1	0.02	2.4679	8.304	572.63	0.0573	61.72	26.726	21.821	FCC
2	0.04	2.4889	8.315	574.89	0.0575	44.17	19.126	15.616	FCC
3	0.06	2.4881	8.311	574.06	0.0576	61.2	26.500	21.637	FCC
4	0.08	2.4329	8.292	570.13	0.0567	41.56	17.996	14.694	FCC
5	0.1	2.4338	8.294	570.54	0.0567	39.31	17.022	13.898	FCC

3.2 Field Emission - Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE - SEM) and Energy Dispersive X – Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)

The microstructure and morphology of prepared samples using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE - SEM). The SEM images of Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ are shown in Fig. 5 (a – e). The microstructure of the sample varies as the concentration of Samarium changes. The concentration of Samarium increases with a constant concentration of strontium the nanoparticles are distributed equally and are shows the cubic structure. Moreover, it is obvious that the particle size is between 40–80 nm [34].

Elemental analysis of Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1) was done using the EDS technique shown in Fig. 6 (a–e). All the elements are present, and no extra or impurity peaks are present. The weight percentage and atomic percentage are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. The weight percentage and atomic percentage are equal to 100% shows the purity of material.

Table 2

The elements of each sample composition Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄nanoparticles analysed by (Weight %) obtained by EDS
Sr. No	Composition of Nanoparticles	Elemental Composition (Weight %)
Sr. No	Composition of Nanoparticles	Ni	Sm	Sr	Fe	O
1	0.02	24.07	1.53	1.89	68.31	4.20
2	0.04	17.28	2.67	3.83	51.24	24.98
3	0.06	14.92	4.02	5.47	45.61	29.97
4	0.08	18.08	4.73	2.70	51.72	22.77
5	0.1	17.39	7.42	2.03	55.04	18.11

Table 3

The elements of each sample composition Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄nanoparticles analysed by (Atomic %) obtained by EDS
Sr. No	Composition of Nanoparticles	Elemental Composition (Atomic %)
Sr. No	Composition of Nanoparticles	Ni	Sm	Sr	Fe	O
1	0.02	21.27	0.53	1.12	36.46	13.62
2	0.04	10.38	0.63	1.54	32.37	55.08
3	0.06	8.38	0.88	2.06	26.92	61.76
4	0.08	11.32	1.16	1.13	34.06	52.33
5.	0.1	11.92	1.99	0.93	39.64	45.53

3.3 BET analysis

The surface area and porosity of the resulted nanomaterial’s were measured using the Brunauer Emmett–Teller (BET) equation [45]. Figure 7 (a–e) shows the BET surface area from the N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherm of Ni_0.8-xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄, the BET surface area of the particles ranges from 13.77 m²g^− 1 to 28.29 m g^− 1. The total pore volume at P/Po (0.99) is between 0.02 cm³g^− 1 to 0.04 cm³g^− 1. The surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter of all the concentrations are tabulated in Table 4 below. The average pore diameter was found to be 3.5 nm to 6.5 nm. The isotherm represents type III, with an H₃ hysteresis loop, which is a characteristic of mesoporous materials.

Table 4

BET data of Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄
Sr. No	Concentration	Total Surface Area (m²g^− 1)	Pore Volume (cm³g^− 1)	Pore Diameter (nm)
1	0.02	13.77	0.0254	3.53
2	0.04	21.54	0.0284	5.56
3	0.06	28.49	0.0354	5.15
4	0.08	17.45	0.0258	6.36
5	0.1	28.29	0.0374	5.49

3.4 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)

Figure 8 illustrates the M-H loops taken at room temperature for Ni_0.8-xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1) concentration as a function of the applied magnetic field H. Table 5 shows the saturation magnetization (Ms), remanence magnetization (Mr), coercivity (Hc), squareness ratio, Bohr magnetization, and anisotropy constant (K₁) measured from these loops. The enclosure of Hc implies that these materials are soft magnetic. Spinel ferrites can have three different types of interactions: A-B, A-A, and B-B. The A-B interaction represents the most prevalent of the three [4]. The experimental\({\mu }_{B}\) per formula unit was calculated as follows:

\({{\mu }}_{{B}}\) = \(\frac{\mathbf{M} \mathbf{x}{{M}}_{{s}}}{5585}\)

The consequent elevation in Ms and Mr might be attributed to the significant A-B exchange interactions. The squareness ratio has been seen to increase in value. Prepared samples behave as single-domain particles if the squareness ratio is less than 0.5. Hc coercivity is influenced by various parameters such as magnetic domain size, particle shape, grain size, magneto-crystalline anisotropy, and so on. Larger grains have a higher number of domain barriers. As a result, when these domain walls are magnetic or de-magnetized, domain wall movement consumes less energy than domain rotation [14].

