Influence of Sea Level Pressure on inter-annual rainfall variability in northern Senegal in the context of climate change


 This study examines the inter-annual variability of rainfall and mean Sea Level Pressure (SLP) over west Africa based on analysis of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis respectively. An interconnection is found in this region, between MSLP anomaly (over Azores and St. Helena High) and monthly mean precipitation during summer (June to September: JJAS). We also found that over northern Senegal (15°N-17°N; 17°W-13°W) the SLP to the north is strong; the wind converges at 200hPa corresponding to the position of the tropical Easterly jet (TEJ); the rotational wind 700hPa (corresponding to the position of the AEJ) coming from the north-east is negative. In this region, the precipitation is related to the SLP to the north with the opposite sign. The empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) of SLP are also presented, including the mean spectrum of precipitation and pressures to the north (15°N-40°N and 50°W-25°W) and south (40°S-10°S and 40°W-0°E). The dominant EOF of Sea Level Pressures north and south of the Atlantic Ocean for GPCP represents about 62.2% and 69.4% of the variance, respectively. The second and third EOFs of the pressure to the north account for 24.0% and 6.5% respectively. The second and third EOFs of the pressure to the south represent 12.5% and 8.9% respectively. Wet years in the northern of Senegal were associated with anomalous low-pressure area over north Atlantic Ocean as opposed to the dry years which exhibited an anomalous high-pressure area in the same region. On the other hand, over south Atlantic, an opposition is noted. The wavelet analysis method is applied to the SLP showings to the north, south and precipitation in our study area. The indices prove to be very consistent, especially during intervals of high variance.


Introduction
The Sahel is an area of the semi-arid expanse of meadows, shrubs and small thorny trees found in the Southern Sahara Desert [1]. This region stretches to about 5000 km through Africa from east to west, more precisely, the term "Sahel" applies to a small region between latitudes 14˚N and 18˚N. It consists of countries like Sudan, Chad, Mali, Senegal, Niger, Mauritania, Burkina Faso (the northern part), and Nigeria (the northern part). Most of the local population of this region live in rural areas and practice agriculture. Thus, the variability of climatic parameters is of great importance for the region. The specific study area, i.e. Senegal (Figure 1), has two anticyclones: the Azores and Saint Helena.
Taking monthly time-step, with no connection with ocean temperatures, [2] initiated a series of studies by showing the Azores anticyclone's inhibitory influence on the Sahelian precipitation. The enhanced effect of their coupling, a strong Azores anticyclone and a weak St. Helena anticyclone leads to an enhanced rainfall deficit over the Sahel and vice versa. [3] showed that during the wet regime, there is a substantial variance in the seasonal modes linked to the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and multi-annual modes succeeding Azores. [4] showed that about 50% of the variance in July-September rainfall over the Sahel is explained by changes in the high longitude position of the Azores and low pressure in South Asia.
The hot phase of Enoa is manifested by a weakening of the gradient of pres- This phenomenon has a considerable impact on temperature and precipitation fields [5] and is particularly noticed around the Pacific and the Indian Ocean.
However, the peri-Atlantic regions are also concerned since Enoa is also associ- Since temperatures and sea surface pressure are linked, it is necessary to investigate the interaction between precipitation and MSLP to assess their modification in the West African Sahel's climate system, especially over northern Senegal. [9] showed that the existence of cooler (warmer) TSOs in the Atlantic Ocean is overcome by an increase (decrease) in the pressure field. The choice of SLP comes from the analysis of [10] who showed that pressure is the most sensitive to the influence of Sea Surface Temperature (SST).
In this paper, datasets and methods used are briefly described in Section 2.
Section 3 investigates the characteristic of precipitation and the annual cycle associated with MSLP. Finally, Section 4 summarizes the main results and gives some prospects for future work.

