Impact Assessment of Particulate matter (PM 10 ) by Cement Industry: A Case Study in Khrew&amp; khanmoh (J&amp;K), India

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2611835/v1

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Impact Assessment of Particulate matter (PM 10 ) by Cement Industry: A Case Study in Khrew& khanmoh (J&K), India

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2611835/v1

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The concentration of pollutant particulate matter (PM₁₀) associated with cement production in Kashmir valley (Khrew and Khanmoh; where currently nine cement plants are operational) and its effect on human health were assessed in this study. The air pollutant particulate matter was assessed using the Air Quality Index (AQI) methodology. By comparing the collected data with permissible limits given by National Environment quality (NEQ) we found that in the Khrew area of the valley, the concentration of PM₁₀ was highest in 2017 (141.65 µg/m³) whereas the permissible limit for a year is 60 µg/m³, and the lowest was in 2018 and 2019 (112.55µg/m³, 116.58 µg/m³) respectively. The concentration of PM₁₀ in the khanmoh area was also high in 2017 (171.87µg/m³) which is higher than the khrew area and the lowest was recorded in 2019 (119.8 µg/m³). By analyzing the concentration of PM₁₀ in both areas (Khrew and khanmoh) the cement plants which are located in these two areas should use pollution control devices to overcome this pollution as this concentration of PM₁₀ is not good for human health as it can cause respiratory illness to the people on prolonged exposure. The effect may be more pronounced in people with lung and heart diseases (IND. AQI) as both areas fall in the "poor" category (AQI).

Air pollution

Cement plants

Air Quality

Particulate Matter

Khrew and Khanmoh

The emission of particulate matter was monitored in the khrew and khanmoh areas of Kashmir.
Particulate matter in both areas was above the permissible limit given by National Environment quality (NEQ) guidelines.
Comparatively concentration of particulate matter was higher in the khanmoh area.
Pollution control devices should be used to control this pollution as this can cause respiratory illness.

Cement manufacture is constantly in demand worldwide since it is a necessary component of concrete (Akpan & Amodu, 2011). Cement industries are forced to produce goods on a big scale to meet this rising demand, classifying them as heavy industries (Chen et al, 2017). According to reports, global cement production exceeded the International Energy Agency (IEA) 2050 prediction and reached 4.4 billion in 2022 (Beketie et al, 2022). Large-scale production, on the other hand, encourages massive energy consumption, industrial solid waste generation, and flue gas emissions, and ultimately results in environmental instability (Summerbell et al, 2016). Due to the enormous consumption margin, it also generates over 5% of the world's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, placing it closely behind the steel industry in terms of global emissions (Ravindra, 2021). Asian cement industries are significant contributors to the volume of world output and environmental pollution, especially in nations like China and India (ICR2018).

India is the world's second-largest manufacturer of cement. More than 7% of the installed capacity in the world is made up of it (Chaurasia et al, 2014). The construction and infrastructure industries in India have the potential to grow, and this is expected to benefit the cement industry the most (Aydin et al 2010). The desire for rural housing in India has also increased the usage of cement, which is one of the cheapest items to purchase in terms of rupees per kilogram (IBEF). In 1979–80, India produced the eighth-largest amount of cement in the world; today, it produces the second-largest amount. However, this rapid expansion in cement manufacturing has come at a significant cost in the form of high energy use (Abdul 2006). One of India's most energy-intensive industries is the cement business, consuming the second-highest percentage of fuel after the iron and steel sector (18.10%), primarily in the form of coal (Dawoudian et al, 2021). Without a significant increase in energy intake, especially in the form of coal burning, it would not have been possible to expand (Sunkad, 2021). Due to some plants' toxicity from cement dust, air pollution has become a serious threat to their existence in industrial locations (Ighalo & Adeniyi, 2020). Cement plant exhaust gases and dust particles emitted into the atmosphere reduce air quality and hence cause significant environmental pollution (Devi et, al. 2022).

