Cell Line Treatment using Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles Irradiated by UV and IR Radiation

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2623237/v1

Download PDF

Article

Cell Line Treatment using Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles Irradiated by UV and IR Radiation

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2623237/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal cell growth in body tissues. In general, there are numerous different treatments for cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. These therapies do, however, have negative impacts on healthy cells. The TIO₂NPs is one of many pharmacological targets for the treatment of cancer by preventing cell division. Therefore, in this study, we investigated In vitro cytotoxic effects of TIO₂ nanoparticles on the growth of HuH-7cells (human Hepatocellular cancer cell line). The UV–Vis (ultraviolet–visible) spectra and The cytotoxic effect have been studied of TIO₂ nanoparticles after exposure to 250 W IR-radiation lamp and 11 W UV-radiation lamp for various times ranging from 2.5 to 20min and 0.5 to 10 hour respectively. The cytotoxic effect was evaluated by measuring the numbers of viable cells were determined by the MTT test. The relation between surviving cells and drug concentration is plotted to get the survival curve of each tumor cell line after treatment with the specified compound. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀), the concentration required to cause toxic effects in 50% of intact cells, was estimated from graphic plots of the dose response curve for each conc.

Biological sciences/Biophysics

Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology

Physical sciences/Physics

TIO2

UV -irradiation

IR -irradiation

cytotoxic

Nanoparticles give new analytical methods in life science with a variety of advantageous traits for biology [1–3]. Nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a noncombustible, odourless nanoparticle, and it can exist in a variety of crystal forms, including amorphous, rutile, brookite, and anatase [4–6]. Titanium dioxide has also been shown to be useful in destroying cancer cells using photocatalytic chemistry [7]. Reactive oxygen species are produced as a result of photoexcitation by UV radiation, which is how it works. Again, the substance is less effective for deep-rooted tissues because of the limited depth of UV radiation penetration. Recognition of steric stabilisation, which increases the particles' stability in biological systems, is one of the most crucial characteristics of nanoparticles. Additionally, this offers a chance to use nanoparticles drug delivery systems (DDS) [8].

The fundamental to using nanoparticles for medicine delivery is controlling their surface characteristics and particle size. Targeted drug delivery systems result in anticancer drug, carrier, and ligand activities. Nanoparticles that have been linked with antibodies can precisely target cancer cell receptors in contrast to ligands, which target nanoparticles [9]. Nanoparticulate delivery techniques are vastly superior to free chemotherapeutic drugs due to their size and ability to bind target ligand to particle surfaces [9].They are presently utilised as agents in cancer radiation and photodynamic therapy. This improves the treatment's results and lessens its adverse effects [10]. Paper, plastic, paint, colourants, sunscreen, cosmetics, and most recently, a number of cancer treatments and medication delivery systems [11] all contain titanium dioxide.

Fruits and vegetables are the primary dietary sources of flavonoids for people, along with tea and wine. The majority of recent research has focused on flavonoids' effects on human health. While certain flavonoids may be antiviral, many have been shown to have antioxidative activity, the ability to scavenge free radicals, the ability to prevent coronary heart disease, the ability to protect the liver, and the ability to fight cancer. Flavonoids also serve as growth regulators and antioxidant defence mechanisms in plant systems [12]. By providing electrons to guaiacol-type peroxidases (GuPXs) for the detoxification of H₂O₂ produced under stressful conditions, flavonoids can scavenge toxic active oxygen species such O-2, H₂O₂, and OH.

