Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Procambarus clarkii from six provinces of China

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-266753/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Procambarus clarkii from six provinces of China

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-266753/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Journal Publication

published 09 Aug, 2021

Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research →

You are reading this latest preprint version

Contamination with heavy metals in wild red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) from 7 different geographical areas in six provinces of China (Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shandong) was evaluated. Concentrations of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in the abdominal muscle, gonad, and hepatopancreas were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer (AFS). Except for the Cd content in hepatopancreas, the contents of selected heavy metals in three different tissues were significantly lower than the proposed limits provided by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The maximum accumulations of Cd and Pb were in hepatopancreas, while the maximum accumulation of As was in gonad, and the maximum accumulations of Hg and Cr were in abdominal muscle. The highest contents of Cr, Hg, and Pb were all detected in Dongting Lake, Hunan, which was consistent with the trend of the metal pollution index (MPI). Risk value of the target hazard quotient (THQ) was below 1.0, suggesting that the intake of selected heavy metals through crayfish consumption would not pose a significant health risk to consumers.

Environmental Engineering

Marine and Freshwater Ecology

Heavy metals

Wild red swamp crayfish

Different tissues

Six provinces of China

MPI

THQ

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, heavy metal pollution has become increasingly serious and received widespread attention in China (Huang et al. 2018). The majority of the known heavy metals can be readily absorbed and bio-accumulated in organisms via anthropogenic and natural emissions, and even those considered as essential, can be toxic if present in excess (Jaishankar et al. 2014).

Potential health risks of heavy metal exposure have been documented in the past few decades. In particular, recent studies have demonstrated that heavy metals have carcinogenic or noncarcinogenic risks to human beings (Peng et al. 2016; Jia et al. 2017). An increased risk of stomach cancer and lung cancer after ingesting chromium (Cr VI) in drinking water in Liaoning Province of China was reported (Beaumont et al. 2008). Arsenic (As), which is more toxic in its inorganic form than in its organic form, was established as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Inhalation of inorganic As caused lung cancer in smelter workers (Enterline et al. 1987). Inorganic As might be associated with fetal loss, low birth weight, cognitive deficit, skin impairment, and cardiovascular disease (Smith et al. 2009). Cadmium (Cd) can cause acute kidney damage, spontaneous abortion, bone damage, and cancer through absorption of stomach, intestine, skin, and lung (Godt et al. 2006). Lead (Pb) is reported to be an accumulative metabolic poison, which affects the nervous, cardiovascular, renal, hematopoietic, and reproductive systems in human. It can also cause mental retardation and hyperactivity in children (Demayo et al. 1982). Elemental mercury (Hg) was harmful for the central nervous system, while inorganic Hg compounds primarily affected the kidney. Particularly, methylmercury (MeHg) was a potent neurotoxin (Beckers et al. 2017). Even low dose Hg was reported to decrease performance in motor function and memory not only in children but also in adults (Zahir et al. 2005). Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the potential risks to human health caused by food intake contaminated by heavy metals.

Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) has been farmed extensively and become one of the most economically important farmed aquatic species in China since the 90's. Nowadays, China is the world's leading crayfish producer (Wang et al. 2005; Yi et al. 2018; Mo et al. 2019). The geographic conditions in Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shandong make them be the main production areas of edible crayfish in China. Wild crayfish was most commonly found in warm fresh water, such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and wetlands. Chaohu Lake, Poyang Lake, Taihu Lake, Dongting Lake, and Weishan Lake are main sources of freshwater and aquatic products for local residents in these provinces. Evidences from previous studies suggested that the seven lakes mentioned above are endangered with various pollutants, especially heavy metals (Chi et al. 2007; Yang et al. 2009; Li et al. 2013; Wei et al. 2014). Crayfish camps on the special benthic lifestyle, and serves as a high-level consumer of benthic animals in natural water bodies. It can not only accumulate heavy metals in its own body through the food chain, but also can survive and multiply under the stress of heavy metals (Alcorto et al. 2006; Kuklina et al. 2014). Risk to human health via crayfish consumption has been reported based on a small-scale survey in Shanghai (Wu et al. 2010). Moreover, the consumption of crayfish in the peak summer season reached more than 100 metric tons per day in Nanjing, Wuhan, Hefei and other central cities in these six provinces (Mu et al. 2007). Given the above mentioned heavy metal pollution and wide population exposure, the health risk of crayfish consumption in these regions deserves attention. However, limited studies focus on contamination with heavy metals and health risk in the main production and consumption region of crayfish.