Data
Precipitation data used was derived from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) version 2.2. The GPCP analyses are derived from rain gauge stations, satellites, and sounding observations that have been merged. The data is available from 1979 to the present at 2.5˚ resolution [11]. This dataset consists of a combination of all precipitation data from polar satellites (estimates of The Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSMI/I) emissions) and the precipitation data centre of geostationary satellites of the GPCP (estimated rain gauge GPI and OPI). This data product has been validated regionally and globally by [12] and [13].

Methodology
Wavelet analysis is a standard tool for decomposing a time series into a timefrequency space and detecting time-frequency variations. The wavelet transformation makes it possible to compare a signal with a wavelet function called mother wavelet [15]. After having tested different mother wavelets, the results obtained are similar. As the wavelet transform is a band-pass filter with a known response function (the wavelet function), it is also a powerful filtering technique.
To identify the dominant modes, the wavelet analysis method is used during the where the transposition operation is denoted by the exponent T, and each of the M eigenvectors contains an element relating to each of the K variables, x m .
Other methods involve analyzes of the main characteristics of spatial variability (generally given by the most important empirical orthogonal function models (EOF)), and large-scale mechanisms controlling the regional climatic variability given by the canonical correlation ([16] [17] [18] [19]).  To explain the precipitation trend changes, [20] consider the response precipitation to the NAO, the regression between sea level pressure (SLP) over the Euro-Atlantic area onto precipitation. Figure 1 allows us to show that our study area, northern Senegal, is surrounded by two high sea level pressures, namely the Azores High and the St. Helena High. Since our study focuses on the influence of these two high-pressure areas, this figure allows us to locate the coordinates of these high-pressure areas in relation to our zone.

Results and Discussion
As the study is based on the influence of sea-level pressure on interannual variability, is interesting to see how surface pressure varies in different months.    [21]. While the northern one approaches the 20˚N zone and the sea longitude (located between the two continents Africa and America) from June to July. The high-pressure system in the south becomes lower than 1022 hPa from August to October. This figure of the mean monthly pressure indicates the relationship of the Sea Level Pressure with the seasonal cycle of precipitation in our study area. [22] showed that the pressure adjustment mechanism is the main driver of the convergence of meridional surface winds in the eastern tropical Atlantic.
The deficit of rainfall was associated with an increase in the subsidence of the air and a surplus with a more intense monsoon circulation. It is necessary to look at the wind characteristics at 700 hPa and 200 hPa. The wind at these two pressure levels plays an important role in the interannual variability of rainfall.
They correspond to the position of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ). In Figure 3, it can be seen that the SLP to the north and the south accompanies the rainfall belt. It is necessary to represent the Sea Level Pressure in JJAS.   Helena high (southern hemisphere), and the Azores and Saharo-Lybian (northern hemisphere) high. The ITCZ corresponds to the low-pressure area between the subtropical high-pressure belts [26]. It was found that there is probably a relationship between Sea Level Pressure and precipitation. In this study, we aim to highlight the statistical relationship between these two variables. Figure 5 shows the correlation between SLP and JJAS precipitation between 5˚S -20˚N and 20˚W -0˚W. There is a negative correlation over 15˚N -17˚N and 17˚W -13˚W. This figure also indicates that, in the study area, SLP is related to precipitation with the opposite sign (i.e. higher values of sea surface pressure in the north are accompanied by a decrease in precipitation). [24] showed that a deficit season in the Sahel occurs when there is a "dipolar" structure of surface pressure (higher values in the North Atlantic, lower values in the South Atlantic). [27] have shown that climate change in the West African monsoon region in autumn is due to increased pressure with abnormally high-pressure circulation over Europe.
The two levels of sea pressure were identified in Figure 4 (10˚S -40˚S and 40˚W -0˚E, and 15˚N -40˚N and 50˚W -25˚W). The PCs of these SLP are   1979-1984, 1990-1994, 1996-1997, and 2002. These components account for 62.2% of the total variance. The PC2 of SLP data was generally in its positive phase for the years 1981, 1983, 1986-1987, 1991-1994, 1997 and   2002 while the PC3 of SLP data was in its negative phase between the years 1979-1981, 1984, 1987-1988, 1990, 1993, 1995-1998 and 2000 and in its positive phase between 1982-1983, 1985-1986, 1989, 1991-1992, 1994, 1999 and 2001-2003. The years 1982-1983 corresponded to years of drought in our study area. [28] showed that any strengthening or displacement towards the south of the Azores anticyclone causes a southward shift of the ITCZ. PC2 and PC3 re-  Figure 7. Figure 6 shows the temporal component while Figure 7 shows the spatial component. PC1 is negative over the entire area representing 62.2%. PC2 is negative between 28˚N -40˚N and positive between 15˚N -28˚N showing a north-south dipole. PC3 is positive between 50˚W -25˚W and 15˚N -24˚N. Our study area is located in this zone. According to Figure 6, PC3 was in its positive 1982-1983; this period corresponds to a period of drought in our study zone. The SLP zone between 15˚N -40˚N and 50˚W -25˚W allows us to see its influence on our study area located from 15˚N onwards. We have seen in Figure 2, that the North High is on 15˚N -40˚N and 50˚W -25˚W. Figure 8 shows the first three PCs of Sea Level Pressure (SLP) data between 40˚S -10˚S and 40˚W -0˚E during summer (JAS) from 1979 to 2003. PC1 is in a positive phase for the years 1979, 1988, 1990-1992, 1994-1995, 1995 and 2000-2001. It can be noted that the positive phase 2000-2001 corresponds to the return to normal rainfall over this region. These components represent 69.4% of the total variance. The PC2 of the SLP data was generally in its positive phase for the years 1981, 1983-1986, 1988, 1991-1992, 1995-1996, 1999 and 2001-2003, while the PC3 of the SLP data was in its positive phase between the years 1980-1983, 1991-1995, 1997 and 1999-2003 and in its negative phase between 1979, 1984-1990, 1996 and 1998. PC2 and PC3 account for about 12.5% and 8.9% of the total variance, respectively. The first three corresponding EOFs are shown in Figure 9. Figure 9 shows the temporal component while Figure 10 shows the spatial component. The PC1 is positive or null over the whole area representing 69.4%. The PC2 is negative between 26˚S -40˚S. PC3 is positive between 30˚S -10˚S and 40˚W -0˚E. We will now see the wavelet of the two SLP and precipitation in our study area. Figure [30]). [31] showed that there is a significant remote influence of the Pacific ENSO on the variability of the tropical Atlantic.

