MicroRNA bta-miR-365-3p inhibits proliferation but promotes differentiation of primary bovine myoblasts by targeting the activin A receptor type I

Background

Skeletal muscles originate from embryonic structures called the somites in which mononuclear myoblasts proliferate, differentiate and fuse to produce multinucleated myotubes that subsequently differentiates into myofibers[1]. Myofibers vary with respect to their myosin heavy chain isoforms (fast versus slow) and types of energy metabolism (oxidative versus glycolytic). The number of myofibers is constant, but myofibers can increase in size by fusion with muscle stem cells, the satellite cells [2]. Furthermore, adult skeletal muscle has remarkable ability to repair after injury, leading to new myofiber formation in a process that involves satellite cells [3]. Skeletal muscle mass and muscle fiber characteristics play key roles in the determination of meat yield and quality in cattle. Therefore, understanding the molecular processes and genetic networks underlying myogenesis and muscle development will provide fundamental information for cattle breeding programs.

The mature microRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules (~ 22 nucleotides), which have been widely identified in human and animals since they were first discovered in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans [4]. MicroRNAs act as post-transcriptional regulators that repress translation or degrades mRNA transcripts through either complete (canonical sites) or incomplete (non-canonical sites) complementarity with the 3'UTR of target mRNAs. Nowadays, the sequencing technologies are accelerating the discovery of microRNAs, which are deposited in the searchable miRNAs database. Also, effective microRNA target sites have been accurately predicted using various computational approaches [5]. The latest database of miRbase (Release 22.1) contains 48,860 distinct mature miRNA (miR) sequences from 271 organisms, including 1143 miRNAs from cattle [6]. Previous studies have shown that tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific miRNAs play critical functional roles in diverse cellular, physiological and developmental processes [7–9]. For example, muscle-specific miRNAs such as miR-1, miR-133 and miR-206 participates in ontogenesis and skeletal myogenesis through modulation of muscle differentiation genes [10–12]. Profiling of miRNA expression patterns among eleven different tissues from beef cattle revealed that bta-miR-365-3p was ubiquitously expressed in all the studied tissues but with the highest expression level in muscle, which suggested a regulatory role in this tissue [13]. Furthermore, bta-miR-365-3p was differentially expressed between fast- and slow-type muscles (semitendinosus versus masseter) in Japanese Black steers[14]. Research has found a 2.6 fold higher expression of bta-miR-365-3p in adult stage of muscle tissues than in the fetal stage of Qinchuan cattle, the fold change was higher than a well‐known muscle‐specific miRNA, such as bta-miR-206 [15] (Fig S1A). Previous studies also revealed that the total number of sequence reads of bta-miR-365-3p in the proliferation stages of skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells from Chinese Simmental calves was almost 3.5 times higher than in the differentiation stages, which was similar to miRNAs such as bta-miR-378a-3p and bta-miR-23a [16–18]. Thus, we speculate that bta-miR-365-3p plays an important role in muscle tissue development. The target genes and the regulatory networks of bta-miR-365-3p in muscle cells are essentially uncharacterized. However, in other tissues, it has been shown that miR-365-3p negatively regulates histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) not only to stimulate primary chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in mouse and chicken [19] but also to contribute to osteoarthritis pathogenesis in human [20]. The objective of our study is to assess the expression level of bta-miR-365-3p in various bovine tissues and to investigate how it influences primary myoblast proliferation and differentiation.

Materials And Methods

2.1 Animal and cell culture

All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care Commission of the College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest A&F University (Permit Number: NWAFAC1019). Six tissue samples, i.e., heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, longissimus dorsi muscle were collected from sixty-day-old fetuses (n = 3) and two-year-old adults (n = 3) of the Chinese Qinchuan (QC) beef cattle breed. All the samples were provided by Shanxi Kingbull Livestock Co., Ltd., Baoji city, China. Primary bovine myoblasts (PBMs) were isolated from fetal longissimus dorsi muscle following established protocols [21]. Myoblasts were cultured in growth medium (GM) consisting of high‐glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Gibco) with 1% penicillin-streptomycin (HyClone) and 20% fetal bovine serum (TransGen, Beijing, China). Differentiation was stimulated in DMEM containing 2% horse serum (HyClone) (differentiation medium, DM). Cells were incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO2.