Figure 9 exhibits an increase in saturation magnetization and remanence magnetization as concentration increases. In contrast to domain rotation's contribution to magnetization or demagnetization, wall movement rises as the number of walls increases with grain size. As a result, samples with larger grains should have lower coercivity, and vice versa. This might explain the compositions' progressive increase and reduction in coercivity. Figure 10 shows how the Bohr magnetization and anisotropy constant increase with increasing samarium concentration. Using the relation, the anisotropic constant K₁ is calculated.

K ₁ = \(\frac{{{M}}_{{s}}{{H}}_{{c}}}{2}\) x 10 ⁴

The anisotropy constant also shows properties of coercivity, i.e., gradual decrease and then increase [46].

Table 5

Magnetization data of Ni_0.8-xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄
Sr. No.	X	M_S (emu/ gm)	M_r (emu/ gm)	M_r/ M_S	Coercivity (H_C) (Oe)	µ_B (Bohr magneton)	K₁ =\(\frac{{{M}}_{{s}}{{H}}_{{c} }}{2}{x} {10}^{4}\) (erg/cm³)
1.	0.02	45.23	18.46	0.40	259.05	1.95	5858.41
2.	0.04	89.26	38.89	0.43	412.06	3.89	18390.23
3.	0.06	133.3	56.4	0.42	276.05	5.86	18398.73
4.	0.08	182.84	76.83	0.42	503.86	8.10	46062.88
5.	0.1	215.86	94.34	0.43	429.06	9.63	46308.44

3.5 UV – Visible Spectroscopy

The UV-visible spectrophotometer is used to analyse the optical characteristics of a Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ (x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1). As a consequence of the experiment, all samples could be analysed using the maximum absorption peaks at 302.34 nm. Table 6 displayed that the band gap of all samples ranged from 3.4 eV to 3.7 eV. The conforming band gap narrows when samarium content rises and nickel concentration decreases. The UV-visible spectrum and the band gap spectrum are depicted in Figs. 11(a) and (b).

Table 6

Optical band gap of Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄
Sr.No.	Concentration	Optical band gap
1	0.02	3.45
2	0.04	3.64
3	0.06	3.68
4	0.08	3.67
5	0.1	3.70

3.6 Dielectric study

To examine the dielectric performance, the dielectric constant (ε’) and dielectric loss (ε’’) of the Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ nanoparticles as they were synthesised were studied. The decreasing values of the dielectric constant with increasing frequency are shown in Fig. 12 (a). According to the Koop’s phenomenological theory, this variation in the dielectric constant highlights the dispersion that was caused by Maxwell interfacial polarisation. The hopping of electrons between Ni²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions may be the source of the dielectric constant's dispersion. Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ shows high values of the dielectric constant may be explained by the substitution of nickel and samarium for Fe³⁺, which was predicted to enhance the density of vacancies and the probability of hopping conduction mechanisms. The Koop’s model was supported by the first, gradual decline in dielectric constant. Because of the grains and grain boundaries' high dielectric values, variability developed. Figure 12(b) shows the room temperature frequency evolution of the dielectric loss for Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ nanoceramics by using dissipative factor (tan δ). It demonstrates that as the frequency rises, the dielectric loss drops significantly. Without a loss peak, the dielectric loss rises for all samples with decreasing frequency.

3.7 Thermal Analysis

As shown in Fig. 13 the TGA curves from room temperature to 800°C. At 150°C the TGA curve was observed due to the weight loss of hydrated water from dried sample. In the second portion of temperature range from 200 to 750°C was associated with the decomposition of metal hydroxides in their respective metal oxide and loss of NH₃ gas. In addition, the larger weight loss in the second portion of peaks tend to show the response of nitrates and citric acid that eventually formed metal oxides. The endothermic peaks from 300 to 750°C display that the decomposition of unreacted citric acid [47]. For the successive formation of synthesized ferrite in spinel phase, the dried product was calcinated for 7 h at 1000°C. the material shows 16% loss within 2 steps. So, synthesized material is 84% thermally stable.

