Identi cation and characteristics of postnatal development-related long non-coding RNAs under microbiota dependent condition


 BackgroundThe interplay of long-non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the intestinal microbiota may serve as an essential role in intestinal development and homeostasis. Microbiota could regulate a large numbers of lncRNAs expression in intestinal epithelial cells. However, the associations between lncRNAs and microbiota during early postnatal development stages are still need to understand. MethodsIn present study, the microbial effects on lncRNA of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) during postnatal development stage were investigated. ResultsWe identified gut microbiota-specific lncRNAs in diverse postnatal development stages including week 1, week 4 and week 12/16 of mice. A large proportion of gut microbiota-specific lncRNAs only were differential expressed in a single postnatal development stage. Up- and down-regulated gut microbiota-specific lncRNAs both showed consistent expression pattern. We also constructed gut microbiota-specific lncRNAs and coding genes interacted co-expressed networks. Functional analysis indicated that gut microbiota-specific lncRNAs were associated with ABC transporters. ConclusionsIn summary, the present study characterizes the landscape of lncRNAs associated with gut microbiota in different postnatal development stages. It provide assistance for exploring the relationships among lncRNAs, gut microbiota and postnatal development stages.


Abstract Background
The interplay of long-non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the intestinal microbiota may serve as an essential role in intestinal development and homeostasis. Microbiota could regulate a large numbers of lncRNAs expression in intestinal epithelial cells. However, the associations between lncRNAs and microbiota during early postnatal development stages are still need to understand.

Methods
In present study, the microbial effects on lncRNA of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) during postnatal development stage were investigated.

Results
We identi ed gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs in diverse postnatal development stages including week 1, week 4 and week 12/16 of mice. A large proportion of gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs only were differential expressed in a single postnatal development stage. Up-and down-regulated gut microbiotaspeci c lncRNAs both showed consistent expression pattern. We also constructed gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs and coding genes interacted co-expressed networks. Functional analysis indicated that gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs were associated with ABC transporters.

Conclusions
In summary, the present study characterizes the landscape of lncRNAs associated with gut microbiota in different postnatal development stages. It provide assistance for exploring the relationships among lncRNAs, gut microbiota and postnatal development stages.

Background
Postnatal development is a key period in which the interaction between an individual and the environment has a lifelong impact on health and well-being, and it is an extension of the concept of "fetal origin of health and disease" [1]. Combined action of metabolic, complex functional and structural mechanisms contribute to infant growth during the early postnatal period [2]. The organism did not fully mature at birth, so the process of maturation continued for some time after birth [3,4]. More and more studies reveal that early postnatal development is associated with risk of disease in adulthood based on human and animal studies [5]. Many factors such as immune, nutrition, hormones and so on all can in uence postnatal development [1,6,7]. Development of mammalian gastrointestinal is an important and essential part of postnatal development. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play a central role in gastrointestinal [8]. Thus, ongoing researches should be need to explore the potential mechanism of postnatal development.
Over time, bacteria and other microorganisms have evolved together with their multicellular hosts to form a unique micro ecosystem, namely microbiota [9]. The human body is not a closed and sterile system.
Microorganisms can be implanted into skin [10], gastrointestinal tract [11], respiratory tract [12], urogenital tract and other open surfaces, and develop into a local microbial community with unique characteristics. Gut microbiota is also an essential in uenced factor in postnatal development. Many kinds of metabolic processes including energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism are regulated by gut microbiota [13,14]. Imbalance of gut microbiota is related to metabolic perturbations during postnatal development process. In recent years, a trickle of studies have examined that lack of contact with environmental microbiota during early development stage maybe contribute to immune de ciency and advanced autoimmune diseases [15][16][17]. However, the functions of gut microbiota in postnatal development are still need to study.
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is considered as an important type of non-coding RNA follow a series of researches [18,19]. The biological function and molecular mechanisms of lncRNA in many kinds of human diseases in particular are constantly revealed [20,21]. Besides diseases, the role of lncRNA in development also has been reported [22]. LncRNAs have been reported that not expressed at each certain stages in development. Expression of a lncRNA in a speci c development stage indicate that it may have an important biological function at that time [23,24]. For example, Phillip Grote et al. report that lncRNA locus Handsdown (Hdn) is active in early heart cells and essential for murine development [25]. The lncRNA Pnky is a trans-acting regulator of cortical development in vivo [26]. Wang et al. demonstrate that conserved lncRNAs at the nonimprinting regions in brain are essential for zebra sh development [27].
Although there are some evidences suggest that the important biological function and molecular mechanisms of lncRNA in postnatal development, their global ans systematic functions in development including gastrointestinal development remains largely unexplored. The associations among gut microbiota, development and lncRNA are also need to be in depth description and exploration.
In present study, lncRNAs could become as speci c biomarkers for dividing mice samples of diverse postnatal development stages. Gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs were identi ed and analyzed in diverse postnatal development stages. Most of these gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs only differential expressed in a single postnatal development stage. Up-and down-regulated gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs showed consistent expression pattern. Gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs and coding genes interacted coexpressed networks were constructed. These gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs were associated with ABC transporters. Collectively, the results of the present study indicated that gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs could serve as essential roles in postnatal development stages.