Plants have developed a variety of mechanisms to avoid the harmful effects of UV radiation, mainly through the screening of UV wavelengths, The wavelengths of ultraviolet light are traditionally divided into three groups: UV-C (200–280 nm), which is extremely harmful to living things but irrelevant under normal solar irradiation conditions; UV-B (280–320 nm), which is of particular interest because despite making up only about 1.5% of the total spectrum, it can cause a variety of harmful effects in plants; and UV-A (320–400 nm), which makes up about 6.3% of the incoming solar radiation and is the least [13]. The repairing of UV-induced damage or the quenching of ROS [14,15,16]. Although antioxidant enzymes that regulate ROS levels are predominantly responsible for the latter [15, 17], flavonoids and other phenolic substances also contribute to the detoxification of ROS [18–20]. Particularly those flavonoids with a catechol group in the B-ring of the flavonoid skeleton (such as quercetin derivatives), flavonoids are powerful ROS scavengers that inhibit lipid peroxidation and scavenge free radicals [21, 22].Furthermore, exposure to excess light or UV-B radiation increases the synthesis of effective antioxidant dihydroxy B-ring-substituted flavonoids (e.g.luteolin derivatives) at expense of other less effective antioxidant flavonoids (e.g. kaempferol derivatives) [23,24].

Green synthesis of TiO₂ NPs

TiO₂.NPs was synthesized using a standard technique, which involved dissolving green tea extract in 150 mL of boiling distilled water. Thereafter, green tea extract was mixed with 0.01 mol of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) for 5 min at 70 0C. After bringing the pH of the solution to a basic (pH 9.0), neutral (pH 7.0), or acidic (pH 5.0) range with steady stirring for 30 minutes, a yellow solution with white precipitates was produced. The resultant precipitate was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 8500 rpm to get TiO2(NPs), which was then dried at room temperature after going through multiple cycles of washing with distilled water [pre-considered for publication in Zhps vol.90,N0.3(May-June)2023].

Uv –irradiation

UV- exposure was performed using an UV- lamp (UVB) with a power of 11 W and wave wavelength 290nm, at a distance of 1 cm from the source output. The integrated UV exposure times of the TiO2 (NPs) ranged from 0.5–10 h.

Ir- Irradiation

IR exposure was performed using an IR lamp with a power of 250 W, at a distance of 1 cm from the source output. The integrated IR exposure times of the TiO₂ (NPs) ranged from 2.5–20 min.

In vitro toxicity study

Evaluation Of Cytotoxic Effects Of Certain Chemical Compound

Mammalian cell lines:

WI 38 (Normal human Lung fibroblast cells) and HuH-7cells (human Hepatocellular cancer cell line) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD).

Chemicals Used:

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Fetal Bovine serum, MTT and trypan blue dye were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo., USA).

RPMI-1640, DMEM, HEPES buffer solution, L-glutamine, gentamycin and 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Lonza (Belgium).

Cell Line Propagation:

For WI 38 cells, The cells were propagated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 1% L-glutamine, HEPES buffer and 50µg/ml gentamycin.

For HuH-7cells, The cells were grown on RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% inactivated fetal calf serum and 50µg/ml gentamycin.

Then all cells were maintained at 37ºC in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂ and were subcultured two times a week.

Cytotoxicity Evaluation Using Viability Assay:

For cytotoxicity assay, the cells were seeded in 96-well plate at a cell concentration of 1×104 cell/well in 100µl of growth medium. Fresh medium containing different concentrations of the test sample was added after 24 h of seeding. Serial two-fold dilutions of the tested chemical compound were added to confluent cell monolayers dispensed into 96-well, flat-bottomed microtiter plates (Falcon, NJ, USA) using a multichannel pipette. The microtiter plates were incubated at 37ºC in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 for a period of 24 h. Three wells were used for each concentration of the test sample. Control cells were incubated without test sample and with or without DMSO. The little percentage of DMSO present in the wells (maximal 0.1%) was found not to affect the experiment.

For antitumor assays, the tumor cell lines were suspended in medium at concentration 5x104 cell/well in Corning® 96-well tissue culture plates, then incubated for 24 hr. The tested compounds were then added into 96-well plates (three replicates) to achieve twelve concentrations for each compound. Six vehicle controls with media or 0.5% DMSO were run for each 96 well plate as a control.

After incubation of the cells viable cells yield was determined by a colorimetric method.