With geographic coordinates of 33.7782 N and 76.5762 E, the Valley of Kashmir is located in the temperate zone, which is characterized by rainy and chilly winters and reasonably dry and moderately hot summers (Najar and khan 2014). The industrial sector is contributing appropriately to Kashmir's economic growth and to creating job possibilities for unemployed young people (Agber & Iorgirim, 2013).

A vast population previously relied on handicrafts, handlooms, and cottage industries for their livelihood at various phases of production, sale, and export, but today other industries, including the cement industry, are also being prioritized (EIA Report J&K). The government has been increasing funding for this industry with the express purpose of turning the Valley into an industrial center (Fayaz & Rather, 2017). Mineral deposits of a significant and diverse variety can be found across Kashmir Valley's regions. Minerals including coal, lignite, bauxite, limestone, and gypsum, among others, could be used for commercial purposes. In the various areas of the valley, several minerals are accessible. The districts of Anantnag, Baramulla, and Pulwama have sufficient resources of gypsum and limestone. These areas have developed cement businesses as a result of the availability of gypsum and limestone (Sana et al, The abundance of limestone and gypsum lowers production costs, and the state is luring both domestic and foreign companies to establish cement manufacturing businesses (Najar & Khan, 2013). Cement plants of Kashmir are located in the khrew and Khanmoh areas of south Kashmir's Pulwama district (See Fig. 1).J&K is regarded as a paradise on earth, but sadly, heavy industries like the cement industry are causing this paradise to become contaminated. The surrounding villages are shrouded in a deadly grey mist as a result of these factories' daily release of one lakh kg of harmful gases.

An unfavorable alteration to the characteristics of an environment is called pollution. It poses a serious threat to the natural habitat and has a substantial effect on both human and other species' life (Adel et, al 2006). Carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and sulfur oxide are the main elements of the dust that cement factories generate (Sox). Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and sulfur oxide (SO₂) are among the harmful exhaust gas components from cars (Sox) (Chen & Kan 2008).List of operational cement industries of Kashmir valley (See Table 1).

Table 1

List of operational cement industries of Kashmir valley
S.No.	Name of Mine	Location village & district	Area (Hectare)
1.	M/S Khyber industries	Tulpaw village Khanmoh, District, Srinagar	77.96
2.	M/S Saifco Cements	Samman village khonmoh, Srinagar	1.4425 Sq. Kms.
3.	M/S H K cements	Qutargan zantrag Khrew Tehsil pampore Pulwama	4.460
4.	M/S Cemtac cements	Salina satur marg Khrew, pulwama	29.4151
5.	M/S TCI cements	Gunsnar bajarnar Wuyan Pulwama	44.00
6.	M/S TCI MAX	Bathan Khrew Pulwama	4.92
7.	M/S Khyber PVT. LTD.	Village Sekinar, Khonmoh Srinagar	14.93
8.	M/S Valley cement industry	Kutmarg khrew pampore pulwama	3.56
9.	M/S Arco Cements	Zantrag pampore Srinagar	16.98