2.2 Plasmid construction and transfection

A DNA fragment containing the precursor sequence of bta-miR-365-3p was obtained from QC cattle genomic DNA by PCR and inserted into the pcDNA-3.1(+) vector using T4 DNA ligase (Takara, Dalian, China). The resulting plasmid was named OPmiR-365-3p and used for overexpression of bta-miR-365-3p in PBMs. A DNA fragment containing the target site of bta-miR-365-3p of the 3'UTR of bovine AVCR1 was amplified by PCR and cloned into the XhoI and NotI sites of the psiCHECK-2 dual-luciferase reporter vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and named ACVR1-wild. Mutagenic primers were used to mutagenize the bta-miR-365-3p target site, which was then cloned into psiCHECK-2 to create ACVR1-mutant. Cells were transfected with the vectors OPmiR-365-3p, inhibitor of bta-miR-365-3p, inhibitor N.C, ACVR1-wild, ACVR1-mutant and siACVR1s using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) and incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO₂ siRNAs were purchased from GenePharma (Shanghai, China). All experiments were done in triplicate. All the primers, inhibitor and the siRNAs sequences were listed in Table S2 .

2.3 RNA extraction and qRT-PCR

Total RNA was extracted from six different tissues and from PBMs using TRIzol reagent (Takara, Japan). After assessing RNA purity and concentration by spectrophotometry using a NanoDrop 2000 (Wilmington, USA) and 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis, 1000 ng RNAs were transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) with PrimeScript RT reagent kit for use in qRT-PCR with SYBR Green Master Mix Reagen kit (GenStar, Beijing). The specific stem-loop of bta-miR-365-3p were used for synthesizing the first cDNA. All the primers were listed in Table S1.The method of 2^-ΔΔCtwas used to calculated the relative expression levels.

2.4 Western blot analysis

All proteins were extracted from PBMs at 4 °C using the radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer (RIPA buffer) and phenylmethylsulfnoyl fluoride (PMSF) (Solarbio, Beijing, China). Proteins were measured and adjusted by using the BCA protein assay kit (MULTI SCIENCE, China) and denatured with 5 × SDS loading buffer (Beyotime) at 98 °C for 10 min. The prepared proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. After being blocked with 5% skim milk solution, we incubated membranes with the specific primary antibodies and the secondary antibody. We visualized the membranes using ChemiDoc^TM XRS+ system (Bio-Rad Laboratories) and ECL Plus reagents (Solarbio, Beijing, China). The primary antibodies including anti-CDK2 and anti-PCNA were obtained from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China), anti-ACVR1, anti-cyclinD1, anti-MyoD and anti-MyoG were purchased from Abcam (Cambrige, MA, USA). Anti-β-actin were purchased from SungenBio (Tianjin, China). HRP-conjugated Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG were obtained from BBI Life Science (Shanghai, China). All the primary antibodies were diluted with primary antibody dilution buffer that was obtained from Beyotime (Haimen, China).

2.5 EdU and flow cytometry assay

After transfection of PBMs with the expression vectors, inhibitor and siRNAs, we employed the EdU proliferation assay to measure their influences on DNA synthesis using the Cell Light EdU DNA cell proliferation kit according to the instruction (RiboBio, Guanzhou, China). The stained cells were detected and calculated by fluorescence microscopy (DM5000B, Leica Microsystems). Cell cycle phases were assessed by a cell cycle testing kit (Multisciences, Hangzhou, China) on a flow cytometry instrument (FACS Canto II, BD Biosciences, USA). Briefly, the cells were seeded in 6-well plates and transfected for 24 h after the cells reached 60% confluence. Cold 70 % ethanol was used to fix the harvested cells. After staining with 100 μg/ml of PI master mix at 37°C for 30 minutes, the cell suspension was subjected to flow cytometry.