In order to provide information about heavy metal pollution in wild crayfish and further conduct risk assessment, this study investigated the contents of five heavy metal (Cr, As, Hg, Cd, and Pb) in three edible parts of field-collected crayfish from six provinces. Metal pollution index (MPI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were used to evaluate the health risk of heavy metals after consumption of crayfish.

2.1 Sample collection and preparation

The wild red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were obtained from the lakes in six provinces from August to October, 2018, including Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shandong, Anhui, and Jiangsu Provinces (Fig. 1), which have higher crayfish consumption levels. A total of 177 specimens (about 25 specimens every sampling sites) were collected. The crayfish were weighed (Table 1), killed and dissected. And then the gonad, hepatopancreas, and abdominal muscle were sampled. The hepatopancreas was a metabolically very active organ that could absorb and sequester heavy metals for detoxification (Chavez-Crooker et al. 2003). The dissected gonad, hepatopancreas, and abdominal muscle were washed with deionized water, dried at 60°C for 24 h to determine dry weight, grounded with a pestle and mortar, and then stored at − 20°C in sealed polyethylene bags until analysis.

Table 1

The date and body weight of wild crayfish obtained from 7 sampling sites
Study location	Province	Setting	Sample Size	Body weight (g)	Time
Chaohu Lake	Anhui	Wild caught	25	20.20	2018.10.03
Poyang Lake	Jiangxi	Wild caught	26	18.20	2018.09.15
Weishan Lake	Shandong	Wild caught	25	16.84	2018.09.07
Taihu Lake	Jiangsu	Wild caught	22	18.98	2018.09.26
Jianli	Hubei	Wild caught	26	23.33	2018.08.20
Anqing	Anhui	Wild caught	27	20.52	2018.09.07
Dongting Lake	Hunan	Wild caught	26	19.83	2018.09.20

2.2 Heavy metal analysis

Approximately 0.3 g of the tissue sample was weighed into a microwave digestion inner tank, and 10 ml of HNO₃ was added. The microwave digestion tank was covered, placed for one hour, and performed by a microwave digestion system (MARS-6, China Everbest Machinery Industry Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China), according to the following program: 5 min to 120°C, 5min at 120°C, 5 min to 150°C, 10 min at 150°C, 5 min to 190°C, and 20 min at 190°C. After cooling, the digestion solution was diluted to 50 ml for later use. Simultaneously, 1 blank per 5 sample was test to eliminate interference. The contents of As, Cr, Pb, and Cd based on dry weight (d.w) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Agilent 7700x, Tokyo, Japan). Sc, Ge, Rh, and Lu were applied for instrument calibration. The concentrations of Hg were measured by Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometer (AFS, Beijing Titan Instruments Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). All calibration straight lines had correlation coefficients > 0.999 and extraction recovery rate was 80%-120%. The contents of heavy metals in different tissues based on wet weight (w.w) were converted to the contents of heavy metals based on dry weight. In later analysis, the values of quantification limit were applied instead of the non-detected values of the corresponding heavy metals.

2.3 Health risk assessment

Total heavy metal accumulation in various tissues at different sampling sites was examined by the metal pollution index (MPI). The MPI was described by the following equation (Usero et al. 1997):

$$\text{M}\text{P}\text{I}={({C}{Cr}\times {C}{As}\times {C}{Hg}\times {C}{Cd}\times {C}_{Pb})}^{\frac{1}{5}}$$

Where C_Cr, C_As, C_Hg, C_Cd, and C_Pb (mg/kg w.w) are the contents of Cr, As, Hg, Cd, and Pb based on wet weight in different tissue of crayfish sampled at each sampling sites.