Data source: Directorate of geology and mining

Cement plants, brick kilns, stone crushers, and vehicle exhaust are the main contributors to air pollution in Kashmir Valley (Farmer, 1993). The cement had produced good employment in the valley, but, the flora and fauna have suffered significantly as a result of the air pollution brought on by the cement dust released into the atmosphere by this factory's chimney, which also has a significant impact on air quality (Mehraj and Bhat, 2012). The major pollutants that deteriorate the air are particulate matter i.e., Pm10 Pm2.5, NOx, and Sox. According to (U. S. EPA 1999), it disturbs the chemical balance, produces acid streams, depletes the oxygen in water bodies, and affects aquatic life. According to the Clean Air report (2007), it causes bronchitis and emphysema in people. Mehvish & Ishtiyaq (2018) studied the air quality in Srinagar, Kashmir, and discovered that commercial areas had higher concentrations of NO2, industrial areas had higher concentrations of SO₂, and industrial areas had higher concentrations of PM₁₀ due to cement plants. The study also discovered that PM₁₀ was higher than the permitted amount compared to NO₂ and SO₂ according to AQI. Kassahun et al, (2021) also reported that Particulate matter emissions from the industry and the neighboring community exceeded the permissible limit of 150 g/m³ set by Ethiopian criteria for air quality. Retrospective health records of the residents who lived close to the cement factory show that children and adults were significantly affected by respiratory and infectious illnesses. According to Adnan & Farhan (2020), Children in particular are seriously at risk from air pollution, as are the residents of Khrew. Various acute and chronic ailments are brought on by higher levels of air pollution. Additionally, to reduce pollution, the J&K government should educate the populace and encourage them to take personal safety precautions. Neelima et al. (2014) also revealed that PM10 and SPM were in the "Unhealthy to Very poor" category while SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations and their related values of AQI were in the "Good" and "good to moderate" categories. According to Panda and Panda (2012), SPM and RSPM are the primary causes of high AQI levels. Zhang et al, (2016) investigated that 14% of China's total PM_2.5 emissions came from the cement industry. The study's overall conclusions show that the co-benefits of energy efficiency can act as a powerful extra incentive for energy efficiency advancement. Therefore, policymakers can infer that preventing health damage through energy efficiency is more cost-effective than having to pay for the damage those results afterward. Waqas et al, (2013) found that absorption of particulate matter (PM₁₀ & PM_2.5) was unhealthy in most cement industries in Pakistan, the author recommended installing toxic waste coping strategies like bag filters, electrostatic precipitators and dust fall buckets for crushers.

The objectives of this study are: to study the impact of the cement industry on air quality in Kashmir valley; to identify the possible impact that may affect the workers and community and to recommend some mitigating measures which could assist to run an environment-friendly Industry.

Description of the study area

Two locations were chosen to evaluate the ambient air quality of the Kashmir Valley: the Khrew and Khanmoh areas, where nine cement plants are now in operation. Khyber, Khyber pvt.ltd. TCI and Saifco cement are located in the khanmoh area, as opposed to TCI Max, HK Cements, Cemtac, ARCO, and Valley Cements, which are all located in Khrew. Two locations were chosen to evaluate the ambient air quality of the Kashmir Valley: the Khrew and Khanmoh areas, where nine cement facilities are now in operation. Khyber, Khyber pvt.ltd., TCI and Saifco cement are located in the khanmoh area, as opposed to TCI Max, HK Cements, Cemtac, ARCO, and Valley Cements, which are all located in Khrew.

At an elevation of 1607 meters above sea level, the cement-polluted area of Khrew is located around 23 kilometers southeast of Srinagar, within the geographic coordinates of 34°1N′ latitude and 75°1′E longitude. Khrew Town, which has a population of 18820, is surrounded by 20 other hamlets, including Shar Shali, Ladoo, Andrusa, Gundbal, Pakhribal, Mandakpal, Satpukhran, Wuyan, Bathen, Nagandar, and Wahab Sabun. Khrew Town is located at the foot of a mountain. Males make up 54% of the population, while females make up 46%. Male literacy is 22.08% and female literacy is 24.02%, bringing Khrew's average literacy rate down from the national average of 65.8–47%. 20% of people in Khrew are under the age of 15 (2011 India census).

2.1 Ambient Air Quality Data:

Particulate matter plays a critical role in the composition of the atmosphere. PM can come from both natural and artificial sources. Numerous natural sources release tonnes of PM into the atmosphere every year. The objective of the current study was to compare the National Environment Quality (NEQ) established by PCB with the particulate matter (Pm10) concentration in the Kashmir valley's khrew and khanmoh areas. To analyze the concentration of Particulate matter the monthly data of Pm₁₀ from 2017 to April 2022 for both the khrew and khanmoh areas were collected from the pollution control board of J&K.