2.6 Immunofluorescence Staining

After inducing PBMs differentiation for 4 days, 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS were used to fix differentiated myoblast in a plate for 20 min. 0.5% of Triton-X-100 was added to permeabilize the fixed myoblast for 10 min and the cells were blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin solution (BSA) at 4 °C for 2 h. Subsequently, we incubated primary antibody (anti-MyHC diluted 1:250; Abcam, Cambridge, MA) at 4 °C overnight and incubated the corresponding fluorescent secondary antibody at 4°C for 2.5 h. Finally, the cell nuclei were stained with DAPI and images were captured by fluorescence microscope (DM5000B, Leica Microsystems, Germany).

2.7 Dual-luciferase reporter assay

Dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to test the interaction of bta-miR-365-3p with its predicted targets. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with OPmiR-365-3p vector (or the empty vector) and vectors containing ACVR1-wild or ACVR1-mutant. The dual-luciferase activity was analyzed on an MPPC luminescence analyzer (HAMAMATSU, Beijing, China) using the luciferase reporter assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The results were calculated as the ratio of firefly to Renilla luciferase activities in three independent replicates.

2.8 Bioinformatics analysis

The online databases TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/) and miRmap (https://mirmap.ezlab.org/) were used to search for targets for bta-miR-365-3p [22,23]. VENNY (verson 2.1) (https://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/tools/venny/index.html) was used to obtain the common targets from the two databases [24]. The R package clusterProfiler [25] was used to cluster the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) for the common genes.

2.9 Statistical analysis

All the quantitative data are presented as the mean ± SD. Each group has three independent experiments. Student’ t test procedure was used to analyze the statistical significance between groups were analyzed by SPSS v19.0. An asterisk indicated P < 0.05, two asterisks indicated P < 0.01 and three asterisks indicated P < 0.001 extremely significant between groups.

Results

3.1 bta-miR-365-3p expression in cattle tissue and PBMs

In order to investigate the functional roles of bta-miR-365-3p, we first detected the expression levels of bta-miR-365-3p in six different tissues from two developmental stages of QC cattle using quantitative PCR. The results showed that muscle had the highest expression level in the fetus, while adult stage expression of bta-miR-365-3p was highest in heart tissue (Fig. 1A). Furthermore, expression levels of bta-miR-365-3p were significantly different between adult and fetal stages in the liver, heart and muscle tissues (Fig. 1A). Also, we found that the expression levels of bta-miR-365-3p exhibited a slightly decreased trend during PBM proliferation (Fig. 1B), but a dynamic expression profile that peaked on day four after which expression was downregulated again on day six (Fig 1C). In cultured myoblast cells transfected with the expression vector OPmiR-365-3p, quantitative PCR showed that bta-miR-365-3p was significantly overexpressed (Fig.1D), whereas the expression level of bta-miR-2333 and bta-miR-193a that map close to bta-miR-365-3p on bovine chromosome BTA19 were unchanged (Fig.1E), which indicated that the expression vector was constructed successfully (Fig.1D, 1E and Fig.S2 a,b).

3.2 Bta-miR-365-3p suppresses PBM proliferation

The proteins encoded by CDK2 (cyclin dependent kinase 2), PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and CCND1 (cyclinD1) have been identified to perform critical functions in G1, S and G2 phases during cell cycle progression [26–28]. The results of qRT-PCR and western blotting showed that expression of CCND1, CDK2 and PCNA were significantly reduced both at the mRNA and protein levels after transfecting PBM cells with OPmiR-365-3p that overexpresses bta-miR-365-3p (Fig. 2A). Flow cytometer assays showed that PBMs numbers were reduced in the G₂-phase (12.78%) and in the S-phase (16.91%) (P < 0.05 and P = 0.08, respectively), whereas the proportion of PBMs was increased in the G₀/G₁-phase, when bta-miR-365-3p was overexpressed (Fig. 2B, 2C and 2D). Moreover, the results of EdU proliferation assays revealed a 36.86% reduction in mitotic activity of PMBs transfected with OPmiR-365-3p (P < 0.01) (Fig. 2E and 2F). However, inhibition of bta-miR-365-3p significantly increased the expression of proliferation marker genes CCND1, CDK2 and PCNA at mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 3A). And the proportion of PBMs was increased 20.06% in S-phase (P < 0.05), and decreased 3.1% in G₀/G1-phase, when we knock downed bta-miR-365-3p in PBMs (Fig. 3B, 3C and 3D). Also, the number of EdU-positive cells were increased 15.4% in the bta-miR-365-3p inhibitor group (Fig. 3E and 3F). Based our results, we conclude that overexpression of bta-miR-365-3p suppressed PBM proliferation, whereas knockdown of bta-miR-365-3p promoted PBM proliferation.