After incubating for 24 h, the numbers of viable cells were determined by the MTT test. Briefly, the media was removed from the 96 well plate and replaced with 100 µl of fresh culture RPMI 1640 medium without phenol red then 10 µl of the 12 mM MTT stock solution (5 mg of MTT in 1 mL of PBS) to each well including the untreated controls. The 96 well plates were then incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 4 hours. An 85 µl aliquot of the media was removed from the wells, and 50 µl of DMSO was added to each well and mixed thoroughly with the pipette and incubated at 37°C for 10 min. Then, the optical density was measured at 590 nm with the microplate reader (SunRise, TECAN, Inc, USA) to determine the number of viable cells and the percentage of viability was calculated as [(ODt/ODc)]x100% where ODt is the mean optical density of wells treated with the tested sample and ODc is the mean optical density of untreated cells.

The relation between surviving cells and drug concentration is plotted to get the survival curve of each tumor cell line after treatment with the specified compound.as shown in Fig. 6, 7, 9, 10. The Cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀), the concentration required to cause toxic effects in 50% of intact cells and The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀), the concentration required to cause toxic effects in 50% of intact cells, were estimated from graphic plots of the dose response curve for each conc. using Graphpad Prism software (San Diego, CA. USA) [25,26].

Microscopic Observation Of The Tumor Cells Treated With The Compounds:

As previously mentioned in the procedure for antitumor activity, this experiment was performed. The plates were inverted to remove the medium after the treatment at the tested concentration, and the wells were then washed three times with 300 l of phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2). Next, the cells were fixed to the plate for 15 min. at room temperature using 10% formalin. The fixed cells were then stained with 100 µl of 0.25% crystal violet for 20 min. The stain was removed and the plates were rinsed using deionized water to remove the excess of stain then allowed to dry. Images showing the morphological changes in comparison to control cells were taken using an inverted microscope (CKX41; Olympus, Japan) equipped with the digital microscopy camera. At a magnification of 100x, the cytopathic effects (morphological changes) were observed [27] as shown in Fig. 12,13.

UV-vis spectroscopy

Measurements of UV–Visible spectra (in the absorption mode) were carried out on the control non irradiated and irradiated samples of TiO₂ (NPs) after exposure to different doses of UV and IR radiation, UV-vis spectroscopy within the range 200–800 nm. At UV-irradiation showed the absorption gradually increased until it reached the highest value of absorption 2.14 at wave length 368 nm at the irradiated sample for 4h. Also, the highest peak appeared at the same sample, and after that we noticed a decrease in the absorption when increase the exposure to UV- radiation. As shown in Fig. 1,a,b.

But in case of IR-irradiation the absorption gradually increased until it reached the highest value of absorption 1.519 at wave length 368 nm at the irradiated sample for 5m. Also, the highest peak appeared at the same sample, and after that we noticed a decrease in the absorption when increase the exposure to IR- radiation as shown in Fig. 2,a,b.

Tem Analysis

The crystalline structure and size of TiO2 (NPs) before and after irradiation can be determined through TEM examination. The images at various magnifications from the analysis, which was done using a JEOL (JEM-100CX) electron microscope, are seen in Fig. 3.

Hr-sem Analysis

Figure 4 shows the surface morphology of synthetic TiO₂NPs using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results from the SEM revealed that TiO₂NPs were uniformly distributed and cylindrical in shape.

Zeta Potential Analysis

A High absolute zeta potential value indicates a high electric charge on the surface of the NPs. It describes strong repellent forces among the particles, preventing aggregation and stabilizing NPs in the buffer solution. In natural conditions (pH close to 7.2), the values of zeta potential of TIO₂-NPs were equal to -15.6 mV (Fig. 5).