2.2 Analysis Method

Air Quality Index

One crucial instrument for uniformly assessing and understanding the state of air quality is the air quality index (AQI) (Swami & Tyagi, 1999). An overall method that converts the weighted values of various air pollution-related criteria into a single number or group of numbers is known as the "air quality index" (Ott, 1978). An AQI is helpful for the general public to understand air quality straightforwardly, for politicians to mobilize swift action, for decision-makers to understand the trend of events and to plan corrective pollution control strategies, for government officials to study the effects of regulatory actions, and for scientists who use air quality data in their scientific research. Table 3 displays the area's color, health hazards, and air quality index. The air quality index ranges from 0 to 500, with 0 being beneficial for human health and denoting clean air, 50 to 100 denoting moderate air quality, 151–200 denoting unhealthy for all individuals, 200 to 300 denoting extremely unhealthy, and > 500 denoting highly dangerous. The data collected from PCB will be analyzed by AQI (Air quality index) by comparing the data with the permissible limit given by National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQ_s). The indices for PM₁₀ were derived using Eq. (1)

AQI_pollutant= \(pollutant data reading÷Standard \times 100\) (Eq. 1)

Where AQI _pollutant is the AQI value for PM10 emission, pollutant data reading is emission measured. The standard limit of PM₁₀ for 24 hours = 100µg/m³ and the year - is 60µg/m³.

Table 2

Concentration of particulate matter (PM₁₀) in the Khrew area from 2017 to April 2022
Year	PM₁₀ (µg/m³)	Mean Value (AQI)	Permissible Limit (NAAQs) (µg/m³⁾
2017	141.65	235	60
2018	112.55	188	60
2019	116.58	194	60
2020	125.85	209	60
2021	128.83	214	60
April 2022	139.28	232	60

Data Source

Pollution Control Board J&K (All values are in µg/m³)

Table 3

Air quality index (AQI) system according to CPCB with a range, categories, and color coding
AQI	Air quality pollution level	Health Implication
0–50	Good	Air pollution poses no harm, and the quality of the air is deemed to be good.
51–100	Moderate	Persons with lung diseases, such as asthma, as well as people with heart diseases, children, and elderly adults, may experience breathing pain.
151–200	Poor	Long-term exposure may make people's breathing uncomfortable, and short-term exposure may make people with heart problems uncomfortable.
201–300	Very poor	Over those exposed for an extended period, the respiratory disease may result. In patients with lung and heart conditions, the effect can be more pronounced.
300+	Severe	May have major health implications on persons with lung/heart illnesses and even on healthy people who have respiratory effects. The negative effects on health might be seen even when engaging in light exercise.

Table 4

Calculated Air quality index (AQI) of Particulate matter in the Khrew area an overall air quality index based on the Indian standard's color coding (CPCB).
Year	Particulate matter (PM₁₀)	Calculated AQI	Overall category
2017	141.65	235	Poor
2018	112.55	188	Moderate
2019	116.58	194	Moderate
2020	125.85	209	Poor
2021	128.83	214	Poor
2022(April)	128.28	232	Poor

The table for air quality monitoring data of particulate matter (PM₁₀) in the khrew area is given in Table 2. Five cement plants are operational in the Khrew area of the Pulwama district of the valley, monthly data for five years (2017-April 2022) has been collected from Pollution Control Board J&K (SPCB), and this data was analyzed by Air Quality Index (AQI) by using the formula (1) with standard particulate matter given by CPCB. Table 2 is showing that according to the CPCB, the air quality index (AQI) system has a range, categories, and color coding, as well as related health statements. From Table 3 it is apparent that the air quality index of the khrew area on the absorption of particulate matter (PM₁₀) showed varied index from 2017 – April 2022. The PM₁₀ in the years 2017, 2020, 2021, and 2022 the index falls in the "poor" category which, when inhaled over an extended period, may result in respiratory sickness in humans. People with lung and heart disorders may be especially affected by this effect. The index of the year 2018 and 2019 falls in the "moderate" category which may make it uncomfortable for patients with heart problems and lung diseases like asthma to breathe, children and older adults can get affected.

The concentration of Particulate matter (PM₁₀) recorded at the khrew area during different years is given in Fig. 2 PM₁₀ exhibited major variation over the mentioned five years, the minimum concentration of PM₁₀ was found to be 194 µg/m³ in the year 2019 and maximum concentration was recorded 235µg/m³ in 2017. The reason for the lowest concentration of PM₁₀ in 2019 is because there was the lowest production in a particular year, this lowest production of cement was because of clamp down (Abrogation of Article 370) on 5th August 2019, as we can look in the Table 2 where the data is indicating in august 2019 there is the lowest concentration of PM₁₀.