3.3 Bta-miR-365-3p promotes PBMs differentiation.

To understand the function of bta-miR-365-3p in PBM differentiation, we first monitored its expression levels following induction of differentiation and overexpression by means of transfection with OPmiR-365-3p, and as expected, quantitative PCR showed an increased expression level of bta-miR-365-3p (Fig.4A). Subsequently, we assessed the effect of bta-miR-365-3p on PBM differentiation by overexpressing bta-miR-365-3p approximately 10 fold by transfection with OPmiR-365-3p (Fig. 4B), or alternatively by reducing the expression level about 5 times using an inhibitor of bta-miR-365-3p on differentiation day four (Fig. 4C). The data revealed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of two different muscle differentiation marker genes, MYOD1 and MYOG, were both increased by OPmiR-365-3p (Fig. 4D), but reduced by the inhibitor of bta-miR-365-3p (Fig. 4E). Moreover, immunofluorescence staining showed that bta-miR-365-3p overexpression gave a higher amount of MyHC-positive myotubes than in the control group (Fig. 4F), while the opposite result was found by treatment with the bta-miR-365-3p inhibitor (Fig. 4G). Taken together, these results revealed that bta-miR-365-3p promoted PBM differentiation.

3.4 ACVR1 is a target gene of the bta-miR-365-3p

In silico prediction using TargetScan and miRmap revealed 1354 and 354 putative target genes of bta-miR-365-3p, respectively. Intersection of the predicted targets gave 101 genes, which were used as input in a KEGG pathway analysis (Fig. 5A). Five significant signaling pathways (adjusted P-value <0.05) were observed comprising Parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and action (bta04928), Endocytosis (bta04144), Estrogen signaling pathway (bta04915), Phospholipase D signaling pathway (bta04072), Choline metabolism in cancer (bta05231) (Fig 5B). Interestingly, three putative target genes of bta-365-3p, i.e., activin A receptor type 2A (ACVR2A), Sp1 transcription factor (SP1) and activin A receptor type 1 (ACVR1) are associated with the TGF-beta signaling pathway (bta04350), which is significant at an adjusted P-value of ~0.1. Moreover, analysis for the presence of target sites in the 3' UTR of these three genes in fourteen different animal species showed strong conservation of the bta-miR-365-3p target site especially in ACVR1 (Fig 5C). Consistently, overexpression of bta-miR-365-3p negatively regulated the expression level of ACVR1 at both mRNA and protein levels in PBMs (Fig 5D). To test directly whether bta-miR-365-3p interacts with the 3'UTR of ACVR1 we conducted a dual luciferase activity experiment. The data showed that the luciferase activity was significantly decreased, when co-transfecting the OPmiR-365-3p and ACVR-wild vectors in PBMs. In contrast, the luciferase activity was unaffected in co-transfections of OPmiR-365-3p and ACVR1-mutant. Collectively, these data suggested that ACVR1 is a direct target gene for bta-miR-365-3p (Fig.5E).

3.5 siACVR1 inhibited PBM proliferation but promoted PBM differentiation

Next, we employed siRNA technology to address the role of ACVR1 in PBM. Three different siRNAs were designed to target the bovine ACVR1 and transfected in PBMs; the data showed that siACVR1-1 efficiently downregulated the expression of ACVR1 at both the mRNA and protein level in PBMs (Fig. 6A and Fig S1C). Furthermore, results of q-RT-PCR and western blotting showed that siACVR1-1 also significantly decreased CDK2 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. CCND1 and PCNA were only slightly decreased at mRNA level but significantly reduced at the protein level (Fig. 6B). In the EdU proliferation assay, the percentage of dual positive PBMs was significantly reduced in cells with knock-down of ACVR1 compared to non-treated cells (Fig. 6C and 6D). Conversely, the muscle differentiation markers MYOD1 and MYOG were increased at both mRNA and protein levels when ACVR1 expression was knocked down in PBMs (Fig. 6E and Fig 6F). Thus, overexpression of bta-miR-365-3p and knock-down of ACVR1 expression have similar molecular phenotypes.

