Investigation of mechanical properties of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite for structural applications

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2746215/v1

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Investigation of mechanical properties of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite for structural applications

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2746215/v1

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Bamboo is an ancient structural material used for a variety of applications in India. Bamboo is widely used in the global south for frames, bridges, housing, and transitory structures. Bamboo supply has been effectively inexpensive as well as plentiful in global south countries to meet the widespread need for affordable housing. The current research focuses on the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composite materials for use in structural industries. Moreover, a bamboo fibre reinforced composite was compared to glass fibre in a variety of ways, and it was discovered that the bamboo fibre composite outperformed the glass fibre in a few areas. Investigations revealed the potential use of bamboo fibre reinforced composite with good stiffness but a lower strength limitation than glass fibre composite. Tensile strength of 40.53 MPa and hardness value of 68.2 RHN were achieved by E-glass epoxy composites. However, the results of bamboo fibre reinforced composites cannot be overlooked. Further research was conducted to improve the mechanical properties, and the results were satisfactory.

Green Composites

Bamboo fibres

Glass fibres

sustainable housing

environment friendly structure

The use of composite bows by different individuals is mentioned in Indian history dating back to the Mahabharata war. Such bows have names like Pinak, Gandive, Vijaya, and Shrang. Agni Purana and Kautilya Arthshastra, in particular, provide information on such weapons [1]. Stones or belly were used in the centre of such bows to stiffen them, and sinew was used in the back [2]. Moreover, nature provides composite materials such as wood, which is made up of cellulose fibres and lignin [3]. Therefore, the concept of composite is not new to humanity. However, for the past 35 years, composite materials have been the most promising materials [4]. The number of applications and the volume of composite materials have increased rapidly, resulting in the persistent creation of new markets [5, 6]. Modern composites account for a significant portion of engineered materials [7]. These modern composites are in demand due to their lower weight compared to their counterparts. However, cost reduction is still a challenge for researchers and industries [5]. As a result, many researchers and industries are focusing on economically viable mass production of composite components, which has led to the development of new and innovative manufacturing techniques [8]. However, adopting new and innovative manufacturing techniques will not have an important impact unless all aspects such as design, tooling, quality assurance, and even programme management are considered in order to compete with metals [9, 10].

The size and scale of the transportation industry motivates the composite industry to alter its focus away from the aerospace industry in search of large business opportunities [11, 12]. As a result of the use of high performance Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) matrix composites, applications such as explosive resistant armour, fuel cylinders for natural gas vehicles, support beams, industrial drive shafts, windmill blades, and paper making rollers are possible [13]. Furthermore, the construction sector is on the lookout for lighter, seismic-resistant materials that don't only reduce the overall dead weight of a structure but also absorb vibrations [14]. As a direct consequence, composites are used in a wide range of structural aspects for the rehabilitation or strengthening of pre-existing structures to make them seismic resistant [15]. Composite materials contain two or more physically and/or chemically distinct phases. Furthermore, an interface phase exists to separate two or more phases, and the characteristics of the interface phase are not described by any of the phases in isolation [16]. Most composite materials are made up of a continuous matrix phase and a non-continuous reinforcement phase that is harder and stronger than the matrix phase [17].

Most composite materials are made up of a continuous matrix phase and a non-continuous reinforcement phase that is harder and stronger than the matrix phase [18]. Traditional fibres and/or composites such as glass, carbon, or aramid fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting resins, on the other hand, are not environmentally friendly [19]. As a result, one of the solutions proposed by researchers is natural fibre reinforced composites [20]. It includes natural fibres derived from plants, animals, and minerals. As a result, natural fibres can also be classified based on their origin [21]. Figure 1 depicts the detailed classification.

The manufacturing process has a large impact on the properties of FRP composites. This is because changes in fibre orientation drastically alter the mechanical properties of the composite [23]. The manufacturing process, which combines the polymetric resin with fibre reinforcements in the desired direction, can control this change in orientation [24, 25]. There are two types of FRP composite manufacturing techniques: open mould and closed mould processes [26]. Table 1 depicts the various open and closed mould processes.

Table 1. Types of composite manufacturing processes [27, 28] .