Cytotoxic Assay

Cancer, a malignant condition caused by uncontrolled cell growth, is thought to be the second greatest cause of death in the world. The hepatocellular cancers are the most dangerous and are linked to the highest mortality rates among the various cancer types [28]. Creating novel anticancer medications with fewer side effects and more selectivity and efficacy is one of the most difficult fields in contemporary scientific research [29].The cytotoxicity of the tested materials (TIO₂.NPs) was investigated before and after irradiation .From the MTT assay results present in Fig. 8, table 1 the exposure of TIO₂ to 4h from UV lamp showed a profound selective cytotoxic effect on the hepatocellular cancer cell lines with appreciable lower cytotoxic activity on the normal WI38 cells.

IC₅₀ of HuH-7cells at UV-irradiation were 12.8, 60.43 and 36.4 µg/mL by the 5-FU Standard ,the control (TIO₂.NPs before irradiation) and TIO₂.NPs after 4h UV-irradiation respectively. While IC₅₀ of normal WI38 cells at UV-irradiation were 65.1, 64.7 and 110.8 µg/mL by the 5-FU Standard, the control (TIO₂.NPs before irradiation) and TIO₂.NPs after 4h UV-irradiation respectively.

From lowest to greatest energy level, UV radiations can be further separated into UV-C (200–290 nm), UV-B (290–320 nm), and UV-A (320–400 nm). Since UV-C radiation cannot get through the Earth's atmosphere, UV-B and UV-A radiation exposures are the principal causes of photo biological effects in humans [30–31]. According to Maipas and Nicolopoulou-Stamati (2015), Touitou and Godin (2008), both radiations induce photobiological consequences such as sunburn, pigmentation issues, immunosuppression, cancer, and damage to DNA and other cellular components (Burnett et al. 2012; Mancebo et al. 2014; Touitou and Godin 2008). so this result of morphology images, showed that at low dose of UV -irradiation until reach to 4h of UV -irradiated showed an effect on the tumor cells and less effect on the normal cell as shown in Fig. 12.but in case of increasing the UV -irradiation, IC₅₀ of HuH-7cells at UV-irradiation were 270.7 and 81.2µg/mL TIO2.NPs after 8h, 10h of UV-irradiation respectively. And also IC₅₀ of normal WI38 cells at UV-irradiation were 84.3 and 230.9 µg/mL respectively. This means that at increasing the UV -irradiation the energy increase and converting into ionizing radiation after certain time and cause injure in the cells.

Table 1

Titanium nanoparticle effect on cell viability of Hepatocellular cancer and WI- 38 cell line after UV-irradiation.

While IR is consider as thermal radiation and give the same effect of annealing temperature, the average size of synthetic TiO₂NPs grew larger as the annealing temperature was raised. Due to the high surface energy of the nanoparticles, an aggregation of synthetic TiO2 nanoparticles occurred during annealing temperatures [34, 35, 36]. So in this result IC₅₀ values of HuH-7cells at IR-irradiation showed 12.8, 60.43 and 80.1 µg/mL by the 5-FU Standard ,the control (TIO₂.NPs before IR- irradiation) and TIO₂.NPs after 20m IR-irradiation respectively as shown on Table 2,Fig. 11. While IC₅₀ of normal WI38 cells at IR -irradiation 98,6 µg/mL for 20m IR-irradiation. This means that IR -irradiation makes heat to the particles and effect on the poly phenolic acid and make aggregation to the molecules.

Table 2: Titanium nanoparticle effect on cell viability of Hepatocellular cancer and WI- 38 cell line after IR-irradiation.

From the morphology images, We note that the 5-FU sample showed an image free of infected cells compared to the HuH-7cells, and then the control sample, which is the sample of titanium nanoparticles that are not irradiated, a clear image appeared and was free of infected cells, but to a lesser extent than the 5-FU stander. This is because chemotherapy gives a better result, but it has its drawbacks, which is that after a period of time, it can cause death, so we resorted to radiation therapy, which does not cause injury to normal cells, and through it, the affected cells can be eliminated with a result closer to the result of chemotherapy, through an image Morphology of a sample irradiated with 4 hours of UV-Irradiation, the image appeared at the highest concentration, free of infected cells, and the result was closer to the image of the 5-fu stander and better than that of the control sample as shown in Fig. 12

Data availability

The datasets used during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Author contributions

A.S., Y.S. and M. E. Conceived and designed the experiments; Y.S. and M.H. performed the experiments; M.H. analyzed the data; A.S., Y.S. and M. E. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools; A.S., Y.S.,M. E. and M. H. wrote the paper. A.S., Y.S. and M. E. reviewed the paper.