Muscle and hepatopancreas are the main tissues of crayfish consumed by local residents. Therefore, this study evaluated the health risks of muscle and hepatopancreas consumption. Firstly, the daily heavy metal intake from crayfish consumption was estimated. Estimated daily intake (EDI) (µg/BWkg day) was calculated through the following formula:

$${\text{E}\text{D}\text{I}}{i}=\frac{{C}{i}\times DIR}{BW}$$

Where C_i (mg/kg w.w) is the content of heavy metal based on wet weight, DIR (g/day) is the average daily intake of crayfish by local residents, and BW is the average weight of consumers. The DIR for inhabitants are 2.0 g/day/person for abdominal muscle and 1.0 g/day/person for hepatopancreas. The BW for inhabitants is 60 kg (Peng et al.

2016a).

Then the potential health risks from exposure to heavy metal through crayfish consumption were assessed using the target hazard quotient (THQ) regulated by USEPA (1989), described as follows:

$${\text{T}\text{H}\text{Q}}{i}=\frac{{EDI}{i}}{{RfD}_{i}}\times \frac{EF\times ED}{AT}\times {10}^{-3}$$

Where ED is the exposure duration (year), EF is the exposure frequency (day/year), and AT is the average exposure time (day). In this study, the AT, ED, and EF were set as 25,550 days, 70 years, and 365 days/year, respectively. RfD_i (mg/kg/day) is the chronic oral reference dose for heavy metal regulated by USEPA (

2019). The values of RfD_i for heavy metals is 3.0×10^− 3 mg/kg/day for Cr, 3×10^− 4 mg/kg/day for As, 1×10^− 4 mg/kg/day for Hg, 1.0×10^− 3 mg/kg/day for Cd, and 2×10^− 2 mg/kg/day for Pb, respectively (Wei et al.

2014; USEPA

2019).

3.1 Heavy metal contents in three different tissues of field-collected crayfish

The contents of the selected heavy metals (Cr, As, Hg, Cd, and Pb) in the hepatopancreas, abdominal muscle, and gonad of crayfish collected from 7 sampling sites were summarized in Table 2. Hexavalent chromium was a group 1 carcinogen with multiple complex mechanisms by which it triggers cancer development. Increased levels of DNA adduct formation, chromosome breaks, and oxidative stress were the main mechanisms of Cr VI causing cellular damage (DesMarais & Costa 2019). The highest content of Cr was 0.5959±0.0026 mg/kg d.w in abdominal muscle of crayfish from Dongting Lake. This result was consistent with these observations that the average of Cr content in sediment from Dongting Lake (88.29 mg/kg) was higher than Cr contents from Poyang Lake (70.77 mg/kg), Taihu Lake (41.5 mg/kg), and Chaohu Lake (63.36 mg/kg) (Yuan et al. 2011; Jiang et al. 2012; Tang et al. 2010; Li et al. 2013). The lowest content of Cr was 0.0029±0.0029 mg/kg in gonad from Anqing. The contents of Cr in abdominal muscle were significantly higher than those in other tissues collected from 5 sampling sites (Chaohu Lake, Waishan Lake, Dongting Lake, Jianli, and Anqing). Kuklina et al (2014) also found that Cr was more concentrated in abdominal muscle. However, the content of Cr in abdominal muscle was far lower than those in exoskeleton, hepatopancreas, and gills of crayfish after exposure to waterborne Cr (Bollinger et al. 1997). For fish, Cr was investigated to enrich in bladder and liver (Wei et al. 2014). Possible reason was that the enrichment of Cr might be specific and change according to the surrounding environment.

Organic As was non-toxic whereas inorganic As was toxic. Trivalent form (As₂O₃) and pentavalent form (As₂O₅) are two oxidation states of inorganic As. However, As (Ⅲ) is 60 times more toxic than As (Ⅴ) (Ratnaike et al. 2003). In this study, the highest content of As was 2.7379±0.0306 mg/kg in hepatopancreas of crayfish collected from Taihu Lake, while the lowest content of As (0.1411±0.0035 mg/kg) was observed in abdominal muscle collected from Chaohu Lake. It was reported that the content of As in crayfish muscle collected from Chaohu Lake (0.1402-0.2410 mg/kg d.w) was higher than those in crayfish muscle collected from Poyang Lake (0.010-0.080 mg/kg d.w.) and Xiang River (0.037-0.141mg/kg d.w) (Wei et al. 2014; Jia et al. 2017). These results may indicate that As is more easily enriched in crayfish than other aquatic invertebrates. Results showed that As contents in hepatopancreas and gonad were markedly higher than those in muscle. According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (1993), the content of inorganic As could be estimated as 10% of total As. Based on this parameter, the contents of inorganic arsenic in all the samples did not exceed the safety limit set by the China National Standards Management Department (CNSMD).