Results
Samples similarity and difference of samples based on lncRNA transcriptome under diverse postnatal development stages and condition In order to explore similarity and difference of samples based on lncRNA transcriptome under diverse postnatal development stages and condition. Hierarchical clustering method based on the PCCs was performed. We found all the samples of week 1 were clustered together (Fig. 1A). Samples of week 4 and week 12/16 cluster together obviously and couldn't distinguish. The result indicated that samples of week 1 showed stronger similarity on lncRNA level. CONV and GF samples also could be distinguished at some extent. The results of PCA for lncRNA expression showed rst three PCs had most proportion of variance ( Fig. 1B). Especially, the rst PC accounts for 85%. Thus, the rst three PCs were analyzed and showed, separately. Samples of week1 were separated from other two stages including week 4 and week 12/16 according to both the developmental stage and microbial status based on PC1 and PC2 (Fig. 1C). It indicated that lncRNA expression changed dramatically during maturation of IECs, especially in the early postnatal period. In addition, PC2 also could distinguish CONV and GF within single developmental week 1 stage. PC3 could separated week 4 and week 12/16 (Fig. 1D, E). Thus, these rst three PCs showed outperformance on distinguishing developmental stage and microbial status. All the results indicated that lncRNA expression could serve as effective biomarkers for developmental stage and microbial status. Some lncRNAs were differential expressed between CONV and GF mice in diverse postnatal development stages In order to further explore roles of lncRNAs for microbiota in diverse postnatal development stages, differential expressed lncRNAs between CONV and GF mice were identi ed. In each postnatal development stage, a certain number of differential expressed lncRNAs were identi ed. For example, there was 20 differential expressed lncRNAs in week 1 ( Fig. 2A). In week 4 and week 12/16 CONV and GF mice, 21 and 42 differential expressed lncRNAs were identi ed (Fig. 2B, 2C). We also describe the interactions of differential expressed lncRNAs among three diverse kinds of postnatal development stages. We found there is little intersection between these differential expressed lncRNAs in diverse postnatal development stages (Fig. 2D). It also indicated that microbiota-speci c lncRNAs showed diverse expression pattern during postnatal development. Different microbiota-related lncRNAs serve as their roles at speci c postnatal development stage. Differential expressed lncRNAs between CONV and GF mice showed speci c features in respective postnatal development stage All above results revealed that microbiota-related lncRNAs showed signi cant differences in diverse postnatal development stage. Thus, we further depicted the speci c features of microbiota-related lncRNAs in respective postnatal development stage. We divided all the microbiota-related lncRNAs to upand down-regulated microbiota-related lncRNAs. In mice with week 1, there were 6 and 14 up-and down-regulated microbiota-related lncRNAs. The expression pattern of up-and down-regulated microbiotarelated lncRNAs were almost consistent (Fig. 3A, B). For example, fold-change values of almost all downregulated microbiota-related lncRNAs showed declining trend. Fold-change values of almost all downregulated microbiota-related lncRNAs showed rising trend. Similar pattern were also present in week 4 and week 12/16 ( Figure S1). We also discovered that some up-and down-regulated lncRNAs showed similar expression patterns and clustered together (Fig. 3C, D). Specially, up-regulated lncRNAs Gm13067, Gm37459, F630040K05Rik, 4930519L02Rik, Gm16137 and Gm16540 form an independent cluster, obviously. Similarly, up-and down-regulated lncRNAs in other postnatal development stages also clustered diverse groups ( Figure S2). Collectively, differential expressed lncRNAs between CONV and GF mice showed speci c expression in diverse postnatal development stage. However, these lncRNAs also showed similar expression pattern in respective postnatal development stage.
Gut microbiota-speci c lncRNA and protein coding gene interaction networks were constructed at different postnatal development stages In order to describe biological mechanisms of gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs, lncRNA and protein coding gene interaction networks at different postnatal development stages were constructed. All the interactions were ltered by co-expression of lncRNAs and genes. Gut microbiota-speci c lncRNA and gene interaction network in week 1 contained 11 lncRNAs and 209 genes (Fig. 4A). Only a little number of lncRNAs and genes had high degree in the network (Fig. 4B, C). It maybe could serve as a degree pattern of scale-free network. In addition, Gut microbiota-speci c lncRNA and gene interaction network in week 4 contained 15 lncRNAs and 562 genes (Fig. 4D). Gut microbiota-speci c lncRNA and gene interaction network in week 12/16 contained 31 lncRNAs and 461 genes (Fig. 4E). The degree of genes and lncRNAs in week 4 and week 12/16 also showed similar patterns which are only a small part of genes and lncRNAs had higher degree ( Figure S3). The results revealed that gut microbiota-speci c lncRNA could serve their roles by interacting with some genes in diverse postnatal development stages. Moreover, these gut microbiota-speci c lncRNA and protein coding gene interaction networks showed speci c features of meaningful biological network.
Gut Microbiota-speci c Lncrnas Were Associated With Eukaryotic-type Abc Transporters In order to further explore the biological functions of gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs in diverse postnatal development stages, functional analyses were performed for their interacted genes. In week 1, gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs were associated with key pathways including Rap1 signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, Axon guidance and ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters (Fig. 5A). In week 4, gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs were associated with key pathways including RNA transport, RNA degradation, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, ABC transporters and so on (Fig. 5B). In week 12/16, gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs were associated with key pathways including tight junction, Rap1 signaling pathway, focal adhesion, ABC transporters and so on (Fig. 5C). The gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs showed different functions in diverse postnatal development stages. Notably, ABC transporters pathway was a key and common pathway which were associated with gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs in all postnatal development stages. Accumulating evidence reported that ABC transporters could regulate the absorption, distribution, metabolism, secretion and toxicity of xenobiotics [28]. Thus, we inferred that these gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs may play their role in postnatal development by participating in ABC transporters pathway. Previous study indicated that there were potential associations between ABC transporters of the intestinal epithelial cell barrier and gut microbes in health and disease [29].
Transporters belonging to the ABC superfamily couple the energy released from ATP hydrolysis to the translocation of a wide variety of substances into or out of cells and organelles [30]. ABC transporter is one of the largest known protein superfamily and there are 48 ABC transporters in humans. Yin et al.
reported that there were close relationships among ABC transporters pathway, gut microbiota and obesity in chinese children and adolescents [31]. ABCA and ABCC were two major subfamilies in ABC transporters (Fig. 5D). Some key genes in these two subfamilies could interact with gut microbiotaspeci c lncRNAs (Fig. 5E). And, most of them showed high degree. These results indicated that gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs could in uence ABC transporters pathway in postnatal development stages.