3.8 Antimicrobial activity

The concentration of compounds 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1 showed activity against the Bacillus Subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) and, Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739). NPs can interact with lipid content from the cell membrane and lead to pore formation that leads to cell growth inhibition [50]. The antifungal activity was observed with 0.04, 0.06, and 0.1 samples against fungal pathogens. 0.04 compounds were more active against Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Zone of inhibition was not observed with DMSO. Standard drug Streptomycin and Clotrimazole showed antimicrobial activity against all pathogens (Table 7) (Graph 1).

Table 7

**Antimicrobial activity of Ni**_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ **nanoparticles against microbial Pathogens** ^a
	0.02	0.04	0.06	0.08	0.1	Standard^b
Bacillus Subtilis ATCC 6633	17	14	15	12	12	27
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538	-	11	12	14	15	32
E. coli ATCC 8739	12	14	14	15	15	25
Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404	-	20	15	-	17	21
Candida albicans ATCC 10231	-	15	13	-	13	19
a- Zone of growth inhibition in diameter(mm)

B- Streptomycin and Clotrimazole were used as Standard antimicrobial drug.

“-“ indicates negative results

The Ni_0.8−xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ nanoparticles were successfully synthesised by using the sol– Gel auto combustion method. The XRD data reveals the cubic spinel structure with particle sizes ranging from 30 to 60 nm. The SEM micrograph shows cubic-shaped granular structure. The elemental analysis shows no extra peaks. So, all elements are present and pure. The BET adsorption isotherm shows total surface area ranging from 13.77 m²g^− 1 to 28.49 m²g^− 1. The total pore volume at P/Po (0.99) is between 0.02 cm³g^− 1 to 0.04 cm³g^− 1. The average pore diameter was found to be 3.5 nm to 6.5 nm. The isotherm represents type III, with an H₃ hysteresis loop. The VSM data shows the synthesised nanoparticles are paramagnetic in nature, with coercivity ranging from 259 Oe to 504 Oe along with Bohr magnetization ranging from 1.95 to 9.63 BM. Their Bohr magneton is enhanced as the anisotropic constant value increases. The band energy range observed from 3.4 eV to 3.7 eV at optical density at 302.34 nm. The dielectric loss and dielectric tangent loss shows steady loss. The material shows 84% thermal stability. These synthesized nanoparticles are showing activity against both Gram Positive and Gram-Negative bacterial pathogens Bacillus Subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538) and, Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739) as well as against fungal pathogens Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231.

Acknowledgement

We are thankful to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Sub-Campus Osmanabad, for performing this study.

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Approval

All authors have consent to publish.

Competing Interests

All co-authors have seen and agree with the contents of the manuscript, and there is no financial interest to report.

Author’s Contribution

Miss. Rajkanya M. Bhore: Experimental table work

Dr. Radhakrishnan M. Tigote* (Corresponding Author): Design the new research work and draught the original manuscript

Miss. Subiya K. Kazi: Formal analysis

Mr. Sanjay R. Chavan: Validation

Dr. Rahul M. Khobragade: Study of antimicrobials

Dr. Girdharilal B. Tiwari: Methodology

Funding

The Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Research, Training, and Human Development Institute, Pune, for providing financial support to R. M. Bhore under the SARTHI Fellowship (CSMNRF-2020/2021-22/109).

Availability of data and materials

All characterised data are available within the manuscript.

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Graph 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.

No competing interests reported.

Graph1.png
Graph1: Antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles against different microbial pathogens

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Investigation of structural and microbial properties of samarium-doped nickel-strontium ferrite nanoparticles prepared via the sol-gel route

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Material And Methods

2.1 Materials

2.2 Synthesis of Ni_0.8-xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ nanomaterial

2.3 Procedure for Antimicrobial Activity

3. Result And Discussion

3.1 X-ray analysis

3.3 BET analysis

3.4 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)

3.5 UV – Visible Spectroscopy

3.6 Dielectric study

3.7 Thermal Analysis

3.8 Antimicrobial activity

4. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Graph

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Investigation of structural and microbial properties of samarium-doped nickel-strontium ferrite nanoparticles prepared via the sol-gel route

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Material And Methods

2.1 Materials

2.2 Synthesis of Ni0.8-xSmxSr0.2Fe2O4 nanomaterial

2.3 Procedure for Antimicrobial Activity

3. Result And Discussion

3.1 X-ray analysis

3.3 BET analysis

3.4 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)

3.5 UV – Visible Spectroscopy

3.6 Dielectric study

3.7 Thermal Analysis

3.8 Antimicrobial activity

4. Conclusion

Declarations

References

Graph

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

2.2 Synthesis of Ni_0.8-xSm_xSr_0.2Fe₂O₄ nanomaterial