Discussion

4.1 miRNAs in bovine skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle mass and muscle fiber characteristics are highly associated with economically important traits such as meat quality and yield in beef cattle [29]. Understanding the molecular genetics of bovine skeletal muscle development will therefore provide important information for use in cattle breeding programs. Recently, researches have revealed several miRNAs associated with bovine skeletal muscle development and differentiation of satellite cells supported by advanced sequencing and bioinformatics technologies as well as annotated databases such as miRbase [6,13–15,18,30]. Moreover, miRNAs regulate protein synthesis by targeting mRNAs; so far four microRNAs modulating bovine skeletal muscle development and function have been deposited in miRTarBase, which provides information about experimentally validated miRNA-target interactions [31]. Six miRNAs regulated proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of PBMs through targeting of various functional genes [32–37] (Table 1). Thus, miR-744 was abundantly expressed in the fetal stage of Qinchuan cattle and positively regulated skeletal muscle satellite cell myogenic proliferation, while bta-miR-365-3p showed higher expression in muscle tissues of adult stage than in fetal stages and with expression levels similar to bta-miR-1 [15,34] (Fig S1A). Moreover, bta-miR-356-3p showed the same tendency towards increased expression as bta-miR-125b, bta-miR-378, bta-miR-27b in the cell differentiation stage (Fig. S1B) [16,18], but showed an opposite tendency of bta-miR-885, which have been shown to promote proliferation and inhibit differentiation of myoblast [37].

4.2 The expression profile and functional roles of bta-miR-365-3p

Here, we demonstrated that bta-miR-365-3p was developmentally regulated and highly expressed in heart and skeletal muscle tissues in Qinchuan cattle (Fig 1A), which is consistent with previous transcriptome data in various tissues of Angus crossbreed cattle[13]. Other studies have shown that expression levels of bta-miR-365-3p are regulated according to fast- and slow-type skeletal muscles, stage of myoblast differentiation and development stages in cattle [13–15,18]. Also, bta-miR-365-3p expression was increased during PBMs differentiation, which consistent with the study of Zhang et al (Fig. 1C and Fig. S1B) [18]. Furthermore, miR-365-3p has been reported to serve as a therapeutic biomarker for various cancers and tumors such as lung cancer [38,39], colon cancer [30], pancreatic cancer [40], breast cancer [41] and gastric tumorigenesis [42]. Moreover, miR-365-3p inhibited vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through targeting of CCND1[43]. This agrees well with the present study, showing that bta-miR-365-3p acted as a negative regulator of PBM proliferation based on cell cycle analysis, which demonstrated that high levels of bta-miR-365-3p increased the percentage of cells in the G0/G1-phase and reduced the number of cells in S-phase. In agreement with this observation, downregulated bta-miR-365-3p showed opposite effects. Consistently, CDK2, CCND1 and PCNA were all shown to be downregulated when overexpressing bta-miR-365-3p, while the marker genes were upregulated when expression of bta-miR-365-3p was inhibited in PBMs. In contrast, overexpression of bta-miR-365-3p increased the expression of muscle differentiation markers MYOD1, MYOG and promoted myoblast differentiation and myotube formation, while inhibition of bta-miR-365-3p showed the reverse effects. These observations are similar to previous results, showing that miR-365-3p promoted chondrocyte differentiation [20].