Discussion
Here, gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs at different postnatal development stages were identi ed and characterized. Gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs almost had no intersections among diverse postnatal development stages. These gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs showed speci c expression pattern in respective postnatal development stage. Moreover, some gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs could cluster together in a postnatal development stage. Gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs were associated with eukaryotic-type ABC transporters based on genes and lncRNAs co-expressed interacted networks.
Accumulating evidence reported that gut microbiota were associated with multiple kinds of diseases including colon cancer [32], gestational diabetes [33], type 1 diabetes [34], cardiovascular disease [35] and so on. In addition, biological processes containing diet, weight [36], bone homeostasis [37] and postnatal development were also in uenced by gut microbiota. Most of previous studies about gut microbiota focused on coding genes. In our work, gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs were identi ed in diverse postnatal development stage. Most of these lncRNAs only showed high expression in a speci c postnatal development stage. Differential expressed lncRNAs almost had no intersections among diverse postnatal development stages. It revealed that most lncRNAs were time limited in postnatal development process. In addition, these lncRNAs also showed tissue speci city. The gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs and coding genes interacted networks revealed that lncRNAs served as their roles by regulating coding genes. These results enriched our understanding about biological mechanisms of gut microbiota in postnatal development.
Moreover, functional analysis indicated that gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs in diverse postnatal development stages were associated with eukaryotic-type ABC transporters. ABC transporter, a ubiquitous membrane protein superfamily, is involved in ATP driven transmembrane lipid bilayer substrate transport of cellular membranes [38]. Over the years, a large number of studies reported that ABC transporters participated in several fundamental cellular functions such as regulating cellular levels of lipids, hormones, ions by transporting peptides and cholesterol that serve as essential roles in a relevant number of genetic diseases [39,40]. Bacteria use ABC transporters either as importers to bring nutrients and other molecules into cells or as exporters to pump toxins or other undesirable substances out of the cell. In our study, we also found gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs were also related to ABC transporters.