Since the Minamata incident in Japan in 1950s, methylmercury in the aquatic environment and aquatic organisms has raised global concerns (Harada et al. 1995). Peng et al (2016a) reported that MeHg constituted 92-99% of mercury in crayfish muscle. The highest content of Hg was in muscle from Dongting Lake (0.0613±0.0022 mg/kg d.w) and the lowest content of Hg was in gonad from Taihu Lake (0.0065±0.0003 mg/kg). These results were consistent with the content of Hg in the muscle of crayfish collected from 23 cities in China (58.1±19.2 μg/kg). Notably, unlike the other four heavy metals, the total contents of Hg in hepatopancreas and gonad were significantly lower than that in muscle. The same results were also observed in previous researches (Stinson & Eaton 1983; Goldstein et al. 1996; Wei et al. 2014).

Table 2 Heavy contents (Cr, As, Hg, Cd, and Pb) (mg/kg ww) of crayfish (hepatopancreas, muscle, and gonad) sampled from 7 locations in China (mean ± SD)

Location	Tissues	Heavy metal content (mg/kg w.w)
Location	Tissues	Cr	As	Hg	Cd	Pb
Chaohu Lake	Hepatopancreas	0.0965±0.0220	0.5660±0.0656	0.0116±0.0048	0.3086±0.0372	0.0319±0.0051
	Muscle	0.2123±0.0031	0.1411±0.0035	0.0484±0.0015	0.0011±0.0003	0.0156±0.0005
	Gonad	0.2058±0.0022	1.1402±0.0039	0.0201±0.0019	0.0017±0.0005	nd
Poyang Lake	Hepatopancreas	0.1508±0.0039	1.0742±0.0187	0.0188±0.0006	4.5671±0.0407	0.0518±0.0006
	Muscle	0.1122±0.0049	0.2106±0.0044	0.0279±0.0018	0.0016±0.0008	0.0141±0.0006
	Gonad	0.1607±0.0042	1.5155±0.0144	0.0101±0.0008	0.0015±0.0011	nd
Weishan Lake	Hepatopancreas	0.0181±0.0006	1.7004±0.0155	0.0096±0.0019	0.4277±0.0046	0.0561±0.0006
	Muscle	0.1936±0.0058	0.1976±0.0022	0.0197±0.0024	0.0006±0.0004	0.0240±0.0008
	Gonad	0.0602±0.0053	1.3303±0.0197	0.0054±0.0021	0.0002±0.0002	nd
Taihu Lake	Hepatopancreas	0.0723±0.0009	2.7379±0.0306	0.0107±0.0007	0.8850±0.0099	0.0400±0.0008
	Muscle	0.0811±0.0013	0.1718±0.0032	0.0158±0.0002	0.0004±0.0002	0.0168±0.0007
	Gonad	0.0998±0.0029	1.0660±0.0267	0.0065±0.0003	0.0014±0.0005	nd
Jianli	Hepatopancreas	0.0868±0.0016	1.9231±0.0245	0.0183±0.0018	2.1747±0.0236	0.1443±0.0010
	Muscle	0.1564±0.0167	0.2085±0.0136	0.0302±0.0014	0.0012±0.0006	0.0195±0.0033
	Gonad	0.0118±0.0434	1.2270±0.1511	0.0117±0.0011	0.0015±0.0010	nd
Anqing	Hepatopancreas	0.0877±0.0347	0.7771±0.1315	0.0125±0.0007	0.6907±0.1346	0.0464±0.0110
	Muscle	0.2984±0.0052	0.1863±0.0092	0.0475±0.0035	0.0010±0.0003	0.0062±0.0006
	Gonad	0.0029±0.0029	1.3641±0.0328	0.0150±0.0005	0.0013±0.0005	nd
Dongting Lake	Hepatopancreas	0.0447±0.0075	2.1492±0.1494	0.0190±0.0004	1.3947±0.1367	0.2141±0.0020
	Muscle	0.5959±0.0026	0.2945±0.0052	0.0613±0.0022	0.0014±0.0004	0.0373±0.0047
	Gonad	0.2656±0.0434	1.2510±0.1255	0.0168±0.0013	0.0089±0.1432	0.0589±0.0066