Bruchez M, Moronne M, Gin P, Weiss S, Alivisatos AP. Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Fluorescent Biological Labels. Science. 1998;281(5385):2013-6.
Cui Y, Wei Q, Park H, Lieber CM. Nanowire Nanosensors for Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Biological and Chemical Species. Science. 2001;293(5533):1289-92.
Colvin VL. The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials. Nature Biotechnology. 2003;21(10):1166- 70.
Kuroda, A. and Ogino, K. Development and application of amorphous titanium dioxide. Fragrance J. 1994; 22: 17-21.
Dunford R, Salinaro A, Cai L, Serpone N, Horikoshi S, Hidaka H, et al. Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalysed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients. FEBS Letters. 1997;418(1- 2):87-90.
Yuda J, Inaba R, Saito E, Fujiyama Y. Preparation of the Hollow Porous Titanium Dioxide Spheres with Controlled Collapsibility and its Properties. Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan. 1997;31(3):311-21.
Halliwell B, Aruoma OI. DNA damage by oxygen-derived species. Its mechanism and measurement in mammalian systems. FEBS Lett 1991;281:9-19.
Mahmoodi NO, Ghavidast A, Amirmahani N. A comparative study on the nanoparticles for improved drug delivery systems. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 2016. p. 681–693.
Khare V, Alam N, Saneja A, et al. Targeted drug delivery systems for pancreatic cancer. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2014. p. 3462–3482.
Smith L, Kuncic Z, Ostrikov K (Ken), et al. Nanoparticles in Cancer Imaging and Therapy. J. Nanomater. 2012;2012:1–7.
Lomer MCE, Thompson RPH, Powell JJ. Fine and ultrafine particles of the diet: influence on the mucosal immune response and association with Crohn’s disease. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2002;61(1):123-30.
Shashank Kumar, Abhay K. Pandey, Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 16.
F. Hollosy, “Effects of ultraviolet radiation on plant cells,” Micron, vol. 33, pp. 179–197, 2002.
Robson TM, Klem K, Urban O, Jansen MAK. Re-interpreting plant morphological 462 responses to UV-B radiation. Plant, Cell Environ. 2015;38: 856–866.
Mittler R. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 2002;7: 468 405–410.
Takahashi S, Badger MR. Photoprotection in plants: a new light on photosystem II 470 damage. Trends Plant Sci. Elsevier Ltd; 2011;16: 53–60. 471
Köhler H, Contreras RA, Pizarro M, Cortés-Antíquera R, Zúñiga GE. Antioxidant 473 responses induced by UVB radiation in Deschampsia antarctica Desv. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8: 921.
Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 476 2006;4: 147–157.
Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonols: old compounds for old roles. Ann Bot. 2011;108: 478 1225–1233.
Agati G, Azzarello E, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Flavonoids as antioxidants in plants: location 480 and functional significance. Plant Sci. Elsevier Ireland Ltd; 2012;196: 67–76. 481
Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry. 483 2000;55: 481–504.
Agati G, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Ferrini F, Pollastri S, Tattini M. Functional roles 485 of flavonoids in photoprotection: new evidence, lessons from the past. Plant Physiol 486 Biochem. Elsevier Masson SAS; 2013;72: 35–45.
Tattini M, Gravano E, Pinelli P, Mulinacci N, Romani A. Flavonoids accumulate in 488 leaves and glandular trichomes of Phillyrea latifolia exposed to excess solar radiation. 489 New Phytol. 2000;148: 69–77.
Tattini M, Galardi C, Pinelli P, Massai R, Remorini D, Agati G. Differential accumulation 491 of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamates in leaves of Ligustrum vulgare under excess light 492 and drought stress. New Phytol. 2004;163: 547–561
Mosmann, T. (1983): Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Methods; 65: 55-63.
Gomha, S.M.; Riyadh, S.M.; Mahmmoud, E.A. and Elaasser, M.M. (2015): Synthesis and Anticancer Activities of Thiazoles, 1,3-Thiazines, and Thiazolidine Using Chitosan-Grafted-Poly(vinylpyridine) as Basic Catalyst. Heterocycles; 91(6):1227-1243.
Abo-Ashour, M.F.; Eldehna, W.M.; Nocentini, A.; Bonardi, A.; Bua, S.; Ibrahim, H.S.; Elaasser, M.M.; Kryštof, V.; Jorda, R.; Gratteri, P.; Abou-Seri, S.M. and Supuran, C.T. (2019): 3-Hydrazinoisatin-based benzenesulfonamides as novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitors endowed with anticancer activity: Synthesis, in vitro biological evaluation and in silico insights. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 10/2019; 184:111768
WHO. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland, – Te International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 12 September 2018. http://gco.iarc.fr/tomorrow/home (2018).
Ali, R. et al. New anticancer agents: Recent developments in tumor therapy. Anticancer Res. 32(7), 2999–3005 (2012).
Maipas S, Nicolopoulou-Stamati P. Sun lotion chemicals as endocrine disruptors. Horm-Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2015;14:32–46.
Mancebo SE, Hu JY, Wang SQ. Sunscreens a review of health benefits, regulations, and controversies. Dermatol Clin. 2014;32:427.
Touitou E, Godin B. Skin nonpenetrating sunscreens for cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. Clin Dermatol. 2008;26:375–9.
Burnett ME, Hu JDY, Wang SQ. Sunscreens: Obtaining adequate photoprotection. Dermatol Ther. 2012;25:244–51.
C. Weiwei, Y. Hui, G. Xingzhong, Procedia Eng. 94 (2014) 71–75.
S. Bakardjieva, J. Subrt, V. Stengl, M.J. Dianez, M.J. Sayagues, Appl. Catal B. 58 (2005) 193–202.
L. Tesfaye Jule, K. Ramaswamy, B. Bekele et al., Experimental investigation on the impacts of annealing temperatures on titanium dioxide nanoparticles structure, size and optical properties synthesized through sol-gel methods, Materials Today: Proceedings,https://doi.org/10.1016/j. matpr.2021.02.586