Conclusions
In summary, the present study identi ed and characterized gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs in diverse postnatal development stages. These gut microbiota-speci c lncRNAs showed different expression pattern in diverse postnatal development stages. They served as roles by participating in eukaryotic-type ABC transporters in postnatal development stages. Our study could provide assistance for clarifying biological mechanisms and functions of lncRNAs in gut microbiota and postnatal development.

Collection of gut microbiota transcriptome during postnatal development stages of mice
The transcription data about small intestine of mice testing by RNA-seq technology was download from GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) database (under accession number: GSE94402, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE94402). The small intestine of mice were treated under two different conditions, conventional-raised mice (presence of microbiota, refers as CONV in our analysis) and germ-free mice (absence of microbiota, refers as GF in our analysis). All the mice were sacri ced at three different stages: 1, 4 and between 12 to 16 weeks of age. IECs were collected from the small intestine of 1-, 4-and 12 to 16-week-old mice, raised either in the presence or absence of a microbiota. The detailed information could be found in previous study [41].
Obtain of lncRNA pro le in mice with and without gut microbiota during diverse postnatal development stages We got lncRNA annotation le of mice from GENCODE database (vM23, https://www.gencodegenes.org/) [42], and subtracted lncRNA read counts information from the transcription data provided by previous dataset GSE94402. We calculated FPKM expression level according to the covering reads and lncRNA length. During this process, the lncRNAs that are expressed in at least half samples were retained. All the expression values of lncRNAs were transformed by log2 to satisfy the normal distribution. Explore similarity and difference of samples based on lncRNA transcriptome under diverse postnatal development stages and condition We evaluated sample similarity by Pearson correlation method using lncRNAs expression pro les. Then, we clustered samples to divide diverse groups using hierarchical clustering method based on the Pearson Correlation Coe cients (PCCs). This process was performed by pheatmap package as implemented in R program. Principle component analysis (PCA) was also performed for mice using lncRNAs expression level. We used the rst 3 principle components (PCs) to visualize sample distribution. Identi cation of differential expressed lncRNAs between CONV and GF mice For each age state of mice, T test and fold change methods were performed to identify differential expressed lncRNAs by comparing the lncRNA expression pro les of CONV and GF mice. LncRNAs with p < 0.01 and |log2(CONV/GF)| > 1 were identi ed as differential expressed lncRNAs. Intersections of differentially expressed lncRNAs sets in each stage were got. Altering features of differential expressed lncRNAs between CONV and GF mice in diverse postnatal development stages According to the lncRNA expression changes between CONV and GF condition, we divided lncRNAs into up-(log2(CONV/ GF) > 1) and down-regulated (log2(CONV/ GF) < 1) sets. For the up/down-regulated lncRNAs in each postnatal development stage, we calculated spearman correlation coe cients using fold levels (log2(CONV/ GF)) of lncRNA expression, and clustered lncRNAs using hierarchical clustering method in pheatmap package as implemented in R program.
Construction of gut microbiota-speci c lncRNA and protein coding gene interaction networks at different postnatal development stages The experimentally validated and computationally predicted RNA and protein interacted data was collected from RNAInter repository (RNA Interactome Database, http://www.rna-society.org/raid/) [43]]. We extracted interactied entries which RNA type annotated as "lncRNA" and species type annotated as "Mus musculus". Then, we mapped our identi ed differentially expressed lncRNAs into the obtained lncRNA-protein relationships. For the relationships at each postnatal development stage, we tested lncRNA and the corresponding mRNA correlations by pearson correlation test using expression pro les. The signi cant correlated lncRNA-protein pairs (p < 0.01) were retained and visualized by cytoscape 3.3.0 software (https://cytoscape.org/). Functional enrichment analysis of differential expressed lncRNAs in diverse postnatal development stages For each postnatal development stage, functional enrichment analysis was performed using the lncRNA correlated proteins by enrichr web server (http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Enrichr/) [44], and get signi cant enriched pathways in mouse (p < 0.01). Enriched pathways were visualized by bubble plots. LncRNA and protein relationships in all postnatal development stages of the interested pathways were also visualized using cytoscape software.

Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.   Some lncRNAs were differential expressed between CONV and GF mice in diverse postnatal development stages. (A) Volcano plots show differential expressed lncRNAs in week 1, (B) week 2 and (C) week 12/16.
Orange, green and gray represent up-regulated, down-regulated and non-differential expressed lncRNAs. (D) The venn diagram shows intersection of differential expressed lncRNAs among week 1, week 4 and week 12/16.