* ND = not detected

Cadmium was one of the global health problems that affected many organs and in some cases it could even cause deaths. Long-term exposure to cadmium through food, soil, water, and air might cause cancer and organ system toxicity such as cardiovascular, skeletal, reproductive, urinary, respiratory systems, and central and peripheral nervous (Rahimzadeh et al. 2017). The highest Cd content was detected in hepatopancreas of crayfish collected from Poyang Lake (4.5671±0.0407 mg/kg d.w). The contents of Cd in hepatopancreas of crayfish collected from Poyang Lake, Taihu Lake, Dongting Lake, Anqing, and Jianli exceeded the threshold values in the national food safety standards of China. The contents of Cd in sediment were 0.13-1.49 mg/kg in Poyang Lake, 1.71 mg/kg in Dongting Lake, and 0.20-2.88 mg/kg in Taihu Lake, which exceeded the content of class three (1 mg/kg) from the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for sediment (Zhang et al. 2012; Qin et al. 2012; Hu et al. 2015). These evidences indicated that cadmium pollution was serious in these areas. Hepatopancreas is the main organ of cadmium accumulation and detoxification in crayfish (Kouba et al. 2010). The contents of Cd in abdominal muscle and gonad (<0.0089 mg/kg d.w) were far below the Cd contents in hepatopancreas in this study. The contents of Cd in hepatopancreas exhibited an apparent positive correlation between accumulation time and exposure contents while muscle did not (Zhang et al. 2014). This might be due to the existence of metallothionein proteins in hepatopancreas which could bind Cd for detoxification (Ploetz et al. 2007). The present study showed that the contents of Cd in muscle were lower than those reported in other studies, including 1.2-60.6 μg/kg d.w Cd from 12 provinces in China (Peng et al. 2016b), and 0.08 mg/kg d.w Cd from Lake Washington (Stinson & Eaton 1983).

Lead toxicity is a major public health problem in developed and developing countries. Both acute and chronic exposure to lead have the potential to cause many deleterious systematic effects, including immune imbalances, frank anemia, hypertension, cognitive deficits, vitamin D deficiency, infertility, gastrointestinal effects, and delayed skeletal and deciduous dental development (Mitra et al. 2017). The highest content of Pb was observed in hepatopancreas collected from Dongting Lake (0.2141±0.0020 mg/kg d.w). The contents of Pb in abdominal muscle ranged from 0.0062 mg/kg d.w to 0.0373 mg/kg d.w, which was consistent with the values (mean 0.023 mg/kg d.w) reported by Peng et al (2016b). The contents of Pb in gonad were not detected, except those in Dongting Lake. The contents of Pb in hepatopancreas were slightly higher when compared with the those in abdominal muscle and gonad. The same results were also reported by previous studies (Wei et al. 2014; Jia et al. 2017). Roldan and Shivers (1987) indicated that Pb could store in metal-containing vacuoles of hepatopancreatic cells.

Metals showed different affinity to organs, which might be due to the different functions of organs and metabolic roles of metals (Ashraf 2005). As presented in Table 2, it was concluded that the hepatopancreas was the primary organ for Cd, As, and Pb deposition, the abdominal muscle was the ideal organ for Cr and Hg deposition, and the gonad was the primary organs for As deposition. The maximum limit required of these heavy metals for crayfish in the national food safety standards of China were 2 mg/kg w.w (Cr), 0.5 mg/kg w.w (Inorganic As), 0.5 mg/kg w.w (MeHg), 0.5 mg/kg w.w (Cd), and 0.5 mg/kg w.w (Pb), respectively (GB 2762 2017). The values of Cr, As, Hg, and Pb contents in these three different tissues of crayfish all met national food safety standards of China. However, the content of Cd in hepatopancreas exceeded the lowest limit. However, the studies couldn’t just focus on the heavy metal content of crayfish. Health risk assessment is essential.

