Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants
Variables
|
Without T2DM(n=20,795)
|
T2DM(n=3420)
|
Total(n=24,215)
|
p-value
|
|
Median±SD or
n (%)
|
Median±SD or
n (%)
|
Median±SD or
n (%)
|
Sex
|
|
|
|
<0.001
|
Men
|
9281(38.33)
|
1380(5.70)
|
10,661(44.03)
|
|
Women
|
11,514(47.55)
|
2040(8.42)
|
13,554(55.97)
|
|
Mean age (years)
|
70.95±5.71
|
71.47±5.70
|
71.03±5.71
|
<0.001
|
Age category
|
|
|
|
<0.001
|
60-69 yrs
|
10,775(44.50)
|
1596(6.59)
|
12,371(51.09)
|
|
70-79 yrs
|
8021(33.12)
|
1459(6.03)
|
9480(39.15)
|
|
80 yrs+
|
1999(8.25)
|
365(1.51)
|
2364(9.76)
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
21.75±1.44
|
21.96±1.40
|
21.78±1.44
|
<0.001
|
SBP (mm Hg)
|
132.87±18.57
|
136.49±19.05
|
133.38±18.68
|
<0.001
|
DBP (mm Hg)
|
76.67±10.73
|
77.11±10.57
|
76.73±10.70
|
<0.001
|
TC (mmol/L)
|
5.13±1.11
|
5.20±1.22
|
5.14±1.13
|
<0.001
|
TG (mmol/L)
|
1.45±0.97
|
1.87±1.36
|
1.51±1.04
|
<0.001
|
HDL-C (mmol/L)
|
1.45±0.44
|
1.37±0.40
|
1.43±0.43
|
<0.001
|
LDL-C (mmol/L)
|
3.01±0.95
|
3.05±1.01
|
3.02±0.96
|
<0.001
|
FPG (mmol/L)
|
5.41±0.67
|
9.28±2.69
|
5.96±1.80
|
<0.001
|
Obesity indices
|
|
|
|
|
WC (cm)
|
81.26±6.27
|
82.73±6.16
|
81.47±6.27
|
<0.001
|
WHtR
|
0.51±0.04
|
0.52±0.04
|
0.51±0.041
|
<0.001
|
VAI
|
1.91±3.01
|
2.65±2.64
|
2.02±2.97
|
<0.001
|
LAP
|
30.27±25.21
|
41.92±34.74
|
31.91±27.08
|
<0.001
|
TyG-related parameters
|
|
|
|
|
TyG
|
7.00±0.53
|
7.74±0.63
|
7.10±0.60
|
<0.001
|
TyG-BMI
|
152.43±16.53
|
169.94±18.38
|
154.90±17.87
|
<0.001
|
TyG-WC
|
569.38±65.76
|
640.19±73.04
|
579.38±71.24
|
<0.001
|
TyG-WHtR
|
3.59±0.43
|
4.04±0.48
|
3.66±0.46
|
<0.001
|
Lifestyle
|
|
|
|
|
Current smoking
|
3063(12.65)
|
357(1.47)
|
3420(14.12)
|
0.078
|
Current drinking
|
2962(12.23)
|
458(1.89)
|
3420(14.12)
|
<0.001
|
Frequency of physical activity
|
|
|
|
0.222
|
Low
|
13,094(54.07)
|
2140(8.84)
|
15,234(62.91)
|
|
Moderate
|
2993(12.36)
|
529(2.18)
|
3522(14.54)
|
|
High
|
4708(19.44)
|
751(3.10)
|
5459(22.55)
|
|
Abbreviations: T2DM,Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; BMI , Body Mass Index; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; TC, Total Cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipid cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipid cholesterol; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; WC, Waist Circumference; WHtR, Waist Height-Ratio; VAI , Visceral Adiposity Index; LAP, Lipid Accumulation Product; TyG, Triglyceride Glucose; TyG-BMI, TyG related to BMI; TyG-WC, TyG related to WC; TyG-WHtR, TyG related to WHtR; Data are presented as means ± standard deviation, and interquartile range or frequencies. p values are from t-tests or Chi-square tests for analysis of variance for continuous variables and categorical variables
Table 2 aOR for T2DM in quartiles of each index
Categories
|
WC
|
WHtR
|
VAI
|
LAP
|
Men
|
|
|
|
|
Q1
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Q2
|
1.216(0.974,1.518)
|
0.991(0.819,1.201)
|
1.163(0.947,1.429)
|
1.224(0.972,1.542)
|
Q3
|
1.239(0.946,1.624)
|
0.876(0.965,1.103)
|
1.373(1.090,1.729)
|
1.227(0.927,1.624)
|
Q4
|
1.514(1.130,2.029)
|
1.095(0.842,1.425)
|
1.933(1.479,2.527)
|
1.553(1.099,2.094)
|
Women
|
|
|
|
|
Q1
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Q2
|
1.123(0.955,1.320)
|
0.879(0.732,1.056)
|
1.155(0.965,1.382)
|
1.315(1.088,1.589)
|
Q3
|
1.085(0.890,1.323)
|
0.952(0.781,1.159)
|
1.567(1.278,1.920)
|
1.428(1.136,1.793)
|
Q4
|
1.133(0.908,1.414)
|
0.989(0.789,1.240)
|
1.954(1.541,2.478)
|
1.754(1.337,2.300)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Categories
|
TyG
|
TyG-BMI
|
TyG-WC
|
TyG-WHtR
|
Men
|
|
|
|
|
Q1
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Q2
|
3.136(2.226,4.339)
|
0.966(0.735,1.270)
|
1.122(0.785,1.604)
|
1.593(1.166,2.177)
|
Q3
|
6.819(4.867,9.545)
|
0.783(0.585,1.048)
|
0.976(0.641,1.487)
|
1.572(1.080,2.089)
|
Q4
|
19.005(13.235,27.291)
|
0.968(0.705,1.329)
|
1.122(0.705,1.786)
|
2.356(1.557,3.566)
|
Women
|
|
|
|
|
Q1
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Ref.