Summary and Conclusions
The most recent research on the interannual variability of the West African  1981, 1983, 1986-1987, 1991-1994, 1997 and 2002; while PC3 of pressure was in its negative phase between 1979-1981, 1984, 1987-1988, 1990, 1993, 1995-1998 and 2000 and in its positive phase between 1982-1983, 1985-1986, 1989, 1991-1992, 1994, 1999 and 2001-2003. PC2 and PC3 account for about 54.2% and more than 6.5% of the total difference, respectively. These positive phases of North Sea Level pressures (strengthening or southward shift of the Azores High) correspond to years of drought in the studied area due to a southward shift of the ITCZ.
We have also shown the first three PC of Sea Level Pressure (SLP) data over 40˚S -10˚S and 40˚W -0˚E during summer (JAS) from 1979 to 2003. PC1s account for 69.4% of the total variance. PC1s of Sea Level Pressures were generally in its positive phase between 1979, 1988, 1990-1992, 1994-1995, 1995 and 2000-2001; while PC2s of pressures were in its positive phase 1981, 1983-1986, 1988, 1991-1992, 1995-1996, 1999 and 2001-2003. PC2 and PC3 account for about 12.5% and more than 8.9% of the total difference, respectively. These posi-  [32]. The role of the Atlantic appears to be the modulation of the north-south excursion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Since this zone is at the level of the Atlantic Ocean, it is, therefore, normal to see seasonal variability. This one-year variability related to the ITCZ is related to the temperatures of the North Tropical Atlantic (NTA) and then to the Azores High according to [3].