3.2 Health risk assessment

Fig. 2 presented the MPI values for heavy metal in three tissues collected from seven sampling points. Considering the MPI in different tissues, the distribution of the heavy metals was in the ascending order of abdominal muscle < gonad < hepatopancreas for the seven sites. Generally, the muscle is weak to accumulate heavy metals. The liver and gill, as metabolically active organs, have a great tendency to store high levels of heavy metals (Monikh et al. 2013). Considering the MPI in same tissues, the order of MPI in hepatopancreas was as follows: Jianli > Poyang Lake > Dongting Lake > Taihu Lake > Anqing > Weishan Lake > Chaohu Lake; the order of MPI in abdominal muscle was as follows: Dongting Lake > Chaohu Lake > Jianli > Anqing > Poyang Lake > Weishan Lake > Taihu Lake; the order of MPI in gonad was as follows: Dongting Lake > Chaohu Lake > Poyang Lake > Taihu Lake > Jianli > Anqing.

The THQ provided an indication of the risk level associated with pollutant exposure. This method of risk estimation had recently been used by many researchers and had been shown to be valid and useful (Yi et al. 2011). In this study, the index of THQ was introduced to estimate potential health risk of chronic exposure to heavy metals in crayfish. As shown in Fig. 3, the average THQ of individual heavy metal in abdominal muscle followed the order 1 > Hg > Cr > As > Cd > Pb for all sampling sites. It was worth noting that hepatopancreas was the favorite food of crayfish for Chinese, while the heavy metals tended to be enriched in the hepatopancreas, so it could not be ignored when evaluated. The average THQ of individual heavy metal in hepatopancreas followed the order 1 > Cd > As > Hg > Cr > Pb (Fig. 4), suggesting that risk of heavy metals exposure via crayfish consumption in these locations is extremely low.

Heavy metal pollution has become a crucial environmental problem in China. The aim of this paper was to investigate the contamination of five heavy metals (Cr, As, Hg, Cd, and Pb) of wild crayfish in China. The results showed that the contents of these five heavy metals in crayfish in the main production and consumption area were mostly below the national safety standards, suggesting heavy metal pollution in these regions has been controlled. Health risk assessment indicated that exposure to selected heavy metals from crayfish consumption had no non-carcinogenic health risk to local inhabitants. However, no evidences proved that excessive consumption could not pose health risks. Whether other persistent pollutants except heavy metal would be detected in crayfish, and related health risk needed further evaluation.

Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31770553) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2662019FW008).

Authors’ contributions Jianghua Wang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration, Writing - review & editing, Funding acquisition. Yongchao Yuan: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Supervision, Conceptualization. Aijie Mo: performing – experiment, Writing – original draft, Methodology. Yangyang Huang: performing – experiment, Writing – original draft. Zemao Gu: Methodology. Chunsheng Liu: Format analysis.

Data availability Data and material access are not available.

Declarations

Ethical approval and consent to participate Not applicable.

Consent for publication Not applicable.

Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.