|
Q2
|
3.347(2.268,4.938)
|
0.809(0.628,1.041)
|
1.115(0.811,1.533)
|
1.075(0.745,1.550)
|
Q3
|
7.568(5.128,11.167)
|
0.775(0.601,1.000)
|
1.239(0.861,1.782)
|
1.247(0.822,1.892)
|
Q4
|
25.262(16.957,37.634)
|
1.024(0.785,1.335)
|
1.723(1.164,2.552)
|
1.264(0.809,1.974)
|
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted Odds Ratio; Q, Quartile; Ref, Reference; WC, Waist Circumference; WHtR, Waist Height-Ratio; VAI , Visceral Adiposity Index; LAP, Lipid Accumulation Product; TyG, Triglyceride Glucose; TyG-BMI, TyG related to BMI; TyG-WC, TyG related to WC; TyG-WHtR, TyG related to WHtR;
Table 3 ROC curve analyses for each index in predicting T2DM
Parameters
|
WC
|
WHtR
|
VAI
|
LAP
|
Man
|
|
|
|
|
AUC (95% CI)
|
0.586(0.570,0.602)
|
0.571(0.555,0.587)
|
0.620(0.604,0.636)
|
0.622(0.606,0.638)
|
p-value
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
Cut-off
|
≥84.3
|
≥0.49
|
≥1.50
|
≥25.08
|
Sens. (%)
|
50.22
|
70.80
|
48.55
|
51.52
|
Spec. (%)
|
62.57
|
39.19
|
69.67
|
66.53
|
Youden index
|
0.13
|
0.10
|
0.18
|
0.18
|
Women
|
|
|
|
|
AUC (95% CI)
|
0.565(0.552,0.578)
|
0.556(0.543,0.570)
|
0.625(0.612,0.638)
|
0.630(0.617,0.643)
|
p-value
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
Cut-off
|
≥79.8
|
≥0.52
|
≥2.04
|
≥33.61
|
Sens. (%)
|
67.16
|
65.03
|
60.29
|
58.38
|
Spec. (%)
|
42.70
|
42.97
|
59.26
|
60.80
|
Youden index
|
0.10
|
0.09
|
0.19
|
0.19
|
Man
|
TyG
|
TyG-BMI
|
TyG-WC
|
TyG-WHtR
|
AUC (95% CI)
|
0.818(0.810,0.825)
|
0.760(0.752,0.768)
|
0.771(0.763,0.779)
|
0.768(0.760,0.776)
|
p-value
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
Cut-off
|
≥7.17
|
≥163.04
|
≥608.91
|
≥3.64
|
Sens. (%)
|
76.09
|
62.54
|
66.67
|
70.58
|
Spec. (%)
|
72.38
|
77.35
|
73.84
|
69.20
|
Youden index
|
0.48
|
0.40
|
0.41
|
0.40
|
Women
|
|
|
|
|
AUC (95% CI)
|
0.824(0.814,0.833)
|
0.760(0.748,0.771)
|
0.766(0.755,0.777)
|
0.760(0.749,0.771)
|
p-value
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
Cut-off
|
≥7.40
|
≥162.68
|
≥592.40
|
≥3.88
|
Sens. (%)
|
73.87
|
68.24
|
73.13
|
70.98
|
Spec. (%)
|
75.90
|
70.84
|
66.16
|
68.36
|
Youden index
|
0.50
|
0.39
|
0.40
|
0.39
|
Abbreviations: ROC, Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve; AUC, Area Under Curve; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval; Sens, Sensitivity; Spec, Specificity; WC, Waist Circumference; WHtR, Waist Height-Ratio; VAI , Visceral Adiposity Index; LAP, Lipid Accumulation Product; TyG, Triglyceride Glucose; TyG-BMI, TyG related to BMI; TyG-WC, TyG related to WC; TyG-WHtR, TyG related to WHtR;
Table 4 Pairwise comparison of AUC of TyG
Index
|
Differences between AUC
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
Men
|
WC
|
0.232
|
(0.213,0.250)
|
<0.001
|
WHtR
|
0.246
|
(0.268,0.265)
|
<0.001
|
VAI
|
0.198
|
(0.188,0.207)
|
<0.001
|
LAP
|
0.195
|
(0.185,0.260)
|
<0.001
|
TyG-BMI
|
0.056
|
(0.048,0.066)
|
<0.001
|
TyG-WC
|
0.046
|
(0.036,0.055)
|
<0.001
|
TyG-WHtR
|
0.050
|
(0.040,0.059)
|
<0.001
|
Women
|
WC
|
0.259
|
(0.243,0.274)
|
<0.001
|
WHtR
|
0.268
|
(0.252,0.284)
|
<0.001
|
VAI
|
0.199
|
(0.191,0.206)
|
<0.001
|
LAP
|
0.194
|
(0.186,0.202)
|
<0.001
|
TyG-BMI
|
0.064
|
(0.056,0.072)
|
<0.001
|
TyG-WC
|
0.058
|
(0.050,0.066)
|
<0.001
|
TyG-WHtR
|
0.064
|
(0.055,0.073)
|
<0.001
|
Abbreviations: AUC, Area Under Curve; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval; WC, Waist Circumference; WHtR, Waist Height-Ratio; VAI , Visceral Adiposity Index; LAP, Lipid Accumulation Product; TyG, Triglyceride Glucose; TyG-BMI, TyG related to BMI; TyG-WC, TyG related to WC; TyG-WHtR, TyG related to WHtR;