Open Mould Processes	Closed Mould Processes
Hand lay-up process	Compression moulding
Spray up process	Injection moulding
Vacuum-bag auto clave process	Sheet moulding compound (SMC) process
Filament winding process	Continuous pultrusion process

Jhu, Yang [29] investigated the mechanical, thermal, and water absorption capacities of bamboo fibre reinforced starch/polypropylene composites. Composites have been prepared by researchers using injection moulding and extrusion processes. Furthermore, soil burial and microbe medium degradation were carried out to investigate the effect of various mediums on composite. Bamboo fibre and starch were found to have a significant effect on the material properties. Increased bamboo fibre content improves flexural strength and biodegradability of composites. Wang, Lu [30] tested untreated bamboo fibres in NaOH solution and untreated bamboo fibres. The bamboo fibre reinforced composites were created using a hot pressing method developed by the researchers. Tensile and micro-bond tests were used to determine modulus, elongation at break, tensile strength, and interfacial strength. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was also used to examine the constituent damages. A thermo gravimetric analysis was also carried out to investigate the effect of alkali concentration on the composite. The strength of composites containing NaOH-treated bamboo fibres increased by 45.24% when compared to untreated fibres, according to the researchers. As the concentration of fibres increases, so does the elongation at break. However, contrary to popular belief, modulus decreases as concentration increases. Pani, Nayak [31] conducted a similar study. Researchers created various natural and synthetic fibre reinforced polymer composites to test their mechanical properties under various environmental conditions. They concluded that under seawater and moist environmental conditions, natural fibre reinforced composites degrade faster than their counterparts. Furthermore, they proposed combining glass, bamboo, and jute fibre reinforced composites so that composites maintain satisfactory mechanical properties. Mousavi, Zamani [32] examined various natural fibres, including plant, animal, and mineral fibres. Furthermore, researchers conducted an in-depth examination of case studies focusing on the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites. They came to the conclusion that bamboo fibres are one of the best natural fibres for polymer matrix composites. However, modifying the structure of the fibre with alkali solution treatment improves the mechanical properties of the composites even further. Furthermore, it was suggested that fabrication processes be improved further. Santhosh, Praveena [33] used a hand-layup process to create bamboo fibre reinforced composites and investigated the effect of fibre amount and distribution on mechanical properties. The researchers concluded that a high fibre content improves the flexure, tensile, and impact strength of composites. Furthermore, it improves damping characteristics. The uniform distribution of fibres improves the composite's strength. Contrary to other researchers In contrast to other researchers, Santoth et al.,(2022) observed matrix phase deformation and held responsible it for mechanical property deterioration. As a result, different fabrication methods and the best use of epoxy resin were proposed for further improvement in the material's properties.

The bamboo fibres used in this study were extracted from bamboo grown in Gujarat's Dang district. Because of the encouraging results obtained during the preliminary experiments, the long fibres were extracted using a combination of chemical and mechanical methods. Bamboos were first sliced longer than the required length for the specimen (165 mm) and dried in the sun for two weeks before being crushed with a crusher machine. After that, the bamboos were soaked in a 5% NaOH solution at room temperature for 1 hour. After that, the fibres were washed four times with distilled water to remove the solution from the fibre surface. Following that, the fibres were dried in an oven at 80⁰C for 5 hours to remove moisture and then stored in polyethylene bags to prevent contamination. The extracted bamboo's diameter was then measured. The diameter was discovered to be between 300µm and 700µm. Chimique sol Pvt.Ltd. (Surat, Gujarat) supplied viscous epoxy resin and curing agents (brand Chimique sol-Cs-clear). The bamboo fibre reinforced composite is depicted in Fig. 2.

Initially, 8 handcrafted fibre sheets (thickness of sheets 0.29- 0.32 mm) were placed in the mould, followed by an epoxy resin and curing agent mixture. The composite plate was made using a mould with a volume of 180×180×3 mm³. To prevent metal mould and composite bonding, the mould was coated with 8329 epoxy mould release agent prior to inserting the fibres. The propane torch was used to remove the bubbles created while pouring the mixture into the mould. The composite plate was then allowed to cure at room temperature for 8 hours. Following that, the mould was placed in a press moulding machine for 3 hours of hot pressing at 60 ⁰C. To make a glass fibre reinforced composite material, similar process steps were used, except glass fibre twill sheets (260 gsm) were purchased (Vruksha Composites, Andhara, India) and used directly without any treatment.

Later, the specimens were cut to the required size of 165×19×3 mm³ using diamond coated cutting blades. ASTM D792 was used to determine the density of the composite. Tensile strength was determined using an ASTM D638-10 universal testing machine. All specimens were run at a cross head speed of 5 mm/min at room temperature and 50% humidity. Three specimens of each composite were tested, with average values recorded for analysis. A Rockwell hardness test was also performed in accordance with ASTM E18 to determine material strength and wear resistance [34]. The orientation and distribution of the fibres were determined using a microscopic analysis on the GX51 Olympus inverted metallurgical microscope. SEM-EDX analysis was also carried out to further investigate the structure and composition of composite plates.

