Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank the institutions, collaborators, their personnel and farmers without whom conduct of this survey would not have been possible, including: Dr. Dinka Ayana and Dr. Teshale Sori (both from Addis Ababa University), Dr. Jahashi Nzalawahe (Sokoine University of Agriculture) and Dr. Emmanuel Swai (Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries), Prof. Charles Waiswa (Uganda Trypanosomiasis Control Council), Dr. Amonya Collins (District Veterinary officer, Serere District), Dr. Bigirwa Godfrey, Kakooza Stephen, Dr. Bbiira Jonson, Dr. Omaido Edward, Gloria Grace Akurut and Dr. Akech Olivia, Dr. Toure Alassane (Université Nangui Abrogoua), Dr. Vitouley Hervé, Technicians Zoungrana Sebastien, Zoungrana Adrien (Centre International de Recherche-Dévéloppement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhimide), Prof. Oluyinka O. Okubanjo (Dept. of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria) and Alhaji Abdullahi Ardo (National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau state, Nigeria)
Funding
The study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) (Grant OPP1125367).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to Contract Research Organization agreements (data will be stored in the archives of Clinglobal, Mauritius), but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors’ contributions
BK, EK, MD, FJ, AT, FAA, NIO, JF, AE, DJAH & MM conceived and designed the study. DJAH, GF, BK, NJ, JF, ML, MM drafted the initial manuscript. All authors critically reviewed and approved the final manuscript. DJAH analyzed the data and wrote the first draft together with MM. All other authors gave substantial scientific input on the final manuscript version. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This was a parasite survey study with no experimental intervention. As such circumstances met the International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals (Council for the International Organizations of Medical Sciences). Approval to conduct the study was obtained from the relevant Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs). Approvals to conduct the study in Uganda were obtained from the Makerere University School of Biosecurity, Biotechnolgy and Laboratory Sciences Research Ethics Committee [Approval number; SBLS/REC/16/135] and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology [approval number A 513].
Consent of publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The survey was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) (Grant OPP1125367) for which NJ was a representative. The Sponsor did not dictate study design (but reviewed and approved the protocol), and was not involved in collection, analysis or interpretation of data (but did review and approve the report). Clinvet/Clinglobal was contracted (project no. CV16/337) to perform the survey, and at the time of conduct JF was employed by Clinvet, and FJ, MM and DC were employed by Clinglobal. BK, EK and MD were contracted by JF to act as investigators in the respective East African countries.
Author Details
1Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium;
2 Eco-Epidemiology Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium;
3Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium;
4Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
5Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
6Department of Bio-molecular Resources and Bio-laboratory Sciences (BBS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
7Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
8National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRAB), Zootechnical, Veterinary and Halieutic Research laboratory (LRZVH), 01 BP 884, Cotonou, Benin
9Université Nangui Abrogoua, UFR Sciences de la Nature, 02 Bp 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire
10Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
11National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
12Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
13Clinvet International Pty (Ltd), 1479 Talmadge Hill South, Waverly, NEW York 14892, United States of America
14Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius