The differences effect between the frequency of drinking telang flower tea and erobic exercise on weight loss and cholesterol

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2760009/v1

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The differences effect between the frequency of drinking telang flower tea and erobic exercise on weight loss and cholesterol

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2760009/v1

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Obesity and cholesterol are very feared problems. In recent years, many people have tried to use alternative treatments by consuming ingredients from plants, one of which is telang flower tea (Clitoria ternatea). The purpose of this study was to test and determine the difference in the effect of the frequency of tea drinks (Clitoria ternatea) accompanied by aerobic exercise on weight loss (Body Mass Index) and cholesterol. Experimental research design with pre and post-test design methods. Group grouping using matching pairing and data collection took measurements of body mass index, and blood tests in the form of cholesterol tests. The study population was all Military National Indonesian members who had a BMI > 25. The data analysis technique uses a difference test of 2 paired groups to distinguish the pretest and posttest in each group, with a significance level of 5%. The results of the analysis showed that: 1) there was an effect of the frequency of drinking 2 times the tea accompanied by aerobic exercise on the decrease in Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol, 2) There was an effect of the frequency of drinking 5 times the tea accompanied by aerobic exercise on the decrease in Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol, 3) There was a difference in the effect of the frequency of drinking 2 times and 5 times the tea accompanied by aerobic exercise on reducing Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol.

Telang tea

BMI

cholesterol

aerobic exercise

The telang flower (Clitoria ternatea) has recently become increasingly popular in Indonesia as a flower that offers many health benefits. It is getting easier to find telang flower tea served or as a snack in restaurants. Telang flowers, fresh or dried, are now sold relatively more. The increasing popularity of telang flowers, many people plant these plants in their yards for the needs of one family.

The striped flower scientifically known as Clitoria ternatea has a distinctive bright blue color. The blue color of the Telang flower indicates the presence of anthocyanins [1, 2, 3]. The anthocyanin content of telang flowers amounted to 227.42 mg / kg [4, 5]. This plant has different names in each region in Indonesia and it is said that the telang flower is known as the blue flower or clitoris in the Sumatra area. In Java, the flower telang is called kembang teleng or menteleng. While in Sulawesi it is called talang flower or temen raleng flower, and also called bisi or seyamagule in Maluku [6].

Telang flowers have been used in the food sector of several countries, such as traditional medicine in Kerala, India, vegetables in the Philippines, glutinous rice dye in Malaysia, and herbal drinks in Thailand [7]. Telang flower teacontains catechins that play an important role in burning belly fat and losing weight. Drinking this tea is an effective way to speed up metabolism so as to make the body burn more fat. Striped flowers are herbs that actively lower excess cholesterol in the blood called hyperlipidemia.

Many people want an ideal body, but there are also people who are overweight or often called obese or overweight. Obesity or overweight is a plague that is very feared by members of the Military District Commander 0734 Yogyakarta City, because someone whose weight has exceeded the normal limit or overweight will do everything possible to lose weight, where the Yogyakarta Military District Commander 0734 does physical exercise / exercise every week with the aim of maintaining a healthy body condition, especially to achieve ideal body weight according to Military National Indonesian standards.

Obesity is a condition where the body accumulates a lot of fat, caused by more calories than burned. If left untreated, obesity can increase the risk of heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Obesity can occur at a young age as well as at an old age. The causes of obesity are very complex in the sense that obesity is caused by many factors such as environmental, genetic, psychological, health, drugs, development and physical activity. The cause of obesity is multi-factorial, and food intake as one of many factors.

The survey results show that in the Yogyakarta City Military District Command, body mass index (BMI) and cholesterol are rarely measured, so there is no information about how many members of the Yogyakarta City Military Command are classified as obese and have cholesterol levels exceeding normal, and how to overcome them either through exercise or herbal drinks that can be used to lose weight or fat, However, physical activity in the form of exercise has not been measured, so the results have not been seen. This is very different from when they were still in the battalion unit, where they did physical activity in the form of exercise almost every day so that the weight of Military National Indonesian members remained well controlled.

Cholesterol is an important structural component that makes up cell membranes and the outer layer of plasma lipoproteins. Cholesterol can be free cholesterol or combined with long-chain fatty acids such as ester cholesterol. Cholesterol esters are a storage form of cholesterol found in most tissues of the body. Cholesterol also plays an important role as a precursor to many steroid compounds such as corticosteroids, sex hormones, bile acids and vitamin D [8, 9].

Cholesterol is also used by the body for the formation of cell membranes, producing sex hormones and the formation of bile acids that the body needs as digesters of food. However, excessive cholesterol levels cause problems, especially in the blood vessels of the heart and brain. Cholesterol is produced in two types, namely HDL and LDL cholesterol. Not only is cholesterol an important part of the cell wall, but it is also important in the production of certain hormones. For most people, 70–75% of blood cholesterol is produced in the liver, the remaining 25–30% comes from the food we consume [10]. In scientific terms, cholesterol is a fatty alcohol compound such as those found on cell walls, yellowish in color, has a wax-like shape produced by the body, especially in the liver and transported in blood plasma. Cholesterol is a group of compounds called sterols, which are a combination of steroids and alcohol [11].

There are many ways that people can do to get the desired weight, one of which is to consume drinking herbs from various plants. Plants have been known as medicinal sources for a long time, and with the development of increasingly modern human skills, extracts of chemical compounds from plants can be taken for treatment. Medicinal plants are often used as safer alternative medicine, which is back to nature by using plants as traditional medicine for weight loss, namely telang flower tea (Clitoria ternatea). Telang flower tea is made by heating or steaming to prevent enzymatic oxidation of catechins in the leaves of the eagle flower. The benefits of tea are to treat cancer, heart disease, tooth decay, bone health, diabetes, anti-inflammatory, and to prevent obesity. Telang flower tea is a medicinal herb with pharmacological effects, including weight loss and cholesterol.

Over time, many companies produce slimming drugs that help to lose weight quickly. This slimming drug can be obtained in all pharmacies, even without a prescription can be sold freely to anyone. Most slimming drugs can indeed help you lose weight quickly, but most users can experience side effects. Many people today rely more on alternative medicine to lose weight naturally, accompanied by regular exercise to accelerate weight loss gradually.

In addition to using telang flower tea and regulating diet, exercise is also very beneficial for weight loss programs or diets. By losing weight through exercise, the body can feel fresher, besides that the immune system also increases when balanced with exercise, such as cardio exercises to lose weight gradually.

The benefits that can be obtained by the body when doing physical activity or exercise is an increase in aerobic capacity which is a reference to whether a person's fitness level is good or not, must use the correct exercise rules, namely FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Type and Time). Frequency is defined as the number of repetitions of an exercise in a certain period of time, for example 3–5 times a week, in an exercise program can be more than 5 times a week even up to 10 times, one day can do 2 training sessions, namely morning and evening. But non-athletes can use this rule 3 times a week, just to improve and maintain physical fitness. Intensity is an exercise dose given as a measure of the level of difficulty of an activity, which can be measured from the level of fatigue that appears, whether easily tired or not. Intensity is taken as a percentage of the maximum pulse rate, depending on exercise and exercise. The maximum pulse rate can be determined using the 220-age formula, while the minimum intensity we can use to benefit from exercise and exercise is 60–85% of the maximum pulse rate.

The type of exercise or exercise carried out has an effect on improving the quality of our fitness. We can do several different exercises simultaneously to improve fitness. The choice of the type of exercise is determined by the desire of the person who exercises, fitness conditions and adequate facilities to perform that type of exercise or sport, from the energy system can choose aerobic or anaerobic exercise. Training or exercising time must have a clear duration so that our body fitness can increase. The time of exercise or exercise also depends on the goal, usually done for 60–120 minutes, so fat burning is more effective because the exercise time is longer.

The results of observations and interviews with the staff’s chief of the military district 0734 Yogyakarta City, it is known that 50 members of the Military District Commander 0734 have overweight or obesity (judging from body posture), and based on the results of discussions between researchers and the staff’s chief of the military district 0734 Yogyakarta City, it is desirable that there will be research using herbal ingredients in the form of telang flower tea (Clitoria ternatea) to be used as a weight loss drink and cholesterol, so that later it can be cultivated by every member of the Yogyakarta City Military Command.

Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the difference in the effect of the frequency of drinking telang flower tea with additional aerobic exercise on weight loss and cholesterol, in members of the Military District Commander 0734 Yogyakarta City.

Aims

The purpose of this study was to know and determine the difference effect of the frequency of tea drinks (Clitoria ternatea) accompanied by aerobic exercise on Body Mass Index and cholesterol.

This research was conducted from April to June 2022 at the Yogyakarta City Regional Command. The sample in the study was all members of the Yogyakarta City Military District Commander 0734 who were still active and healthy and had a large Body Mass Index of 25 and were willing to become research subjects by signing a letter of agreement willing from the beginning to the end of the research and stamped.

After the selected sample, then grouping the sample through matching pairing techniques based on BMI to determine the frequency group of drinking telang flower tea 2 times and 5 times using random techniques. The tools used in this study are: a) Tension measuring device, b) syringe for blood draw, c) device to measure cholesterol levels, d) stadium meter, e) Weight scale.

The methods of treatment are: 1) Samples weighed BW, and BH to look for BMI samples, 2) The first blood draw was carried out by medical personnel for each group to measure cholesterol levels, 3) Provide explanations and training instructions to all samples how to do aerobic exercise in the form of running for 45 minutes and body weight training, 4) Treated for 16 treatments, 5) Data collection was carried out at the beginning of exercise (pre te st) and the end of exercise (post test) namely BW, BH and Cholesterol measurements.

The data analysis technique uses a difference test of 2 paired groups to distinguish the pretest and posttest in each group, and the unpaired difference test to distinguish the posttest of the two groups, with a significance level of 5%. Before the t test is carried out, a prerequisite test is first carried out, namely the normality test. Data analysis was carried out using the help of SPSS 21 software.

The prerequisite test in the form of a normality test using the Sahpiro-Wilk method, was carried out using the help of SPSS 21 software with a significance level of 5%. The normality test results are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Normality Test Results
Variable	Drink Frequency	Shapiro-Wilk
Variable	Drink Frequency	df	Itself.
Body Mass Index (MT)	2 times	15	0,78
Body Mass Index (MT)	5 times	15	0,109
Cholesterol	2 times	15	0,537
Cholesterol	5 times	15	0,123

Based on Table 1, the Shapiro-Wilk significance value of each group > 0.05, so it is concluded that the data are normally distributed.

After knowing the data of each normally distributed group, then hypothesis testing was carried out using a different test. Hypothesis testing is carried out using the Paired Samples t Test to compare pretest and posttest results in a group. Tests were carried out on the treatment group of drinking frequency 2 times and 5 times. The results of the Paired Samples t Test on drinking frequency 2 times are presented in Table 2.

Table 2

Test Results *Paired Samples t Test* Frequency of Drink 2 Times
Variable	Paired Samples Test
Variable	t	df	Sig (2-tailed)
Body Mass Index (BMI)	7,847	14	0,000
Cholesterol	3,083	14	0,002

Based on the test results, the value of sig. (2-tailed) Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol < 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is an influence of the frequency of drinking 2 times telang flower tea accompanied by aerobic exercise on reducing Body Mass Index and Cholesterol.

The results of the Paired Samples t Test on drinking frequency 5 times are presented in Table 3.

Table 3

Test Results *Paired Samples t Test* Frequency of Drink 5 Times
Variable	Paired Samples Test
Variable	t	df	Sig (2-tailed)
Body Mass Index (BMI)	4,024	14	0,001
Cholesterol	13,850	14	0,000

Then an independent sample t test was carried out to determine whether or not there was a difference in the effect of the frequency of drinking the flower telang accompanied by aerobic exercise on Body Mass Index (BMI) and Cholesterol. Testing was carried out respectively on pretest and posttest data of each treatment group. Test results on the pretest data of both groups are presented in Table 4.

Table 4

Test Results *Independent Samples t Test* pretest data
variabe	t	Sig. (2-tailed)
Body Mass Index (BMI)	0,588	0,563
Cholesterol	1,495	0,416

Based on the test results in Table 3, it is known that the sig (2-tailed) value of each variable > 0.05, meaning that there is no significant difference between decreasing Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol before being given treatment frequency drinking 2 times and 5 times telang flower tea accompanied by aerobic exercise

Test results on posttest data of both groups are presented in Table 5.

Table 5

Test Results *Independent Samples t Test* Frequency of Drink 2 times and 5 times (*Posttest*)
variabe	t	Sig. (2-tailed)
Body Mass Index (BMI)	2,544	0,017
Cholesterol	3,895	0,001

Based on the test results in Table 5, it is known that the sig (2-tailed) value of each variable < 0.05, meaning that there is no significant difference between a decrease in Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol after being given a frequency treatment of drinking 2 times and 5 times telang flower tea accompanied by aerobic exercise. Furthermore, the bar chart of the average posttest results of drinking frequency 2 times and 5 times the flower telang accompanied by aerobic exercise is presented in Fig. 1.

The average posttest results showed that the average Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol in the frequency group drank 5 times the tea and aerobic exercise were lower than in the frequency group drank 2 times.

Health problems in Indonesia today have become the prevalence of obesity continues to increase, based on the Indonesian Basic Health Research (Riskesda) in 2007, the national prevalence of obesity for adults (aged over 18 years) in women is 23.8% and in men is 13.9%. Furthermore, the prevalence increased in Riskesda in 2010 and further increased in Riskesda in 2013, namely the prevalence of obese women from 26.9–32.9% and in men from 16.3–19.7%. There have been many efforts that have been made to reduce body weight in obesity and often experience periodic increases in body weight if there is no regular and disciplined weight loss.

Several studies have been conducted on humans to determine the effect of physical exercise on reducing body weight and body composition so that the body does not experience obesity but there are still those that have not resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, therefore this study was conducted to determine and also the difference in the frequency of drinking telang tea accompanied by aerobic exercise to reduce Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol.

Based on physical and health data of members of Military District Commander 0734 Yogyakarta City who were the subjects of the study which initially amounted to 50 people after a proper medical examination to be the subject of research amounting to 45 people aged between 45 years to 50 years, from the measurement results there were 5 people who did not meet the research criteria, namely experiencing or suffering from diabetes and heart.

The results of weight measurement in the initial test as the basis for grouping, namely the frequency group of drinking 2 times and 5 times per day drinking telang tea. Based on preliminary research data, the three groups of research subjects had equivalent subject characteristics in the initial test in the form of body weight and body height, and BMI and did not differ significantly, as well as the physical activity of research subjects where all research subjects every week carried out physical activity in the form of exercise and must be followed by research subjects.

Based on the results of the hypothesis test, it is known that the frequency of drinking telang tea accompanied by aerobic exercise has an influence on weight loss both in the telang tea group 2 times per day and 5 times per day. Based on these results, consuming telang flower tea accompanied by aerobic exercise can be used as one way to diet herbal in weight loss.

Telang flower tea (clitoria ternatae) is an ingredient used as an Antidiabetic [12]. Similarly, also carried out by Minelko et al., the antidiabetic activity of clitoria.ternatea flower extract protein was tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro testing is carried out through an inhibition test of the enzyme α-amylase. The enzyme α-amylase is one of the key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, where the inhibition of this enzyme plays a role in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose absorption. [13].

Chayaratanasin et al. said that, clitoria ternatea extract has strong antiglycation and antioxidant effects, so this plant has therapeutic potential in preventing diabetes complications mediated by AGEs. So it can lose weight [1]. Also research conducted by Chayaratanasin, at.al. said that, alloxane is a compound that can cause weight loss. [2]

Based on the results of the hypothesis test, it is also known that the frequency of drinking telang tea accompanied by aerobic exercise has an influence on reducing cholesterol both in the telang flower tea group 2 times per day and 5 times per day. Based on these results, consuming telang flower tea accompanied by aerobic exercise can be used as one way of herbal diet in lowering cholesterol.

Furthermore, according to Tantawy and Temraz [17]. said that lipid disorders related to hyperlipidemia are considered the cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Hyperlipidemia is a determinant of the development of atherosclerosis and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. These constellations, often referred to as the 'lipid triad', specifically produce atherogenic changes in artery walls and increase plaque instability, thereby influencing acute cardiovascular events [2, 14].

The same thing was revealed by Bandeali S and Farmer J [15], that, The risk of developing atherosclerosis is generally inversely proportional to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. The main anti-atherosclerotic effect of HDL is known as reverse cholesterol transport by scavenging cholesterol from peripheral blood vessels by transport to the liver, where it is excreted in the biliary system. However, HDL exhibits several other physiological effects that may play a role in the reduced risk of atherosclerosis.

Then testing was carried out to see the effect of the frequency of drinking telang flower tea accompanied by aerobic exercise in both groups. The results of the analysis using pretest data showed that before treatment, there was no significant difference between the decrease in Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol before the treatment frequency of drinking 2 times and 5 times telang flower tea accompanied by aerobic exercise

However, after being given treatment, the results of the analysis using posttest data showed that after being given treatment, there was a significant difference between the decrease in Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol before being given treatment frequency of drinking 2 times and 5 times telang flower tea accompanied by aerobic exercise Posttest average results showed that the average Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol in the frequency group drank 5 times the tea and aerobic exercise were lower than in the frequency group drank 2 times.

The lower decrease in Body Mass Index (BMI) at the frequency of drinking 5 times compared to 2 times is expected due to the increased alloxan content in telang flower tea [2]. Pertiwi, Rezaldi, and Puspitasari [16] said that telang flowers contain secondary metabolites which have the benefit of preventing cholesterol, this is in accordance with the results of a study where the average reduction in cholesterol levels in the treatment of drinking 5 times of telang flower tea was lower than the average in the treatment drink 2 times, so it can be interpreted that the more the frequency of drinking telang flower tea, the more secondary metabolites consumed, the impact on decreasing more cholesterol levels.

From the results of data processing and discussion, conclusions can be drawn: 1) there is an influence of the frequency of drinking 2 times telang flower tea accompanied by aerobic exercise on reducing Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol, 2) There is an influence of the frequency of drinking 5 times telang flower tea accompanied by aerobic exercise on reducing Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol, 3) There is a difference in the effect of drinking 2 times and 5 times the frequency of drinking telang flower tea accompanied by aerobic exercise on reducing Body Mass Index (BMI) and cholesterol.

BMI

Body Mass Index

HDL

High Density Lipoprotein

LDL

Low Density Lipoprotein

FITT

Frequency, Intensity, Type and Time

CIOMS

Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences

Body Weight

Body Height

Acknowledgements

The study was conducted with financial aid from Yogyakarta of State University, Research Group Sport Faculty of Science and Health (10/29.03/UN34.16/RG.01/2022).

Authors information

Eddy Purnomo¹, Dennis Dwi Kurniawan², Willy Ihsan Rizkyanto³.

Sport Faculty of Science and Health, Yogyakarta of State University, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Contributions

EP is the primary author of the manuscript. DDK and WIR are the second author who provided feedback on the manuscript. We further confirm that all have approved the order of authors listed in the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eddy Purnomo

Email: [email protected]

Ethics declarations

The research protocol has gone through ethical due diligence in accordance with 7 WHO standards which include: 1) Social value, 2) Scientific value, 3) Equal distribution of burden and benefit, 4) Risk, 5) Inducement/Exploitation, 6) Confidentiality and privacy, and 7) Approval after explanation, referring to the CIOMS Guidelines, issued by the Yogyakarta State University’s Research Ethics Commission No.B/50/UN34.21/TU/2022. The results showed that the research protocol was declared ethically feasible.

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No competing interests reported.

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The differences effect between the frequency of drinking telang flower tea and erobic exercise on weight loss and cholesterol

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