Furthermore, a review of the literature revealed solutions to problems such as uneven distribution of the fibre and the formation of separate layers of epoxy due to the use of propane gas. However, there was a discrepancy in the results of the alkali treatment of bamboo fibre. The findings of Rajeshkumar and Hariharan [35] indicate that treated fibres improve the mechanical properties of composites, and Yan and Chouw [36] found similar results. As a result, additional experiments were carried out using a combination of hand layup and Vacuum Bag Technique (VBT) in order to eliminate the problems caused by the hand layup process. Furthermore, two types of bamboo fibres, untreated and treated, were used in the experiments to test the effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of the composites.

The fibres for the supplementary study were soaked in a solution containing 5%, 10%, and 15% NaOH for 1 hour at room temperature. After that, the fibres were washed four times with distilled water to remove the solution from the fibre surface. Following that, the fibres were dried in an oven at 80 ⁰C for 5 hours to remove moisture and then stored in polyethylene bags to prevent contamination. Furthermore, untreated fibres were used in the supplementary study. The samples for the supplementary experiments were made by pouring the epoxy-hardener mixture into the mould up to the marked point and then inserting 8 handcrafted twill bamboo fibre sheets. The remaining volume of the mould was then filled with the epoxy-hardener mixture. The epoxy resin/hardener mixture ratio was kept constant at 1:1. The perform was then taken out of the mould and placed in a flexible bag. The negative pressure generated by a hoover in order to achieve uniform distribution of the mixture around the fibre sheet and to keep the fibre in its initial position. The composite plate was then left to cure at room temperature for 8 hours before being placed in an electric oven at 60⁰ C for about 3 hours. The samples were then cut in accordance with ASTM D638-10 and ASTM E18 sample requirements.

The average ultimate tensile strength of glass and bamboo fibre reinforced composites is shown in Table 2. The results show that the tensile strength of both materials is comparable. This means that both materials are useful in structural applications where the applied tensile force is less than 39 MPa. Bamboo fibre reinforced composite samples, on the other hand, have slightly higher strength than glass fibre reinforced composites. The average Rockwell hardness of both composite materials is shown in Table 3. Both materials have a significant difference in Rockwell hardness. When compared to bamboo fibres, glass fibre has twice the hardness. This means that glass fibre composites are recommended for applications where hardness is important. Furthermore, as shown in Table 4, % elongation yields similar results. When compared to bamboo fibre composites, glass fibre composites have twice the elongation.

Table 2. Average tensile strength of glass and bamboo fibres reinforced composites.

Sr no.

Material

Average Ultimate Tensile strength

(MPa)

E-glass reinforced epoxy resin composites

40.53 ± 3.1

Bamboo fibre reinforced epoxy resin composites

40.93 ± 3.5

Table 3. Average Rockwell hardness of glass and bamboo fibre reinforced composites.

Sr no.

Material

Average Rockwell Hardness

(RHN)

E-glass reinforced epoxy resin composites

68.2 ± 5.3

Bamboo fibre reinforced epoxy resin composites

32.3 ± 3.2

Table 4. Average % elongation at break of glass and bamboo fibre reinforced composites.

Sr no.	Material	% Elongation at break
1	E-glass reinforced epoxy resin composites	3.8 ± 0.3
2	Bamboo fibre reinforced epoxy resin composites	2.6 ± 0.5

The irregular distribution of the fibres is one of the reasons for the reduction in hardness and % elongation of bamboo fibre. The main reason for the uneven distribution is the handcrafted bamboo fibre sheet versus the machined twill pattern of the glass fibre fabric. The handcrafted sheets have more space between the fibre strands, as shown in Fig. 3. The figure shows microscopic images of bamboo fibre composites with a gap greater than 25 µm, as shown in Fig. 3(a). However, when compared to manual twill pattern bamboo fibre sheets, glass fibre sheets have a significantly lower gap between strands [37, 38].

Furthermore, Fig. 4(a) depicts a SEM image of the bamboo fibre composite, revealing that single strands of fibre are unevenly distributed. Fig. 4(b) also depicts the separated layer of epoxy and curing agent mixture. This could be due to the use of a propane torch on the upper surface of the composite, which speeds up the curing process of the mixture when compared to the mixture beneath the upper surface. Figures 4(c) and (d) show uneven curing of composite at various layers. A hardened and softer part on the upper layer of composite is shown in Fig. 4(d). This implies that even the top layer was not uniformly cured. Look beneath the upper surface in Fig. 4(c), which shows the same phenomenon in the vicinity of the fibres. As a result, the authors believe that the aforementioned factors are to blame for the degradation of mechanical properties of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites. As a result, the authors advocated for the use of a fabrication process that evenly cures composite.