Alcorlo P, Otero M, Crehuet M, Baltanás A, Montes C (2006) The use of the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Girard) as indicator of the bioavailability of heavy metals in environmental monitoring in the River Guadiamar (SW, Spain). Sci Total Environ 366(1):380–390
Ashraf W (2005) Accumulation of heavy metals in kidney and heart tissues of Epinephelus microdon fish from the Arabian Gulf. Environ Monit Assess 101(1–3):311–316
Beaumont JJ, Sedman RM, Reynolds SD, Sherman CD, Li LH, Howd RA, Sandy MS, Zeise L, Alexeeff GV (2008) Cancer mortality in a Chinese population exposed to hexavalent chromium in drinking water. Epidemiology 19(1):12–23
Beckers F, Rinklebe J (2017) Cycling of mercury in the environment: Sources, fate, and human health implications: A review. Crit Rev Env Sci Tec 47(9):693–794
Bollinger JE, Bundy K, Anderson MB, Millet L, Preslan JE, Jolibois L, George WJ (1997) Bioaccumulation of chromium in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). J Hazard Mater 54(1–2):1–13
Chavez-Crooker P, Pozo P, Castro H, Dice MS, Boutet I, Tanguy A, Moraga D, Ahearn GA (2003) Cellular localization of calcium, heavy metals, and metallothionein in lobster (Homarus americanus) hepatopancreas. Comp Biochem Phys C 136(3):213–224
Chi QQ, Zhu GW, Langdon A (2007) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China. J Environ Sci 19(12):1500–1504
Demayo A, Taylor MC, Taylor KW, Hodson PV, Hammond PB (1982) Toxic effects of lead and lead compounds on human health, aquatic life, wildlife plants, and livestock. Crit Rev Env Sci Tec 12(4):257–305
DesMarais TL, Costa M (2019) Mechanisms of chromium-induced toxicity. Curr Opin Toxicol 14:1–7
Enterline PE, Henderson VL, Marsh GM (1987) Exposure to arsenic and respiratory cancer a reanalysis. Am J Epidemiol 125(6):929–938
Godt J, Scheidig F, Grosse-Siestrup C, Esche V, Brandenburg P, Reich A, Groneberg DA (2006) The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. J Occup Med Toxicol 1(1):22
Goldstein RM, Brigham ME, Stauffer JC (1996) Comparison of mercury concentrations in liver, muscle, whole bodies, and composites of fish from the Red River of the North. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53(2):244–252
Harada M (1995) Minamata disease: Methylmercury poisoning in japan caused by environmental pollution. Crit Rev Toxicol 25(1):1–24
Hu C, Deng ZM, Xie YH, Chen XS, Li F (2015) The risk assessment of sediment heavy metal pollution in the East Dongting Lake Wetland. J Chem 2015:1–8
Huang Y, Chen Q, Deng M, Japenga J, Li T, Yang X, He Z (2018) Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of agricultural soils in a typical peri-urban area in southeast China. J Environ Manage 207:159–168
Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN (2014) Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol 7(2):60–72
Jia Y, Wang L, Qu Z, Wang C, Yang Z (2017) Effects on heavy metal accumulation in freshwater fishes: species, tissues, and sizes. Environ Sci Pollut R 24(10):9379–9386
Jiang X, Wang W, Wang S, Zhang B, Hu J (2012) Initial identification of heavy metals contamination in Taihu Lake, a eutrophic lake in China. J Environ Sci 24(9):1539–1548
Kouba A, Buřič M, Kozák P (2010) Bioaccumulation and effects of heavy metals in crayfish: a review. Water Air Soil Poll 211(1–4):5–16
Kuklina I, Kouba A, Buřič M, Horká I, Ďuriš Z, Kozák P (2014) Accumulation of heavy metals in crayfish and fish from selected Czech reservoirs. Biomed Res Int 2014:1–9
Li F, Huang JH, Zeng GM, Yuan XZ (2013) Spatial risk assessment and sources identification of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Dongting Lake, Middle China. J Geochem Explor 132:75–83
Mitra P, Sharma S, Purohit P, Sharma P (2017) Clinical and molecular aspects of lead toxicity: An update. Crit Rev Cl Lab Sci 54(7–8):506–528
Mo AJ, Wang JH, Yuan MR, Zhao DX, Gu ZM, Liu Y, Huang HY, Yuan YC (2019) Effect of sub-chronic dietary L-selenomethionine exposure on reproductive performance of Red Swamp Crayfish, (Procambarus clarkii. Environ Pollut 253:749–758
Monikh FA, Safahieh A, Savari A, Ronagh MT, Doraghi A (2013) The relationship between heavy metal (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Pb) levels and the size of benthic, benthopelagic and pelagic fish species, Persian Gulf. B Environ Contam Tox 90(6):691–696
Mu F, Cheng Y, Wu X (2007) Distribution and industrial development of crayfish in the world. J Shanghai Fish Univ 16(1):64–72 (in Chinese)