No competing interests reported.

Table12.docx

Download PDF

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Cell Line Treatment using Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles Irradiated by UV and IR Radiation

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Material And Methods

Green synthesis of TiO₂ NPs

Uv –irradiation

Ir- Irradiation

Evaluation Of Cytotoxic Effects Of Certain Chemical Compound

Mammalian cell lines:

Chemicals Used:

Cell Line Propagation:

Cytotoxicity Evaluation Using Viability Assay:

Microscopic Observation Of The Tumor Cells Treated With The Compounds:

Results

UV-vis spectroscopy

Tem Analysis

Hr-sem Analysis

Zeta Potential Analysis

Discussion

Cytotoxic Assay

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1

Cell Line Treatment using Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles Irradiated by UV and IR Radiation

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Material And Methods

Green synthesis of TiO2 NPs

Uv –irradiation

Ir- Irradiation

Evaluation Of Cytotoxic Effects Of Certain Chemical Compound

Mammalian cell lines:

Chemicals Used:

Cell Line Propagation:

Cytotoxicity Evaluation Using Viability Assay:

Microscopic Observation Of The Tumor Cells Treated With The Compounds:

Results

UV-vis spectroscopy

Tem Analysis

Hr-sem Analysis

Zeta Potential Analysis

Discussion

Cytotoxic Assay

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

Status:

Version 1

Green synthesis of TiO₂ NPs