Additionally, SEM-EDX analysis was performed to validate the composite composition and result shown in the Fig. 5. It is evident from the figure that composite consists of 61.34% of carbon that reflects bamboo fibre and/or epoxy-curing agent mixture amount.

Further literature review revealed the fact that treatment on fibres also plays a significant role in formation of mechanical properties [35, 36]. The results observed by Rajeshkumar, Hariharan [35] suggest that treated fibres increase the strength of the mechanical properties of the composites and similar results were observed by Yan, Chouw [36] and therefore, authors initiated additional study to investigate this aspect as well. Therefore, an average tensile strength of the epoxy, untreated bamboo fibre reinforced and treated fibre reinforced composites was measured thrice. The Fig.6 shows the graph and it is apparent that tensile strength of the alkali treated fibre composites are significantly higher than untreated bamboo fibre reinforced composite. As % of alkali solution increases, tensile strength is also increases and therefore, composite consist of bamboo fibers treated with 15% NaOH solution shows significant improvement compared to epoxy and untreated fiber composite.

Rockwell hardness tests yielded similar results. As shown in Fig. 7, raising the NaOH% concentration improves the hardness of the treated bamboo fibre reinforced composites, and a composite with 15% concentration provides around 53 RHN. However, this is still slightly less than epoxy. Untreated bamboo fibre reinforced composite samples, on the other hand, have the lowest RHN when compared to other samples. Nonetheless, it is superior to the hardness of bamboo reinforced composite samples prepared solely by hand layup during the initial experiments (i.e.32 RHN). This demonstrates that changing the fabrication process significantly improves the mechanical properties of the composites.

The % elongation at break test results are shown in Fig. 8, and it is clear that alkali treatment has no effect on the overall results. There is no significant difference in % elongation of the composites treated with 5%, 10%, and 15% NaOH concentrations. However, a substantial increase in % elongation of the untreated fibre composite was noticed compared to initial experiments (i.e. 2.6%). This again demonstrates that modifying the fabrication process improves mechanical properties.

The disruption of hydrogen bonding in the fibre surface induced by alkali treatment enhances roughness. This treatment removes a portion of the lignin, wax, and oils which cover the outside of the fiber cell wall, depolymerizes cellulose, and reveals the crystalline phase. The incorporation of sodium hydroxide to natural fiber encourages the ionisation of the hydroxyl group, resulting in the formation of the alkoxide [39]. The fibre with much more hydrogen clusters would be more coherent with the epoxy matrix. Thus, alkaline processing has a direct impact on cellulosic fibril, polymerisation degree, and lignin and hemicellulosic compound retrieval [40]. This strengthens the bond between epoxy and bamboo natural fiber, resulting in improved mechanical properties. Furthermore, the NaOH treatment induced hollow structure shrinkage, that also tends to result in stiffer fibre [41]. This has a negative effect on elongation at break, which is clearly reflected in the % elongation of chamicaly treated composites compared to untreated once. This, however, significantly improves hardness and tensile strength, as shown in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively.

Bamboo fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites are among the best green composites available for structural applications where the ultimate tensile strength requirement is less than 40 MPa. Glass fibre reinforced composites are recommended for applications where hardness is an important consideration. Glass fibre reinforced composites have a higher hardness than bamboo fibres, with a RHN of 68.2. Furthermore, glass fibres have a higher elongation at break point of about 3.8% when compared to bamboo fibres. Regrettably, the fabrication, curing process, and uneven distribution of fibres are blamed for the decrease in mechanical properties of bamboo fibre reinforced composites. As a result, the authors have conducted supplementary experiments with a modified manufacturing process. Besides that, composites were manufactured with fibres treated with 5%, 10%, and 15% NaOH to investigate the impact of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of bamboo fibre composites. The researchers concluded that tweaking the fabrication process greatly improves mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, and percentage elongation at break when compared to the preliminary study results. However, alkali treatment of composite fibres generates both positive and negative results. The composite's tensile strength (i.e.59 MPa) and hardness (i.e. 53 RHN) improved substantially because of the treatment, but there was no major change in the % elongation (i.e. 2.8%) results of the composites.

Funding Declaration

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Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest

Author Contribution

Dr. Jigar Suthar conducted each experiment and test that is detailed in this publication. He contributed to the analysis and conclusions of the current work. The introduction also included contributions from Dr. Jigar Suthar. Dr. Kaushik Patel developed the material techniques, and contributed to the work's conclusions and analysis. He also offered insightful advice on how to enhance the composites' mechanical qualities. Dr. Divyang Pandya provided assistance with the work's introduction and proofreading. Each author has read and approved the manuscript.

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No competing interests reported.

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Investigation of mechanical properties of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer matrix composite for structural applications

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