Peng Q, Greenfield BK, Dang F, Zhong H (2016a) Human exposure to methylmercury from crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in China. Environ Geochem Hlth 38(1):169–181
Peng Q, Nunes LM, Greenfield BK, Dang F, Zhong H (2016b) Are Chinese consumers at risk due to exposure to metals in crayfish? A bioaccessibility-adjusted probabilistic risk assessment. Environ Int 88:261–268
Ploetz DM, Fitts BE, Rice TM (2007) Differential accumulation of heavy metals in muscle and liver of a marine fish, (King Mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla Cuvier) from the Northern Gulf of Mexico, USA. B Environ Contam Tox 78(2):134–137
Qin YW, Zhang L, Zheng BH, Cao W (2012) Speciation and pollution characteristics of heavy metals in the sediment of Taihu Lake. Environ Sci 33(12):4291–4299 (in Chinese)
Rahimzadeh MR, Rahimzadeh MR, Kazemi S, Moghadamnia AA (2017) Cadmium toxicity and treatment: An update. Caspian J Intern Med 8(3):135
Ratnaike RN (2003) Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity. Postgrad Med J 79(933):391–396
Roldan BM, Shivers RR (1987) The uptake and storage of iron and lead in cells of the crayfish (Orconectes propinquus) hepatopancreas and antennal gland. Comp Biochem Phys C 86(1):201–214
Smith AH, Steinmaus CM (2009) Health effects of arsenic and chromium in drinking water: recent human findings. Annu Rev Publ Health 30:107–122
Stinson MD, Eaton DL (1983) Concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, and copper in the crayfish (Pacifasticus leniusculus) obtained from a lake receiving urban runoff. Arch Environ Con Tox 12(6):693–699
Tang W, Shan B, Zhang H, Mao Z (2010) Heavy metal sources and associated risk in response to agricultural intensification in the estuarine sediments of Chaohu Lake Valley, East China. J Hazard Mater 176(1–3):945–951
United States Food and Drug Administration (1993) Guidance Documents for Trace Elements in Seafood. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, DC
USEPA (2019) United States Environmental Protection Agency, Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table
Wang W, Gu W, Ding Z, Ren Y, Chen J, Hou Y (2005) A novel Spiroplasma pathogen causing systemic infection in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea: Decapod), in China. Fems Microbiol Lett 249(1):131–137
Wei Y, Zhang J, Zhang D, Tu T, Luo L (2014) Metal concentrations in various fish organs of different fish species from Poyang Lake, China. Ecotox Environ Safe 104:182–188
Wu C, Liu H, Fang Y, Lu D, Xing Z, Yuan W, Duan S, Qin L (2010) Survey on the content and intake of lead and cadmium in crayfish from market in Shanghai. J Environ Occup Med 27(11):650–656 (in Chinese)
Yang Z, Wang Y, Shen Z, Niu J, Tang Z (2009) Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in sediments from the mainstream, tributaries, and lakes of the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan, China. J Hazard Mater 166(2–3):1186–1194
Yi Y, Yang Z, Zhang S (2011) Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. Environ Pollut 159(10):2575–2585
Yi SK, Li YH, Shi LL, Zhang L, Li QB, Chen J (2018) Characterization of population genetic structure of red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, in China. Sci Rep 8(1):1–11
Yuan GL, Liu C, Chen L, Yang Z (2011) Inputting history of heavy metals into the inland lake recorded in sediment profiles: Poyang Lake in China. J Hazard Mater 185(1):336–345
Zahir F, Rizwi SJ, Haq SK, Khan RH (2005) Low dose mercury toxicity and human health. Environ Toxicol Phar 20(2):351–360
Zhang YZ, Zhang MQ, Wu Y, Wu GH (2014) Biological accumulation and release of Cd and Cu in procambarus clarkii. Food Sci 35(17):250–254
Zhang D, Wei Y, Zhang L, Luo L, Chen Y, Tu T (2012) Distribution of heavy metals in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment of Poyang Lake, China. Fresen Environ Bull 21(7a):1910–1919

Download PDF

Journal Publication

published 09 Aug, 2021

Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research →

Reviews received at journal
15 Mar, 2021
Reviewers invited by journal
14 Mar, 2021
Editor assigned by journal
23 Feb, 2021
First submitted to journal
22 Feb, 2021

You are reading this latest preprint version

Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Procambarus clarkii from six provinces of China

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

2 Materials And Methods

3. Results And Discussion

Conclusions

Declarations

References

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1