Table 5

Concentration of particulate matter (PM₁₀) in the Khanmoh area from 2017 to April 2022
Year	PM₁₀(µg/m³)	Mean Value (AQI)	Permissible limit(µg/m³)(NAAQs)
2017	171.87	286	60
2018	145.53	242	60
2019	119.8	198	60
2020	160.27	267	60
2021	154.72	257	60
April 2022	176.56	294	60

Table 6

Calculated Air quality index (AQI) of Particulate matter in the Khanmoh area an overall air quality index based on the Indian standard's color coding (CPCB).
Year	Particulate matter(PM₁₀)	Calculated AQI	Overall category
2017	171.87	286	Poor
2018	145.53	242	Poor
2019	119.8	198	Poor
2020	160.27	267	Poor
2021	154.72	257	Poor
2022 April	174.33	294	Poor

From Table 5&6 it is evident that the air quality index of the Khanmoh area for particulate matter (PM₁₀) from 2017-April 2022 the index falls in the "poor" category for five consecutive years (2017-April 2022). As a result, it is evident from the India Air Quality Index (IND-AQI) that the air quality in the Khanmoh area is unhealthy for susceptible individuals and may cause breathing difficulties for those with lung diseases like asthma as well as discomfort for those with cardiac diseases, and may affect the children and older adults (Table 3).

According to statistics gathered by the Jammu and Kashmir State Pollution Control Board over the past six years, the air quality in Kashmir has been steadily getting worse (SPCB). According to the data, Kashmir's air contains more Respirable suspended particles (RSPM), commonly known as PM 10, than is permitted. In 2017 RSPM level was the highest in Khanmoh among all these five years was 171.87 Fig. 3. Whereas the permissible limit for the year is 60µg/m³and the lowest is in 2019 with the same reason mentioned above for the khrew area.

In the present study, the emissions of Particulate matter (PM₁₀) were monitored in the khrew and khanmoh areas of Kashmir valley for five years (2017- April 2022). Particulate matter in both areas was above the permissible limit given by National Environment quality (NEQ) guidelines. Particularly the year 2017 showed the highest particulate emissions in both areas. The Air quality index of Particulate matter falls within the "poor" category in four years (2017, 20, 21, and 22) of the khrew area, and the AQI of Particulate matter falls in the "poor" category for all selected years, which indicates the concentration of pollutant particulate matter is highest in khanmoh area compare to khrew area. According to IND. AIR Quality the "poor" category of pollutants can cause respiratory illness in people on prolonged exposure. The effect may be more pronounced in people with lung and heart diseases (Table 2). Putting in place a clean production system would cut down on emissions of particulate matter. The impact of particulate matter emissions on infectious and respiratory diseases could be reduced through the separation of residential areas from industry production lines, regular monitoring, increased community and worker awareness, worker protection, and regulatory enforcement.

Ethics Approval: Not Applicable

Consent to Participate: The authors declare that they are aware of and consent to their participation in this paper

Acknowledgment: We thank Dr. Manoj Kumar for his useful suggestions.

Author Contributions: All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Syed Rizwana: Data curation, Methodology, Estimation of results, Formal analysis, Writing – draft paper. Dr. Mudasir Ahmed: conceptualization investigation, Reviewing, and Editing.

Data Availability: The data used in this research are from the pollution control board Jammu and Kashmir http://jkspcb.nic.in/.

Competing Interest: Not Applicable

Funding: Not Applicable

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No competing interests reported.

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Impact Assessment of Particulate matter (PM 10 ) by Cement Industry: A Case Study in Khrew& khanmoh (J&K), India

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Introduction

Mehods And Instrumentation

2.1 Ambient Air Quality Data:

2.2 Analysis Method

Results And Discussion

Conclusion And Recommendation

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

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