4.3 Gene targets of miR-365-3p

Several targets of miR-365-3p has been validated such as cyclinD1 (CCND1) [43,44], histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) [19,20], nuclear factor I/B (NFIB) [45], Pax 6 [46] thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1) [38], src homology domain containing 1 (SHC1) and Bax [40] (Table2). Here, we observed that ACVR1 is a direct target of bta-miR-365-3p. Importantly, knock-down of ACVR1 significantly inhibited myoblast proliferation and promoted myoblast differentiation similarly to overexpression of bta-miR-365-3p. Interestingly, mesenchymal stem cells can give rise either to myoblast or osteoblast lineages, and it has shown that a constitutively activating mutation of ACVR1 induces expression of Tmem176b expression in C2C12 cells, resulting promotion of differentiation of myoblast into osteoblasts [47]. As an essential member of TGF-β family, ACVR1 have functions in mouse embryonic development [48], lens formation [49], chondrogenesis [50], osteogenesis [51], and cardiac hypertrophy [52]. Additionally, recurrent heterozygous mutations of ACVR1 have been associated with diseases such as fibro dysplasia ossificans progress (FOP) [53], diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) [54] and pediatric midline high-grade astrocytoma (mHGAs) [55]. The mutations of ACVR1 located were associated with meat weight, eye muscle area, silverside weight in cattle [56].

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Tables

Table 1 The published miRNAs to skeletal muscle myoblast development in cattle

miRNAs	Target gene	Target	Associated phenotype	References
Name	Abbreviation	ID		PMID
bta-miR-1	HDAC4	517559	Skeletal muscle satellite cell myogenic differentiation	26424132
bta-miR-206	HDAC4	517559	Skeletal muscle satellite cell myogenic differentiation	26424132
bta-miR-1	LOC536229	536229	Skeletal muscle satellite cell myogenic differentiation	26424132
bta-miR-206	LOC536229	536229	Skeletal muscle satellite cell myogenic differentiation	26424132
bta-miR-23a	ZNF423	508025	Adipogeneses in skeletal muscle	28255176
bta-miR-27b	MSTN	281187	Skeletal muscle hypertrophy	23510267
bta-miR-208b	CDKN1A	513497	Promoted skeletal muscle cell proliferation	30317561
bta-miR-744	Wnt5a	530005	Promoted skeletal muscle cell proliferation while inhibited the apoptosis and differentiation	31051333
bta-miR-744	CaMKIIδ	109560236	Promoted skeletal muscle cell proliferation while inhibited the apoptosis and differentiation	31051333
bta-miR-148a-3p	KLF6	505884	Inhibited muscle cell proliferation but promoted apoptosis	30793769
bta-miR-378a-3p	HDAC4	517559	Promoted myoblast differentiation and inhibited proliferation	27661135
bta-miR-125b	IGF2	281240	Sponged by lncMD to promote myoblast differentiation	27589905
bta-miR-107	Wnt3a	522467	Suppress cell differentiation and did not affect cell proliferation	29858062
bta-miR-885	MyoD1	281938	Promote proliferation but inhibit differentiation	331985035

Table 2. The published functions of miR-365-3p and its validated targets

Target	Gene	Functions	References
Gene	name	Functions	PMID
HDAC4	Histone deacetylase 4	Stimulate chondrocyte differentiation in chicken or mouse/osteoarthritis development in human	21856783
HDAC4	Histone deacetylase 4	Osteoarthiritis development in human	27023516
TTF1	Thyroid transcription factor1	Regulate lung cancer	22185756 and 26337230
CycD1/Bcl2	Cyclin D1/Bcl apoptosis regulator 2	Regulate colon cancer	22072615
SHC1	Src homology domain containing 1	Gemcitabine Regulate pancreatic cancer	24216611
NFIB	Nuclear factor I/B	Promote cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma	24949940
CycD1/cdc25A	Cyclin D1	Contribute to gastric tumorigenesis	24149576
CycD1	Cyclin D1	Inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation	24819721and
CycD1	Cyclin D1	Inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation	24936138
Pax6	Paired box 6	Regulate human retinoblastoma cells	23660406
Not clearly		Transport-related stress in turkeys	26760121
Kcnh2	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Regulate nociceptive behaviors	26937014
Kcnh2	Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Regulate nociceptive behaviors	26937014
IL-6	Interleukin-6	Host defense	21518763
Bcl-2	Bcl apoptosis regulator 2	Response low-density lipoprotein stimulation	21640710

MicroRNA bta-miR-365-3p inhibits proliferation but promotes differentiation of primary bovine myoblasts by targeting the activin A receptor type I

Abstract

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