At high altitudes, the pilot is subject to a rapid loss of pressure in the case of cockpit rupture, when, the human body will possibly suffer from a sudden drop in air pressure, exposed to the risks of lung expansion, lung injury, and alveolar rupture. In this case, it is particularly important to control the oxygen supply system to avoid similar situations. Herein, a mathematical model of the human lung respiratory system and the oxygen supply system under pressure loss conditions is established based on aerodynamics by taking into account the dynamic model and nonlinear relationship, and the simulation of the oxygen supply system and the human respiratory system under pressure loss conditions is realized. Besides, the Aviation rapid decompression protection system (ARDPS) is hereby established and verified through experiments and simulations, which proves the efficiency of the experimental platform in effectively simulating the oxygen supply system and respiratory process in extreme environments of pressure loss. Finally, the entire model is controlled based on PID control and cascade PID control. A comparison of control effects is obtained, verifying the stronger anti-interference ability, faster control speed, and higher accuracy of cascade PID control compared to PID control in terms of voltage loss protection.